The location of the names on the tower

On the Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world...

, seventy-two names of French

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 scientists, engineers and some other notable people are engraved in recognition of their contributions. This is according to the design by Gustave Eiffel

Gustave Eiffel

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French structural engineer from the École Centrale Paris, an architect, an entrepreneur and a specialist of metallic structures...

. The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century and restored in 1986–1987 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower. The Tower is owned by the city of Paris

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

.
The letters were originally done in gold and are about 60 cm high. Note: since the tower was repainted in 2010/2011, the letters are gold again.

Location

The list is split in four parts (for each side of the tower). The sides have been named for the parts of Paris that each side faces:

• The North-East side

• The South-East side

• The South-West side

• The North West side

Names

In the table below are all the names on the four sides. By clicking on the square symbol in the column title, the list is sorted alphabetically (in that column).

Name appearing	Full name	Occupation	Location
Seguin	Marc Seguin Marc Seguin Marc Seguin was a French engineer, inventor of the wire-cable suspension bridge and the multi-tubular steam-engine boiler.- Biography :...	engineer	NW01
Lalande	Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande Jérôme Lalande Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande was a French astronomer and writer.-Biography:Lalande was born at Bourg-en-Bresse...	astronomer	NW02
Tresca	Henri Tresca Henri Tresca Henri Édouard Tresca was a French mechanical engineer, and a professor at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris....	engineer and mechanic	NW03
Poncelet	Jean-Victor Poncelet Gernald Jean-Victor Poncelet Jean-Victor Poncelet was a French engineer and mathematician who served most notably as the commandant general of the École Polytechnique...	geometer	NW04
Bresse	Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse was a French civil engineer who specialized in the design and use of hydraulic motors....	civil engineer and hydraulic engineer	NW05
Lagrange	Joseph Louis Lagrange Joseph Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange , born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia, was a mathematician and astronomer, who was born in Turin, Piedmont, lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France, making significant contributions to all fields of analysis, to number theory, and to classical and celestial mechanics...	mathematician	NW06
Belanger	Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph Bélanger Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph Bélanger Jean-Baptiste Charles Joseph Bélanger was a French applied mathematician who worked in the areas of hydraulics and hydrodynamics. He was a professor at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Ecole Polytechnique and École des Ponts et Chaussées in France...	mathematician and hydraulic engineer	NW07
Cuvier	Georges Cuvier Georges Cuvier Georges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert Cuvier or Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist...	naturalist	NW08
Laplace	Pierre-Simon Laplace Pierre-Simon Laplace Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace was a French mathematician and astronomer whose work was pivotal to the development of mathematical astronomy and statistics. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five volume Mécanique Céleste...	mathematician and astronomer	NW09
Dulong	Pierre Louis Dulong Pierre Louis Dulong Pierre Louis Dulong was a French physicist and chemist, remembered today largely for the law of Dulong and Petit. He worked on the specific heat capacity and the expansion and refractive indices of gases....	physicist and chemist	NW10
Chasles	Michel Chasles Michel Chasles Michel Floréal Chasles was a French mathematician.He was born at Épernon in France and studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris under Siméon Denis Poisson. In the War of the Sixth Coalition he was drafted to fight in the defence of Paris in 1814...	geometer	NW11
Lavoisier	Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the "father of modern chemistry", was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology...	chemist	NW12
Ampere	André-Marie Ampère André-Marie Ampère André-Marie Ampère was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him....	mathematician and physicist	NW13
Chevreul	Michel Eugène Chevreul Michel Eugène Chevreul Michel Eugène Chevreul was a French chemist whose work with fatty acids led to early applications in the fields of art and science. He is credited with the discovery of margaric acid and designing an early form of soap made from animal fats and salt...	chemist	NW14
Flachat	Eugène Flachat Eugène Flachat Eugène Flachat was a French civil engineer, remembered today for redesigning the Gare Saint-Lazare railway station in Paris in 1851 and other railroad related projects. A street in Paris is named after him and his name appears on the Eiffel tower....	engineer	NW15
Navier	Claude-Louis Marie Henri Navier Claude-Louis Navier Claude-Louis Navier born Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier , was a French engineer and physicist who specialized in mechanics.The Navier–Stokes equations are named after him and George Gabriel Stokes....	mathematician	NW16
Legendre	Adrien-Marie Legendre Adrien-Marie Legendre Adrien-Marie Legendre was a French mathematician.The Moon crater Legendre is named after him.- Life :...	geometer	NW17
Chaptal	Jean-Antoine Chaptal Jean-Antoine Chaptal Jean-Antoine Claude, comte Chaptal de Chanteloup was a French chemist and statesman. He established chemical works for the manufacture of the mineral acids, soda and other substances...	agronomist and chemist	NW18
Jamin	Jules Célestin Jamin Jules Jamin Jules Célestin Jamin was a French physicist. He was professor of physics at École Polytechnique from 1852 to 1881 and received the Rumford Medal in 1858 for his work on light...	physicist	SW01
Gay-Lussac	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac - External links :* from the American Chemical Society* from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition * , Paris...	chemist	SW02
Fizeau	Hippolyte Fizeau Hippolyte Fizeau Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau was a French physicist.-Biography:Fizeau was born in Paris. His earliest work was concerned with improvements in photographic processes. Following suggestions by François Arago, Léon Foucault and Fizeau collaborated in a series of investigations on the interference of...	physicist	SW03
Schneider	Eugène Schneider Eugène Schneider Joseph Eugène Schneider was a French industrialist who in 1836 co-founded the Schneider company with his brother Adolphe.-Biography:...	industrialist	SW04
Le Chatelier	Louis Le Chatelier Louis Le Chatelier Louis Le Chatelier was a French chemist and industrialist who developed a method for producing aluminium from bauxite in 1855. The method was later superseded by the Bayer process. His son was the well known chemist Henri Louis Le Chatelier. His name is inscribed on the Eiffel tower.-References:...	engineer	SW05
Berthier	Pierre Berthier	mineralogist	SW06
Barral	Jean-Augustin Barral Jean-Augustin Barral Jean-Augustin Barral was a French agronomist and balloonist.Barral was born in Metz . He studied at a polytechnic school and became a physicist as well as a professor of chemistry and agronomy...	agronomist, chemist, physicist	SW07
De Dion	Henri de Dion Henri de Dion Earl Henri de Dion was a French engineer of École Centrale Paris. His work helped in the construction of the Eiffel Tower. For his contributions to its construction, de Dion was honored by being listed as one of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower.-References:...	engineer	SW08
Goüin	Ernest Goüin Ernest Goüin Ernest Goüin was a French civil engineer and industrialist.In 1846 he founded Ernest Goüin & Cie. ; the company initially built locomotives, and diversified into bridge building and railway construction projects.His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.-Biography:Born on 20...	engineer and industrialist	SW09
Jousselin	Louis Didier Jousselin Louis Didier Jousselin Louis Didier Jousselin was a French engineer. He built a three-kilometre-long bridge in less than three months during the Siege of Hamburg in 1813. His name is immortalised on the Eiffel Tower.-Biography:...	engineer	SW10
Broca	Paul Pierre Broca Paul Broca Pierre Paul Broca was a French physician, surgeon, anatomist, and anthropologist. He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Gironde. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. Broca’s Area is responsible for articulated language...	physician and anthropologist	SW11
Becquerel	Antoine César Becquerel Antoine César Becquerel Antoine César Becquerel was a French scientist and a pioneer in the study of electric and luminescent phenomena.He was born at Châtillon sur LoCrea...	physicist	SW12
Coriolis	Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis or Gustave Coriolis was a French mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist. He is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference. See the Coriolis Effect...	engineer and scientist	SW13
Cail	Jean-François Cail Jean-François Cail Jean-François Cail was a French entrepreneur and industrialist who was a key figure in French industrialization. He started his career in 1824 as a factory worker making machinery for the sugar industry. The firm expanded and was renamed Derosne-Cail in 1832. It manufactured a variety of...	industrialist	SW14
Triger	Jacques Triger Jacques Triger Jacques Triger was a French mining engineer who invented the 'Triger process' for digging through water logged ground.The work is done inside a chamber open at the bottom and in which compressed air is pumped to keep water out. Originally developed for use in a coal mine , it was later applied...	engineer	SW15
Giffard	Henri Giffard Henri Giffard Henri Giffard was a French engineer. In 1852 he invented the steam injector and the powered airship.-Career:Baptiste Henri Jacques Giffard was born in Paris in 1825...	engineer	SW16
Perrier	François Perrier François Perrier Francois Perrier was a French soldier and geodesist.Perrier was born at Valleraugue , , descended from a family of Protestants, of Cevennes. After finishing his studies at the Lyceum of Nimes and at St...	geographer and mathematician	SW17
Sturm	Jacques Charles François Sturm	mathematician	SW18
Cauchy	Augustin Louis Cauchy Augustin Louis Cauchy Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy was a French mathematician who was an early pioneer of analysis. He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of infinitesimal calculus in a rigorous manner, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra exploited by earlier authors...	mathematician	SE01
Belgrand	Eugene Belgrand Eugène Belgrand Eugène Belgrand was a French engineer who made significant contributions to the modernization of the Parisian sewer system during the 19th century rebuilding of Paris. Much of Belgrand's work remains in use today.-Civil engineering:...	engineer	SE02
Regnault	Henri Victor Regnault Henri Victor Regnault Henri Victor Regnault was a French chemist and physicist best known for his careful measurements of the thermal properties of gases. He was an early thermodynamicist and was mentor to William Thomson in the late 1840s....	chemist and physicist	SE03
Fresnel	Augustin-Jean Fresnel Augustin-Jean Fresnel Augustin-Jean Fresnel , was a French engineer who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics. Fresnel studied the behaviour of light both theoretically and experimentally....	physicist	SE04
De Prony	Gaspard de Prony Gaspard de Prony Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony was a French mathematician and engineer, who worked on hydraulics. He was born at Chamelet, Beaujolais, France and died in Asnières-sur-Seine, France.-Education and early works:...	engineer	SE05
Vicat	Louis Vicat Louis Vicat Louis Vicat French engineer.He graduated from École Polytechnique 1804 and École des Ponts et Chaussées 1806....	engineer	SE06
Ebelmen	Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen was a French chemist who was a professor at the Ecole des Mines. Born to Claude Louis Ebelmen, a forest surveyor, and Jeanne Claude Grenier, he had an efficient and proud childhood....	chemist	SE07
Coulomb	Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was a French physicist. He is best known for developing Coulomb's law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. The [SI unit] of charge, the coulomb, was named after him....	physicist	SE08
Poinsot	Louis Poinsot Louis Poinsot Louis Poinsot was a French mathematician and physicist. Poinsot was the inventor of geometrical mechanics, showing how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could be resolved into a single force and a couple.-Life:...	mathematician	SE09
Foucault	Léon Foucault Léon Foucault Jean Bernard Léon Foucault was a French physicist best known for the invention of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation...	physicist	SE10
Delaunay	Charles-Eugène Delaunay Charles-Eugène Delaunay Charles-Eugène Delaunay was a French astronomer and mathematician. His lunar motion studies were important in advancing both the theory of planetary motion and mathematics.-Life:...	astronomer	SE11
Morin	Arthur Morin Arthur Morin Arthur Jules Morin was a French physicist. He conducted experiments in mechanics and invented the Morin dynamometer....	mathematician and physicist	SE12
Haüy	René-Just Haüy	mineralogist	SE13
Combes	Charles Combes Charles Combes Charles-Pierre-Mathieu Combes was a French engineer. He was Inspector-General of Mines and the Director of the School of Mines in Paris. His name is on the Eiffel Tower.-Biography:...	engineer and metallurgist	SE14
Thénard	Louis Jacques Thénard Louis Jacques Thénard Louis Jacques Thénard , was a French chemist.His father, a poor peasant, managed to have him educated at the academy of Sens, and sent him at the age of sixteen to study pharmacy in Paris. There he attended the lectures of Antoine François Fourcroy and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin...	chemist	SE15
Arago	Dominique François Jean Arago François Arago François Jean Dominique Arago , known simply as François Arago , was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.-Early life and work:...	astronomer and physicist	SE16
Poisson	Simeon Poisson	mathematician and physicist	SE17
Monge	Gaspard Monge Gaspard Monge Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse was a French mathematician, revolutionary, and was inventor of descriptive geometry. During the French Revolution, he was involved in the complete reorganization of the educational system, founding the École Polytechnique...	geometer	SE18
Petiet	Jules Petiet Jules Petiet Jules Petiet was a French mechanical engineer who worked on the early development of the French railroad network. He was a designer of locomotives, as well as the chief executive of the Chemins de Fer du Nord railroad company...	engineer	NE01
Daguerre	Louis Daguerre Louis Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre was a French artist and physicist, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography.- Biography :...	artist and chemist	NE02
Wurtz	Charles-Adolphe Wurtz Charles-Adolphe Wurtz Adolphe Wurtz was an Alsatian French chemist. He is best remembered for his decades-long advocacy for the atomic theory and for ideas about the structures of chemical compounds, against the skeptical opinions of chemists such as Marcellin Berthelot and Etienne Henri Sainte-Claire Deville...	chemist	NE03
Le Verrier	Urbain Le Verrier	astronomer	NE04
Perdonnet	Albert Auguste Perdonnet Albert Auguste Perdonnet Jean Albert Vincent Auguste Perdonnet was a French railroad engineer. He published the first French textbook on railroad engineering in 1828. He also worked to investigate and remove the causes of railroad accidents....	engineer	NE05
Delambre	Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre	astronomer	NE06
Malus	Etienne-Louis Malus Étienne-Louis Malus - External links :...	physicist	NE07
Breguet	Louis Breguet Louis-François-Clement Breguet Louis Francois Clement Breguet , was a French physicist and watchmaker, noted for his work in the early days of telegraphy...	physicist and inventor	NE08
Polonceau	Camille Polonceau	engineer	NE09
Dumas	Jean Baptiste André Dumas	chemist	NE10
Clapeyron	Émile Clapeyron	engineer	NE11
Borda	Jean-Charles de Borda Jean-Charles de Borda Jean-Charles, chevalier de Borda was a French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor.-Life history:...	mathematician	NE12
Fourier	Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier	mathematician	NE13
Bichat	Marie François Xavier Bichat Marie François Xavier Bichat Marie François Xavier Bichat , French anatomist and physiologist, was born at Thoirette .Bichat is best remembered as the father of modern histology and pathology. Despite the fact that he worked without a microscope he was able to advance greatly the understanding of the human body...	anatomist and physiologist	NE14
Sauvage	François Clément Sauvage	mechanic	NE15
Pelouze	Théophile-Jules Pelouze Théophile-Jules Pelouze Théophile-Jules Pelouze was a French chemist. He was born at Valognes, and died in Paris....	chemist	NE16
Carnot	Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot	mathematician	NE17
Lamé	Gabriel Lamé Gabriel Lamé Gabriel Léon Jean Baptiste Lamé was a French mathematician.-Biography:Lamé was born in Tours, in today's département of Indre-et-Loire....	geometer	NE18

Women

The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of Sophie Germain

Sophie Germain

Marie-Sophie Germain was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by a gender-biased society, she gained education from books in her father's library and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as...

, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was crucial to the construction of the tower itself. Germain's biographer, Mozans, suggested that she was excluded because she was a woman.

Hydraulic engineers and scholars

14 hydraulic engineers and scholars were among the 72 scientists listed on the Eiffel Tower, and Gustave Eiffel

Gustave Eiffel

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French structural engineer from the École Centrale Paris, an architect, an entrepreneur and a specialist of metallic structures...

 did indeed acknowledge the leading scientists in the field of hydrodynamics and fluid mechanics. Note the absence of Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy

Henry Darcy

Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics.-Biography:...

 (1803–1858). This might be a consequence of Darcy's provincial career in Dijon, his short career lifespan and a lack of teaching involvement. It might also illustrate that some of Darcy's findings were not widely used until the 20th century (e.g. the Darcy friction factor). The omission of the names of Antoine Chézy (1718–1798) and Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1842–1929) is also noticeable but possibly understandable. Chézy was less famous and Boussinesq was still a young researcher in the 1880s.

Further reading

• Georges Barral: "Le Panthéon Scientifique de la Tour Eiffel". 1982, Nouvelle Librairie Parisienne, Paris - ASIN
  Amazon Standard Identification Number
  The Amazon Standard Identification Number is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon.com organization. Amazon.ca, Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.de, Amazon.fr, Amazon.it, Amazon.co.jp, Amazon.cn, and Amazon.es also use ASINs.ASINs...
  
  B001DAV29Y

External links

• Paris streets named for the 72 scientists