The Weihsien Compound
Encyclopedia
The Weihsien Internment Camp was a Japanese operated Civilian Assembly Center in the former Wei County , located in the present-day city of Weifang
, Shandong
, China. The compound was a Japanese-run military internment camps created during World War II
to keep civilians Allied countries
living in Northern China. The camp's population included British, Canadian, American, and Australian and other citizens who were forced to stay in the camp for nearly two and a half years until American forces liberated them on August 12, 1945 . Information on Weihsien has been learned through papers, diaries, official reports and letters written by internees, family members, and other people affected.
During World War II, the Allies
were at war with Japan
. The Japanese invaded most of the area from the Aleutian Islands in the far North to the Southern regions of New Guinea
, and from Western Burma to the Mid Pacific Ocean
. Japan historically invaded China
on July 7, 1937, which began the second Sino-Japanese War
. Overall, the Japanese help approximately 125,000 Civilian Prisoners. Of those 125,000 Civilian Prisoners, 10% were in China and Hong Kong
throughout the war . Many allied civilians, mostly Americans and British, lived in some of the Japanese-occupied areas and were forced to relocate themselves into internment camps. The Japanese called these Internment camps Civilian Assembly Centers. In these camps, death rates were high because of the lack of good sanitation, starvation, and poor treatment. There were the occasional executions and some internees suffered cruelty and torture.
A group of several hundred Americans and Canadians from Japanese controlled civilian internment camps, including Weihsien was repatriated by civilian exchange with the Japanese to the U.S. in 1943. The categories of civilians included in the lists submitted by the Allies to the Japanese were: people imprisoned by the Japanese; people compelled to miss evacuation in the national interest; experts and technicians, missionaries, wives and families of the above categories, together with other women and children; the aged and infirm. All categories had equal priority. Yenching University' professor Mary Gladys Cookingham and others from Weihsien were included in the second group of civilian internees to be repatriated and this group also included a number of civilians from Hong Kong. The group of civilians travelled on the Japanese vessel "Taia Maru" to Marmagao (Goa) in Portuguese India, where they were exchanged for a group of Japanese civilians who had traveled to Goa from the U.S.
Upon arrival in Goa in October 1943, the Allied civilians expressed their thankfulness for having escaped from the semi-starvation of their internment camps, as well as their anxiety for the health of those left behind in Japanese custody. The US bound group boarded the chartered Swedish ship MS (Mercy Ship) Gripsholm and departed from Goa on October 22, 1943 and traveled via the Southern Atlantic. They arrived in New York City on December 1, 1943. The information they provided upon arrival gave urgency to negotiations with Japan for further civilian exchange agreements but in spite of unceasing negotiation, this was the second and the last group of Allied civilians to be repatriated from Japanese custody until the liberation of the Philippines in February 1945.
if this area was bombed or attacked.
Barbed wire
and barrier walls with electrified wires surrounded the camp. There were also guard towers that surrounded the perimeters. Everyday, the internees woke up to starvation, guard dogs, prisoner badges and numbers, daily roll calls, bayonet drills, bed bugs, horrible sanitation, and flies .
ese even had the internees dig graves for the dead or alive. In these cases, the dead were never recorded .
, disease, and a bad stench.
There were barely any full-sized bathrooms. There were four bathing areas that had a scarce source of water. Most of the internees used buckets to wash themselves and to keep themselves clean. There was one shower for the men and one shower for the women that were open and had many shower heads. Also, there was a limited amount of water in the showers. Because of this, women were allowed to shower only three times a week and men were allowed to shower daily .
In terms of laundry, there were basins and pails in the hospitals basement and some other buildings.
that was brought through the compound by train. This meat was unrefrigerated and many times kept uncovered. The only equipment left over or given to the internees were two large frying pans, two copper pots, some tin pails, a dozen knives and a couple of bowls . Most of the other remaining kitchen equipment was the equipment that the internees were allowed to bring with them into the camp.
Weifang
Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north.-History:Weifang is a historical city...
, Shandong
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
, China. The compound was a Japanese-run military internment camps created during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
to keep civilians Allied countries
Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . Former Axis states contributing to the Allied victory are not considered Allied states...
living in Northern China. The camp's population included British, Canadian, American, and Australian and other citizens who were forced to stay in the camp for nearly two and a half years until American forces liberated them on August 12, 1945 . Information on Weihsien has been learned through papers, diaries, official reports and letters written by internees, family members, and other people affected.
Overview of the War
Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . Former Axis states contributing to the Allied victory are not considered Allied states...
were at war with Japan
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of...
. The Japanese invaded most of the area from the Aleutian Islands in the far North to the Southern regions of New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...
, and from Western Burma to the Mid Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...
. Japan historically invaded China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
on July 7, 1937, which began the second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
. Overall, the Japanese help approximately 125,000 Civilian Prisoners. Of those 125,000 Civilian Prisoners, 10% were in China and Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
throughout the war . Many allied civilians, mostly Americans and British, lived in some of the Japanese-occupied areas and were forced to relocate themselves into internment camps. The Japanese called these Internment camps Civilian Assembly Centers. In these camps, death rates were high because of the lack of good sanitation, starvation, and poor treatment. There were the occasional executions and some internees suffered cruelty and torture.
A group of several hundred Americans and Canadians from Japanese controlled civilian internment camps, including Weihsien was repatriated by civilian exchange with the Japanese to the U.S. in 1943. The categories of civilians included in the lists submitted by the Allies to the Japanese were: people imprisoned by the Japanese; people compelled to miss evacuation in the national interest; experts and technicians, missionaries, wives and families of the above categories, together with other women and children; the aged and infirm. All categories had equal priority. Yenching University' professor Mary Gladys Cookingham and others from Weihsien were included in the second group of civilian internees to be repatriated and this group also included a number of civilians from Hong Kong. The group of civilians travelled on the Japanese vessel "Taia Maru" to Marmagao (Goa) in Portuguese India, where they were exchanged for a group of Japanese civilians who had traveled to Goa from the U.S.
Upon arrival in Goa in October 1943, the Allied civilians expressed their thankfulness for having escaped from the semi-starvation of their internment camps, as well as their anxiety for the health of those left behind in Japanese custody. The US bound group boarded the chartered Swedish ship MS (Mercy Ship) Gripsholm and departed from Goa on October 22, 1943 and traveled via the Southern Atlantic. They arrived in New York City on December 1, 1943. The information they provided upon arrival gave urgency to negotiations with Japan for further civilian exchange agreements but in spite of unceasing negotiation, this was the second and the last group of Allied civilians to be repatriated from Japanese custody until the liberation of the Philippines in February 1945.
Background and Living Circumstances of Weihsien
The Weihsien camp was established in an American Presbyterian mission compound named "Courtyard of the Happy Way" in Weihsien, Shantung, China between Tsinan and Tsingtao. The compound consisted of twenty-four acres of attractive landscape. The area had been sixty years old and was filled with shrubbery and fine old trees Towards the end of the war, the Japanese threatened a reprisalReprisal
In international law, a reprisal is a limited and deliberate violation of international law to punish another sovereign state that has already broken them. Reprisals in the laws of war are extremely limited, as they commonly breached the rights of civilians, an action outlawed by the Geneva...
if this area was bombed or attacked.
Barbed wire
Barbed wire
Barbed wire, also known as barb wire , is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand. It is used to construct inexpensive fences and is used atop walls surrounding secured property...
and barrier walls with electrified wires surrounded the camp. There were also guard towers that surrounded the perimeters. Everyday, the internees woke up to starvation, guard dogs, prisoner badges and numbers, daily roll calls, bayonet drills, bed bugs, horrible sanitation, and flies .
The Shandong Climate
The climate was not a major problem for the internees. It was nice in the spring and fall. The summer heat began in May and became extremely hot in August. There was also a rainy season that began in August, which included substantial rains. These rains, though, sometimes hurt the environment and the architecture. Occasionally, roads were flooded and walls collapsed. The architecture at this time in China did not fulfill requirements for dreadful rains so sometimes leaking occurred in the buildings. The winters in this area were dry and cold towards December, January, and February. The weather started to warm up in March and the summer heat was usually humid.Daily Activities
In order to survive, the internees knew that they all had to work together. They created kitchens, a hospital, started a library, and educated their children without desks, chairs, a classroom and had few books. Since the internment camp was in squalor conditions, all types of life came together to peel potatoes, stoke the ovens, clean the latrines, and had to perform other repetitive and boring tasks. All of these tasks were necessary for survival, though. Latrines had to be cleaned to keep the sanitation at a good level and some internees had to peel potatoes to make dinner for over hundreds of people at a time. Sometimes, the JapanJapan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
ese even had the internees dig graves for the dead or alive. In these cases, the dead were never recorded .
The Hospital
By the time the Japanese herded the allied civilians to the camp, the former hospital had been gutted out, looted, and supplies were taken. At first, the internees knew that they needed to create a hospital and that the hospital would be their main advantage for survival. The internees knew that a critical part of survival was to adopt a medical center for the sick and incapacitated. Medics and volunteers set up a laboratory and hospital in just a few days using broken medical equipment. This possibly saved lives of hundreds of internees. At one point, the doctors in the internment camp sent a list of drugs they needed to the Japanese. The doctors received only a few drugs. Later on, the Swiss got a hand of this list and brought in the drugs and some food into the hospital . If an internees got badly injured or was terribly sick, they could be sent to an outside hospital that was very difficult to get to and expensive.Housing
At Weihsien, there were more housing units than most other Japanese internment camps. Weihsien housed approximately eighteen hundred people at a time and each person was allowed to have around forty-five square feet of space. Women and men were separated on different sides of the buildings; women on one side and men on the other. The internees were placed in the basements of rooms of the hospital, school buildings, and previous Chinese dormitories. The dormitories were set up like normal dormitories, having long rows of rooms that usually held a two to four people each. The rooms were approximately nine by twelve feet and were crammed. In the course of finding suitable housing, some internees were placed into classrooms for their sleeping needs. When placed in the classrooms, the number of people could range from around ten to thirty people . These classrooms had no privacy and were extremely overcrowded. Some people had to sleep on the floors. Some lucky people were able to bring cots to sleep on . Others slept on tables, chairs, and the occasional bed. These living situations made it hard to keep warm in the winters and when the summers came, it became too hot to survive.Facilities
Overall, there were twenty three toilets for eighteen-hundred people and the lines became extremely long when the morning came along . The toilets never flushed since there was a limited water supply. Empty cans were used to flush the toilets because the cesspools were always clogged. There was no toilet paper supplied by the Japanese, which caused contaminationContamination
Contamination is the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent in material, physical body, natural environment, at a workplace, etc.-Specifics:"Contamination" also has more specific meanings in science:...
, disease, and a bad stench.
There were barely any full-sized bathrooms. There were four bathing areas that had a scarce source of water. Most of the internees used buckets to wash themselves and to keep themselves clean. There was one shower for the men and one shower for the women that were open and had many shower heads. Also, there was a limited amount of water in the showers. Because of this, women were allowed to shower only three times a week and men were allowed to shower daily .
In terms of laundry, there were basins and pails in the hospitals basement and some other buildings.
Food and Dining Areas
There were three dining areas that had kitchens. There were twelve refrigerators at first that were eventually taken by the Japanese for their personal use . Because of the lack of refrigeration, most food had to be thrown out. Internees were sent meat from an army slaughterhouseSlaughterhouse
A slaughterhouse or abattoir is a facility where animals are killed for consumption as food products.Approximately 45-50% of the animal can be turned into edible products...
that was brought through the compound by train. This meat was unrefrigerated and many times kept uncovered. The only equipment left over or given to the internees were two large frying pans, two copper pots, some tin pails, a dozen knives and a couple of bowls . Most of the other remaining kitchen equipment was the equipment that the internees were allowed to bring with them into the camp.
"Black Market"
The allied civilian internees had heroes: the local Chinese farmers. These farmers lived outside of the compound and risked their lives to smuggle food over the walls to prisoners. The Chinese farmers also smuggled news and messages into the camp for the internees to know what was going on on the outside of the camp. At one point, Chinese Nationalist Party guerrillas even helped two internee men escape from the camp. These escapees lived with the guerrillas until the end of the war.American Liberation
On August 17, 1945, two days after the official Japanese surrender to the Allies, a small rescue team parachuted from an American B24 Bomber. The team included six Americans (Major Stanley Staiger, Ensign Jimmy Moore, Lt. Jim Hannon, Ramond Hanchulak, Sgt. Peter Orlich, Sgt. Tad Nagaki) and one Chinese interpreter (Wang Chengnan) . The mission, named ("Operation Duck") successfully liberated 1,400 allied civilian prisoners.Notable Prisoners
- Watson McMillan HayesWatson McMillan HayesWatson McMillan Hayes was an American missionary and educator in China.Hayes graduated from Allegheny College. He was ordained on August 15, 1882 and sent to China in the same year. He taught at Tengchow College and later served as its president in present-day Penglai, Shandong...
, helped to set up Shandong College/Shandong UniversityShandong UniversityShandong University is a public comprehensive university in Shandong, China. It is one of the largest universities in China by student population and is supported directly by the national government.... - Arthur W. Hummel, Jr.Arthur W. Hummel, Jr.Arthur William Hummel, Jr. was a United States diplomat.-Early life:He was born in Fenzhou, Shanxi, China, to Christian missionaries Arthur W. Hummel, Sr. and Ruth Bookwalter Hummel. His family moved to Beijing when he was 4. In 1927, when he was 7, the Northern Expedition forced his family to...
, later American Ambassador to China (1981-85) - Eric LiddellEric LiddellEric Henry Liddell was a Scottish athlete, rugby union international player, and missionary.Liddell was the winner of the men's 400 metres at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris...
, Olympic gold-medal winner - Lope "Papa" Sarreal, Sr., The "Grand Old Man of Philippine Boxing"
- Mary Clabaugh and Arthur Wright, Chinese scholars; Professors at Yale University; Mary was the first tenured woman professor in the School of Arts and Sciences at Yale University