Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk
Encyclopedia
Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG
, Lord Marshal and Earl Marshal
(22 March 1366 – 22 September 1399) was an English
nobleman.
(died 1368), and Elizabeth de Segrave, 5th Baroness Segrave (died 1375). His mother was the eldest daughter of John de Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave and Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, who was the eldest daughter of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
, a son of Edward I of England
and his second Queen consort
Margaret of France
. Thus Mowbray was a great-great-grandson of King Edward I. He was also descended from a younger son of Henry III of England
.
On 10 February 1382, he succeeded his brother John
as 6th Baron Mowbray and 7th Baron Segrave, and was soon created 1st Earl of Nottingham, a title that was also created for his elder brother. Three years later, he was appointed Earl Marshal of England
, and in that capacity he fought against the Scots
and then against the French
.
Lord Nottingham was one of the Lords Appellant
to King Richard II
who deposed some of King Richard's court favorites in 1387. The King's uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, was imprisoned at Calais, where Nottingham was Captain. When Gloucester was killed in 1397, it was probably at the King's orders and probably with Nottingham's involvement. A few weeks later he was created Duke of Norfolk
. His aged grandmother, the Countess of Norfolk, was still alive; she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. When she died the next year he also became 3rd Earl of Norfolk.
Later, in 1398, Norfolk quarrelled with Henry of Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford
(later King Henry IV), apparently due to mutual suspicions stemming from their roles in the conspiracy against the Duke of Gloucester. Before a duel between them could take place, the King banished them both. After Hereford returned and usurped the throne, Norfolk was stripped of the Dukedom of Norfolk, though he retained his other titles. He died of the plague ("pestilence
") in Venice
, on 22 September 1399.
The matter of Norfolk's quarrel and subsequent banishment is depicted at the beginning of Shakespeare
's Richard II
.
He had by his second wife, Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan
, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
, two sons and two daughters:
Order of the Garter
The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry, or knighthood, existing in England. The order is dedicated to the image and arms of St...
, Lord Marshal and Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England...
(22 March 1366 – 22 September 1399) was an English
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
nobleman.
Life
Mowbray was the son of John de Mowbray, 4th Baron MowbrayJohn de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray was the son of John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray and Joan of Lancaster, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster.He was born on 25 June 1340 at Epworth....
(died 1368), and Elizabeth de Segrave, 5th Baroness Segrave (died 1375). His mother was the eldest daughter of John de Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave and Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, who was the eldest daughter of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Lord Marshal of England was the son of Edward I of England and Margaret of France.-Early life:...
, a son of Edward I of England
Edward I of England
Edward I , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons...
and his second Queen consort
Queen consort
A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king. A queen consort usually shares her husband's rank and holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles. Historically, queens consort do not share the king regnant's political and military powers. Most queens in history were queens consort...
Margaret of France
Marguerite of France (born 1282)
Margaret of France , a daughter of Philip III of France and Maria of Brabant, was Queen of England as the second wife of King Edward I, who was her father's first cousin.-Early life:...
. Thus Mowbray was a great-great-grandson of King Edward I. He was also descended from a younger son of Henry III of England
Henry III of England
Henry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready...
.
On 10 February 1382, he succeeded his brother John
John Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham
John de Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham was the son of John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray.Mowbray was created Earl of Nottingham by Richard II...
as 6th Baron Mowbray and 7th Baron Segrave, and was soon created 1st Earl of Nottingham, a title that was also created for his elder brother. Three years later, he was appointed Earl Marshal of England
Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England...
, and in that capacity he fought against the Scots
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
and then against the French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
.
Lord Nottingham was one of the Lords Appellant
Lords Appellant
The Lords Appellant were a group of nobles in the reign of King Richard II who sought to impeach some five of the King's favourites in order to restrain what was seen as tyrannical and capricious rule. The word appellant simply means '[one who is] appealing [in a legal sense]'...
to King Richard II
Richard II of England
Richard II was King of England, a member of the House of Plantagenet and the last of its main-line kings. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince, and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III...
who deposed some of King Richard's court favorites in 1387. The King's uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, was imprisoned at Calais, where Nottingham was Captain. When Gloucester was killed in 1397, it was probably at the King's orders and probably with Nottingham's involvement. A few weeks later he was created Duke of Norfolk
Duke of Norfolk
The Duke of Norfolk is the premier duke in the peerage of England, and also, as Earl of Arundel, the premier earl. The Duke of Norfolk is, moreover, the Earl Marshal and hereditary Marshal of England. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the...
. His aged grandmother, the Countess of Norfolk, was still alive; she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. When she died the next year he also became 3rd Earl of Norfolk.
Later, in 1398, Norfolk quarrelled with Henry of Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford
Henry IV of England
Henry IV was King of England and Lord of Ireland . He was the ninth King of England of the House of Plantagenet and also asserted his grandfather's claim to the title King of France. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence his other name, Henry Bolingbroke...
(later King Henry IV), apparently due to mutual suspicions stemming from their roles in the conspiracy against the Duke of Gloucester. Before a duel between them could take place, the King banished them both. After Hereford returned and usurped the throne, Norfolk was stripped of the Dukedom of Norfolk, though he retained his other titles. He died of the plague ("pestilence
Bubonic plague
Plague is a deadly infectious disease that is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, named after the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin. Primarily carried by rodents and spread to humans via fleas, the disease is notorious throughout history, due to the unrivaled scale of death...
") in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
, on 22 September 1399.
The matter of Norfolk's quarrel and subsequent banishment is depicted at the beginning of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon"...
's Richard II
Richard II (play)
King Richard the Second is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to be written in approximately 1595. It is based on the life of King Richard II of England and is the first part of a tetralogy, referred to by some scholars as the Henriad, followed by three plays concerning Richard's...
.
Family
Norfolk had no children by his first wife, Elizabeth le Strange, 3rd Baroness Strange suo jure, daughter and heiress of John le Strange, 2nd Baron Strange.He had by his second wife, Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan
Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan
Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk was an English noblewoman and the wife of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. Through her eldest daughter, Margaret, she was an ancestress of Queens consort Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, and the Howard Dukes of Norfolk.-Marriages and children:Lady...
, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and 9th Earl of Surrey KG was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.-Lineage:...
, two sons and two daughters:
- Thomas de MowbrayThomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of NorfolkThomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 8th Baron Segrave, 7th Baron Mowbray , English nobleman and rebel, was the son of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk and Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan....
; later 4th Earl of Norfolk. - John de MowbrayJohn de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of NorfolkSir John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, 9th Baron Segrave, 8th Baron Mowbray KG, Earl Marshal was an English nobleman....
; later 5th Earl of Norfolk, later restored as 2nd Duke of Norfolk. - Margaret de Mowbray; married Sir Robert Howard, and had issue (John Howard, 1st Duke of NorfolkJohn Howard, 1st Duke of NorfolkJohn Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal was an English nobleman, soldier, and the first Howard Duke of Norfolk...
). - Isabel de Mowbray; married firstly Henry Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Groby, and secondly James Berkeley, 1st Baron BerkeleyJames Berkeley, 1st Baron BerkeleyJames Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley , also known as "James the Just", was an English peer.Berkeley was the son of Sir James de Berkeley and his wife Elizabeth . He was made heir to his uncle Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley. He was married four times...
.