Timeline of 15th century Muslim history
Encyclopedia
This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world of the from 1400 AD to 1499 AD (803 AH – 905 AH).
Golden Horde
- ca. 1400: Temur QutlughTemur QutlughTemür Qutlugh was a khan of Golden Horde in 1397–1399. He was a son of Timur-Malik, khan of the White Horde, who struggled against Toqtamysh. After the death of Temur Malik in 1379 Qutlugh was reared at Toqtamysh's court. After an unsuccessful revolt against Toqtamysh in 1388, he, along with...
dies and is succeeded by Shadi BegShadi BegShadi Beg, Khan of the Golden Horde was a son of Timur-Malik.After the death of his brother; Temur Qutlugh, Shadi Beg was enthroned as Khan of the Golden Horde in 1399. The same year, Edigu went to Siberia to exact revenge on Toqtamysh...
. - 1407: Shadi Beg is deposed and EdiguEdiguEdigu was a Mongol emir of the White Horde who founded the new political entity, which came to be known as the Nogai Horde....
installs Pulad Khan as his successor.
Ottoman Empire
- 1402 - 1403: Beyazid I is defeated at the Battle of AnkaraBattle of AnkaraThe Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on July 20, 1402, took place at the field of Çubuk between the forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the Turko-Mongol forces of Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to a period of crisis for...
and taken captive by Tamerlane. An interregnumInterregnumAn interregnum is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order...
period begins when the sons of Beyazid I compete for the Ottoman throne.
Timurid Empire
- 1405: Tamerlane dies and is succeeded by his son, Shah RukhShah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)Shāhrukh Mīrzā was the ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur - the founder of the Timurid dynasty - governing most of Persia and Transoxiana between 1405 and 1447...
.
Golden Horde
- 1410: Pulad Khan is deposed in favor of TimurTimurTimur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until...
. - 1412: Timur is deposed in favor of Jalal ad-Din KhanJalal ad-Din khanJalal ad-Din was the khan of the Golden Horde in 1411–1412. He was the son of Tokhtamysh Khan. He is also famous for his written history of the Mongol Empire....
, the first of Tokhtamysh'sTokhtamyshTokhtamysh was the prominent khan of the White Horde, who briefly unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into a single state. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan's eldest grandson, Orda Khan or his brother Tuqa-Timur...
sons to take power since his death. - 1413: Jalal ad-Din Khan is deposed in favor of his brother, Karim Berdi.
- 1414: Karim Berdi is deposed in favor of Kebek.
- 1416: Kebek Khan is deposed in favor of YeremferdenYeremferdenYeremferden , also known as Jabbar Berdi, was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1417 to 1419. He was one of the sons of Tokhtamysh who struggled for power after their father's death. His reign was marked by relative peace save for occasional struggles with Vytautas against Edigu and what would become...
, the brother of Karim Berdi and Jalal Ad-din Khan. - 1419: Yeremferden is assassinated; control of the Horde is split between Dawlat BerdiDawlat BerdiDawlat Berdi , also known as Devlet Berdi, was a Khan of the Golden Horde who reigned from 1419 to 1421, and again from 1428 to his death in 1432. He was the son of Jabbar Berdi and a descendant of Berke Khan....
and Olugh Mokhammad.
Nogai Horde
- 1419: EdiguEdiguEdigu was a Mongol emir of the White Horde who founded the new political entity, which came to be known as the Nogai Horde....
is assassinated by Olugh Mokhammad, who assumes his place as KhanKhan (title)Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289...
, re-uniting it with the Golden Horde.
Golden Horde
- 1420: Dawlat BerdiDawlat BerdiDawlat Berdi , also known as Devlet Berdi, was a Khan of the Golden Horde who reigned from 1419 to 1421, and again from 1428 to his death in 1432. He was the son of Jabbar Berdi and a descendant of Berke Khan....
captures SaraiSiege of SaraiThe Siege of Sarai was a siege of Sarai, the nominal capital of the Golden Horde.-Background:After the death of Yeremferden both Dawlat Berdi and Olugh Mokhammad sought control of the Golden Horde. Berdi, who was Yeremferden's son, found himself limited to the Crimea...
and expands his sphere of influence beyond CrimeaCrimeaCrimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
. - 1423: BaraqBaraq (Khan of Golden Horde)Baraq was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1422 to 1427. His father was Koirichak, grandson of Urus Khan who was also descendant of Genghis Khan. He took support from Ulugh Beg, the Timurid khan, and in 1422 he dethroned Kepek, Olugh Mokhammad as well as Dawlat Berdi, khans of the Golden Horde. And...
defeats Dawlat Berdi and Olugh Mokhammad and takes control of the Horde. Olugh Mokhammad flees to LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
. - 1427: With the assistance of Vytautas the GreatVytautas the GreatVytautas ; styled "the Great" from the 15th century onwards; c. 1350 October 27, 1430) was one of the most famous rulers of medieval Lithuania. Vytautas was the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which chiefly encompassed the Lithuanians and Ruthenians...
, Olugh Mokhammad and Dawlat Berdi defeat and kill Baraq.
Morocco
- 1420: Abu Said Othman is assassinated and succeeded by Abdul Haq, his infant son.
Ak Koyunlu
- 1434: Kara OsmanKara OsmanQara Osman or Kara Osman or Qara Yoluq Osman or sometimes Uthman was a late 14th- and early 15th-century leader of the Turkmen tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Turkey...
dies and is succeeded by Ali BegAli BegAli Beg or Ali Bey Evrenos-ogly was Ottoman military commander in 15th century. He was one of the sons of Evrenos, an Ottoman general....
. - 1438: Ali BegAli BegAli Beg or Ali Bey Evrenos-ogly was Ottoman military commander in 15th century. He was one of the sons of Evrenos, an Ottoman general....
is overthrown by his brother, Hamza.
Golden Horde
- 1432: Dawlat BerdiDawlat BerdiDawlat Berdi , also known as Devlet Berdi, was a Khan of the Golden Horde who reigned from 1419 to 1421, and again from 1428 to his death in 1432. He was the son of Jabbar Berdi and a descendant of Berke Khan....
is assassinated and Hacı I GirayHaci I GirayHacı I Giray Angel was the founder and the first ruler of the Crimean Khanate. He is sometimes referred to as Hacı Devlet Giray or Devlet Hacı Giray...
conquers the CrimeaCrimeaCrimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
, founding the Crimean KhanateCrimean KhanateCrimean Khanate, or Khanate of Crimea , was a state ruled by Crimean Tatars from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
. - 1437: Olugh Mokhammad is defeated by Sayid Ahmad ISayid Ahmad ISayid Ahmad I was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1427 or 1433 until his death in 1435. Unlike the last five of six khans, Ahmad was not a descendant of Tokhtamysh but Timur-Malik, a cousin of Tokhtamysh.-Breakup of the Horde:...
, who takes control of the Horde.
Mamluk Empire
- 1438: BarsbayBarsbayAl-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay was the ninth Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt from AD 1422 to 1438. He was Circassian by birth and a former slave of the first Burji Sultan, Barquq....
dies and his son, Jamaluddin Yusuf, is prevented from taking power in a coup orchestrated by Saifuddin Gakmuk.
Tunisia
- 1434: Abdul Faris dies after forty years of rule and is succeeded by Abu Abdullah Muhammad.
- 1435: Abu Abdullah Muhammad is deposed in favor of Abu Umar Othman.
Ak Koyunlu
- 1440: Hamza is overthrown by JahangirJahangirJahangir was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian جهانگیر,meaning "Conqueror of the World"...
, a son of Ali BegAli BegAli Beg or Ali Bey Evrenos-ogly was Ottoman military commander in 15th century. He was one of the sons of Evrenos, an Ottoman general....
.
Ottoman Empire
- 1444: The Anti-Ottoman League of Lezhe in AlbaniaAlbaniaAlbania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...
is formed by Scanderbeg. Murad IIMurad IIMurad II Kodja was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 ....
voluntarily abdicates from his throne in favor of his son Mehmed IIMehmed IIMehmed II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from...
after the former's defeat at the hands of crusadersCrusadersThe Crusaders are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Christchurch that competes in the Super Rugby competition. They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history with seven titles...
at the Battle of Varma. - 1446: Murad II reclaims the throne.
- 1448: The Ottomans are victorious at the Second Battle of Kossova. SerbiaSerbiaSerbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
is annexed and Bosnia is made a vassalVassalA vassal or feudatory is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held...
.
Timurid Empire
- 1446: Shah RukhShah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)Shāhrukh Mīrzā was the ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur - the founder of the Timurid dynasty - governing most of Persia and Transoxiana between 1405 and 1447...
dies and is succeeded by Ulugh BegUlugh BegUlugh Bek was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly-known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title Amīr-e...
. - 1449: Ulugh BegUlugh BegUlugh Bek was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly-known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title Amīr-e...
dies and is succeeded by 'Abd al-Latif.
Great Horde
- 1459: Küchük Muhammad dies and is succeeded by his son, MaxmudMaxmud of AstrakhanKhan Mäxmüd of Astrakhan was one of Kuchuk Muhammed's sons and a Genghisid who founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in the 1460s.After years of struggle for the throne of the Great Horde against Akhmat Khan, he escaped to Xacitarxan, establishing the independent Khanate of Astrakhan there...
.
Mamluk Empire
- 1453: Gakmuk dies and is succeeded by his son, Fakhruddin Othman, who is then overthrown by Saifuddin Inal.
Ottoman Empire
- 1451: Murad IIMurad IIMurad II Kodja was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 ....
dies and is succeeded by his son, Mehmed IIMehmed IIMehmed II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from...
. - 1453: ConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
is captured. - 1456: WallachiaWallachiaWallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians...
is made a vassalVassalA vassal or feudatory is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held...
.
Timurid Empire
- 1450: 'Abd al-Latif is assassinated and succeeded by Abu Sa'idAbu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)Abū Saʿīd b. Muḥammad b. Mīrānshāh b. Timūr , was a Timurid Empire ruler in what is today parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Afghanistan and member of the Timurid dynasty....
.
Mamluk Empire
- 1461: Saifuddin Inal died and is succeeded by his son, Shahabuddin Ahmad, who is then overthrown by Saifuddin Khushqadam.
Great Horde
- 1465: MaxmudMaxmud of AstrakhanKhan Mäxmüd of Astrakhan was one of Kuchuk Muhammed's sons and a Genghisid who founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in the 1460s.After years of struggle for the throne of the Great Horde against Akhmat Khan, he escaped to Xacitarxan, establishing the independent Khanate of Astrakhan there...
founds the Astrakhan KhanateAstrakhan KhanateThe Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan/Hajji Tarkhan is now located...
after he is deposed by his brother, Akhmat KhanAkhmat KhanAkhmat Khan was a khan of the Great Horde between 1465 and 1481.In 1465, Akhmat seized power in the Horde by rising against his brother Maxmud of Astrakhan, who had been its ruler since 1459. In 1472, Akhmat entered into alliance with the Polish king Casimir IV against Ivan III...
.
Kara Koyunlu
- 1467: Jahan ShahJahan ShahMuzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf was the leader of the Kara Koyunlu Turkmen tribal federation in Azerbaijan and Arran who reigned c.1438-1467. During his reign he managed to expand the Kara Koyunlu’s territory to its largest extent, including Western Anatolia, most of present day Iraq,...
is killed in a surprise attackSurprise AttackSurprise Attack is the debut studio album released by the hard rock band Tora Tora.-Track listing:# "Love's a Bitch"# "28 Days"# "Hard Times"# "Guilty"# "Phantom Rider"# "Walkin' Shoes"# "Riverside Drive"# "She's Good She's Bad"...
arranged by his rival, Uzun Hasan, leader of Ak KoyunluAk KoyunluThe Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans , was an Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled parts of present-day Eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and Iran from 1378 to 1508.-History:According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu...
. Ak Koyunlu then annexes Kara Koyunlu.
Morocco
- 1465: Abdul Haq is assassinated, ending the Marinid dynasty. Sharif Muhammad al Jati assumes power.
Mamluk Empire
- 1465: Khushqadam dies and is succeeded by his son, Saifuddin Yel Bey, who is then deposed by Temur Bugha.
- 1468: Temur Bugha is deposed by QaitbayQaitbayAl-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 872-901 A.H. . He was Circassian by birth, and was purchased by the ninth sultan Barsbay before being freed by the eleventh sultan Jaqmaq...
.
Ak Koyunlu
- 1467: Kara KoyunluKara KoyunluThe Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans , were a Shi'ite Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled over the territory comprising the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, north-western Iran, eastern Turkey and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans at one...
is annexed. - 1468: The Timurids are defeated at the Battle of Qarabagh. Ak Koyunlu then becomes the masters of Persia and KhorasanGreater KhorasanGreater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan is a historical region of Greater Iran mentioned in sources from Sassanid and Islamic eras which "frequently" had a denotation wider than current three provinces of Khorasan in Iran...
.
Timurid Empire
- 1469: Abu Sa'idAbu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)Abū Saʿīd b. Muḥammad b. Mīrānshāh b. Timūr , was a Timurid Empire ruler in what is today parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Afghanistan and member of the Timurid dynasty....
dies; the Timurid state. In Husayn BayqarahHusayn BayqarahHusayn Bayqarah was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 to 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470. His father was Mansur, a great-grandson of Timur...
maintains control of Greater KhorasanGreater KhorasanGreater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan is a historical region of Greater Iran mentioned in sources from Sassanid and Islamic eras which "frequently" had a denotation wider than current three provinces of Khorasan in Iran...
.
Morocco
- 1472: Sharif Muhammad al Jati is overthrown by Muhammad al Shaikh, establishing the Wattasid dynasty.
Ottoman Empire
- 1473: Mehmed IIMehmed IIMehmed II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from...
defeats sultan Uzun Hasan of Ak KoyunluAk KoyunluThe Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans , was an Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled parts of present-day Eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and Iran from 1378 to 1508.-History:According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu...
at the Battle of Otluk Beli. - 1475: The Khanate of Crimea is conquered and made a vassal stateVassal stateA vassal state is any state that is subordinate to another. The vassal in these cases is the ruler, rather than the state itself. Being a vassal most commonly implies providing military assistance to the dominant state when requested to do so; it sometimes implies paying tribute, but a state which...
. VeniceVeniceVenice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
is defeated and the Ottoman Empire becomes master of the Aegean SeaAegean SeaThe Aegean Sea[p] is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus...
.
Ak Koyunlu
- 1478: Uzun Hasan dies and is succeeded by his son, Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan.
- 1479: Khalil Hasan is overthrown by his uncle, Y‘aqub ibn Uzun Hasan.
Great Horde
- 1480: Akhmat KhanAkhmat KhanAkhmat Khan was a khan of the Great Horde between 1465 and 1481.In 1465, Akhmat seized power in the Horde by rising against his brother Maxmud of Astrakhan, who had been its ruler since 1459. In 1472, Akhmat entered into alliance with the Polish king Casimir IV against Ivan III...
is assassinated and succeeded by his son, Said Ahmad II. - 1481: Said Ahmad II is overthrown by his brother Murtada.
Ottoman Empire
- 1481: Mehmed IIMehmed IIMehmed II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from...
dies and is succeeded by Beyazid II. Cen Sultan rebels.
Tunisia
- 1488: Abu Umar Othman dies and is succeeded by Abu Zikriya Yahya.
- 1489: Abu Zikriya Yahya is overthrown by Abul Mumin.
Ak Koyunlu
- 1493: Y‘aqub ibn Uzun Hasan dies and is succeeded by his son, Baisonqur ibn Y‘aqub.
- 1495: Baisonqur is overthrown by his cousin, Rustam ibn Maqsud.
- 1497: Maqsud is overthrown by his cousin, Ahmad Gövde ibn Muhammad.
Mamluk Empire
- 1496: QaitbayQaitbayAl-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 872-901 A.H. . He was Circassian by birth, and was purchased by the ninth sultan Barsbay before being freed by the eleventh sultan Jaqmaq...
abdicates and is succeeded by his son, Nasir Muhammad. - 1498: Nasir Muhammad is deposed and replaced by Zahir Kanauh.
Ottoman Empire
- 1499: the Ottoman fleet defeats the VenetiansRepublic of VeniceThe Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
in the Battle of ZonchioBattle of ZonchioThe naval Battle of Zonchio took place on four separate days: August 12, 20, 22 and 25, 1499. It was a part of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1499–1503...
.