Timeline of Mongolian history
Encyclopedia
Qing Era
- 1619-32: Ligden Khan, the last Mongol Great Khan, aims tocentralize imperial control over the various Mongol tribes, but alienates a number of Eastern Mongol tribes who go over to the ManchuManchuThe Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
s. - 1632: Ligden sets out to TibetTibetTibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
, to evade the Manchus and destroy the Yellow Sect. - 1634: Ligden dies at the Qinghai LakeQinghai LakeQinghai Lake , is a saline lake situated in the province of Qinghai, and is the largest lake in China. The names Qinghai and Kokonor both mean "Blue/Teal Sea/Lake" in Chinese and Mongolian. It is located about west of the provincial capital of Xining at 3,205 m above sea level in a depression...
. - 1636: Most Inner Mongolian tribes submit to the Manchus, Qing DynastyQing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
founded. - 1640: Zanabazar, son of the Tüsheet Khan of the KhalkhaKhalkhaKhalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
, is recognized as the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu. - 1688: conflict between the Dzungars on one hand and the Tüsheet Khan and Setsen Khan on the other leads to the almost complete conquest of the Khalkha domains by the Dzungars. Khalkha nobles flee to Inner Mongolia.
- 1691: Khalkha nobles submit to the Qing emperor.
- 1696: Qing seizes de-facto control of the Khalkha domains by defeating the Dzungars.
- 1756/57: Destruction of the Dzungars, failed rebellions Amursana and ChingünjavChingünjavChingünjav was one of the two major leaders of the 1755 - 1756 rebellion in Outer Mongolia. Although his rebellion failed, he is nowadays often hailed as a fighter for Mongolia's independence from the Manchu, who were ruling China at that time....
. - beginning ca. 1907: Implementation of new, sinification-oriented policies by the Qing government.
Modern era
- December 1, 1911: Outer Mongolia declares independence from Qing DynastyQing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
under the Eighth Jebtsundamba KhutukuBogd KhanThe Bogd Khan was enthroned as the Great Khaan of Mongolia on 29 December 1911, when Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty after the Xinhai Revolution. He was born in the Kham region of eastern Tibet, today's Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China...
. - December 29, 1911: Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia is proclaimed and Eighth Jebtsundamba KhutuktuBogd KhanThe Bogd Khan was enthroned as the Great Khaan of Mongolia on 29 December 1911, when Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty after the Xinhai Revolution. He was born in the Kham region of eastern Tibet, today's Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China...
is enthroned as Bogd Khan. - November 3, 1912: Russian Empire recognizes State of Mongolia and Bogd Khaan as its monarch.
- November 11, 1913: (Outer) Mongolia and Tibet concluded treaty on mutual recognition as independent states and mutual assistance.
- 1915: Russia, China and Mongolia sign KyakhtaKyakhtaKyakhta is a town in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Kyakhta River near the Russian-Mongolian border. Population: The town stands directly opposite the Mongolian border town of Altanbulag.-History:...
(or Khiagt) treaty about Chinese suzerainty over an autonomous Mongolia. - 1919: Outer Mongolia is occupied by the Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
. - February 1921: Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg Baron UngernRoman Ungern von SternbergBaron Roman Nikolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg was a Russian Yesaul , Lieutenant-general, and a hero of World War I...
drives Chinese troops out of Urga. - March 18, 1921: Red guerrillas headed by Damdin Sükhbaatar with assistance of Red Russian troops defeat the Chinese garrison in the Mongolian settlement Maimachen near KhiagtKyakhtaKyakhta is a town in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Kyakhta River near the Russian-Mongolian border. Population: The town stands directly opposite the Mongolian border town of Altanbulag.-History:...
- March, 1921: Remaining Chinese troops defeated by Ungern left Mongolia. Mongolia restored its independence under the Bogd Khaan monarchic power.
- Spring-Summer 1921: Russian Red ArmyRed ArmyThe Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
with support of Damdin Sükhbaatar defeats Ungern's forces in Mongolia. - November 26, 1924: After the death of the Bogd KhanBogd KhanThe Bogd Khan was enthroned as the Great Khaan of Mongolia on 29 December 1911, when Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty after the Xinhai Revolution. He was born in the Kham region of eastern Tibet, today's Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China...
, the Mongolian People's Republic is declared in Outer Mongolia. - 1928-1932: Failed attempts of collectivization lead to widespread uprisings and give way to a temporary thaw.
- 1936: Prince DemchugdongrubDemchugdongrubPrince Demchugdongrub was the leader of a Mongol independence movement in Inner Mongolia. He was the chairman of Mengjiang, a Japanese puppet state in World War II....
formed the Mongol Military Government in the Inner Mongolia for the independence from Repubilic of China and against Communism. - 1937: the Mongol Military Government renamed: Mongol United Autonomous Government.
- 1937-1939: Stalinist terrorStalinist purges in MongoliaThe Stalinist repressions in Mongolia had their climax between 1937 and 1939 , under the leadership of Khorloogiin Choibalsan. The purges affected the whole country, although the main focus was on upper party and government ranks, the army, and especially the Buddhist clergy. One very common...
leads to the death of more than 30.000 people in Mongolian People's Republic. - May-September 16, 1939: Large scale fighting takes place between JapanJapanJapan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
ese and Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn GolKhalkhyn GolHalh River is a river in eastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia in northern China.The river's source is in the Greater Khingan mountains of Inner Mongolia. By the mouth it splits into two distributaries. The left one feeds the Buir Lake and next via this lake continues as Orchun Gol...
on Mongolia-Manchuria border (Battle of Khalkhyn Gol), ending in defeat of the Japanese Guandong Army. Truce negotiated between U.S.S.R. and JapanJapanJapan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
. - 1941: Mongol United Autonomous Government renamed: the Mongolian Autonomous Federation known as MengjiangMengjiangMengjiang , also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, operating under nominal Chinese sovereignty and Japanese control. It consisted of the then-Chinese provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia...
. - August 1945: Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
government requested the USSR to enter the war against Japan. As a precondition, ROC agreed to recognize Outer Mongolia's independence provided that a plebiscite be held (China, Soviet Union: Treaty of Friendship and AllianceChina, Soviet Union: Treaty of Friendship and AllianceThe Treaty of Friendship and Alliance is a 1945 treaty signed by Republic of China and Soviet Union at 14 August...
). - August 1945: Mongolian People's Republic declares war on Japan, one day after the USSR. Mongolian People's Republic troops take part in the occupation of Inner MongoliaInner MongoliaInner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...
, at that time controlled by the pro-Japanese MengjiangMengjiangMengjiang , also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, operating under nominal Chinese sovereignty and Japanese control. It consisted of the then-Chinese provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia...
regime. - October 1945: Plebiscite yields a 100% pro-independence vote.
- January 1946: ROC government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic.
- October 6, 1949: Newly established People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of ChinaChina , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
recognizes Mongolia and agrees to establish diplomatic relations. - 1952, Exiling ROC government in Taiwan renounced the China, Soviet Union: Treaty of Friendship and AllianceChina, Soviet Union: Treaty of Friendship and AllianceThe Treaty of Friendship and Alliance is a 1945 treaty signed by Republic of China and Soviet Union at 14 August...
. So far, ROC constitution in Taiwan still claims ROC sovereignty over entire China, including Outer Mongolia. - late 1950s: Herds are collectivized again, this time successfully.
- 1955 ROC representatives used veto power to block the Mongolian People's Republic's entry into United NationsUnited NationsThe United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
. - 1961: The Mongolian People's Republic entered into United NationsUnited NationsThe United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
. ROC representative did not veto it. - 1961: Trans-Mongolian RailwayTrans-Mongolian RailwayThe Trans-Mongolian Railway connects Ulan-Ude, on the Trans-Baikal railway in Russia, with the Chinese city of Jining, by way of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia....
finished. - 1962: Mongolia becomes member of the COMECONComeconThe Council for Mutual Economic Assistance , 1949–1991, was an economic organisation under hegemony of Soviet Union comprising the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world...
. - 1962 The communist world was openly split into two camps: MoscowMoscowMoscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
-centered and BeijingBeijingBeijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
-centered. The Mongolian communist leadership resolutely sided with the Soviet Communists (Sino-Soviet splitSino-Soviet splitIn political science, the term Sino–Soviet split denotes the worsening of political and ideologic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Cold War...
). - 1965: Yu. Tsedenbal purges intelligentsia.
- 1969 The differences in interpretation of MarxismMarxismMarxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid 19th...
spread to a brink of overall war between USSR and China. Threat of Chinese aggression against Mongolia. Soviet army stationed a large army in the Mongolian People's Republic bordering with P.R. China. - March 1981: GurragchaaZhugderdemidiyn GurragchaJügderdemidiin Gürragchaa was the first Mongolian and the second Asian in space. He was Mongolia's defense minister from 2000 to 2004.-Early life and spaceflight:...
becomes the first Mongolian in Space. - August 1984: Resignation of Yu. Tsedenbal.
- January 27, 1987: Diplomatic relations established with the United StatesUnited StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
.
- July 1989: First member of the Bahá'í FaithBahá'í FaithThe Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in 19th-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind. There are an estimated five to six million Bahá'ís around the world in more than 200 countries and territories....
enters the country - see Bahá'í Faith in MongoliaBahá'í Faith in MongoliaThe Bahá'í Faith in Mongolia dates back only to the 1980s and 1990s, as prior to that point Mongolia's Communist anti-religious stance impeded the spread of the religion to that country. The first Bahá'í arrived in Mongolia in 1988, and the religion established a foothold there, later establishing... - December 1989: First popular reform demonstrations. Mongolian Democratic Association organized.
- January 1990: Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations held in sub-zero weather.
- March 2, 1990: Soviets and Mongolians announce that all Soviet troops will be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
- May 1990: Constitution amended to provide for multi-party system and new elections.
- July 29, 1990: First democratic elections held. Ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary PartyMongolian People's Revolutionary PartyThe Mongolian People's Party formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party is an ex-communist political party in Mongolia. The party is abbreviated MPP in English and ' in Mongolian...
(MPRP) wins - September 3, 1990: First democratically elected People's Great Hural takes office.
- January 13, 1992: New constitution goes into effect.
- April 8, 1992: New election law passed.
- June 28, 1992: Election for the first unicameral legislature (State Great Hural). MPRP wins
- June 6, 1993: First direct presidential election. Opposition candidate Ochirbat, a former MPRP member, wins.
- June 30, 1996: Election of first non-communist government.
- 1998: murder of ZorigSanjaasürengiin ZorigZorig Sanjaasuren was a prominent Mongolian politician and leader of the country's 1990 democratic revolution. He was called the "Golden Magpie of Democracy". His murder remains unsolved...
, minister of infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests. - July 2, 2000: Election of the former communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary PartyMongolian People's Revolutionary PartyThe Mongolian People's Party formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party is an ex-communist political party in Mongolia. The party is abbreviated MPP in English and ' in Mongolian...
(MPRP); formation of new government by Prime Minister Nambaryn EnkhbayarNambaryn EnkhbayarNambaryn Enkhbayar is a Mongolian political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Mongolia from 2000 to 2004, the Speaker of Parliament from 2004 to 2005, and the President of Mongolia from 2005 to 2009...
. - 2003: Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
, IraqIraqIraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
and SudanSudanSudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
. - 2004: Election leads to a draw. Coalition formed between MPRP and other parties, headed by Elbegdorj, but dissolved by MPRP in January 2006. New coalition between MPRP and smaller parties and defectors formed under Enkhbold on January 25, 2006, but dissolved by MPRP in October/November 2007. Another Coalition formed under Sanjaagiin BayarSanjaagiin BayarSanjaagiin Bayar is a Mongolian politician who was General Secretary of the Communist Party of Mongolia from 22 November 2007 to 8 April 2009, and Prime Minister of Mongolia from 22 November 2007 to 29 October 2009. He announced on October 26, 2009, that he was going to resign his position as...
on November 22, 2007.
See also
- History of MongoliaHistory of MongoliaThe area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Nirun, the Gökturks, and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Mongols returned to their earlier patterns...
- Mongolian nobilityMongolian nobilityThe Mongolian nobility arose in the 10-12th centuries, became prominent in the 13th century, and essentially governed Mongolia until the early 20th century....