Toyota Corolla E120
Encyclopedia
The Corolla E120 is the ninth generation of cars sold by Toyota under the Corolla
nameplate.
The ninth-generation Corolla (NZE120/ZZE120) first appeared in November 2000 (Japan) with edgier styling and a longer 2600 mm (102.4 in) wheelbase. It is built on a shortened Toyota Vista
platform—the Vista being a mid-sized, rather than compact car. From being marketed as a premium compact sedan, to an affordable hatchback, the 9th-generation Corolla was designed as a 'Global' automobile to suit different market needs. This was one of Toyota's most versatile and most popular models ever produced.
The Corolla has also spawned another multi-purpose vehicle, the Matrix
(E130), sold in Canada, Mexico and the United States, which forms the basis of the Pontiac Vibe
, which was in turn sold in Japan as the Toyota Voltz
.
The E120 series was replaced by the E140 or E150 series in late 2006 or early 2007 but the E120 continues to be made in China.
The E120 Corolla won the What Car?
magazine's "Car of the Year" award for 2002.
European/Israeli/Moroccan market engines:
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For the Japanese market, trim levels for the Corolla Sedan were X, G, and Luxel.
And in 2003, the Japanese market made some special 1500 cc, 4WD sedans.
The station wagon model is called the Corolla Fielder in Japan and the five-door is called the Corolla Runx, launching in 2001. The Allex was also launched to replace the Sprinter.
The Corolla Spacio
(Verso in Europe) moved on to the new platform, with later models adding a third row of fold-down seating in the back.
Engine choices were 1.5-liter and 1.8-liter gasoline, and 2.2-liter diesel. Some car is specially modified in 4WD system. Most of the cars have front disc brakes and rear drum brakes. All cars have ABS and EBD system. Front seats have two SRS air bag standard.
The North American model is bigger compared to the Japanese Corolla, and is based on the Corolla Altis distributed in Southeast Asia. It came to the United States in March 2002 for the 2003 model year. Trim levels offered are CE, LE, and S, continuing from the previous generation. Production for the ninth generation Corolla ended in 2008, with the tenth generation Corolla introduced mid 2008 as a 2009 model. The Corolla used an updated version of the 1ZZ-FE, with power increased to 130 hp. The Corolla grew in height from the previous generation, and the S trim level featured sportier front and rear bumpers and side skirts, as well as fog lights. For the 2005 model year, the styling was refreshed with a new grille, rear taillights, wheel covers, and interior accents.
A sporty XRS model, introduced for 2005 & 2006 only, featured the high-revving 127 kW (170 hp) 172 nm (127 ft-lb) 2ZZ-GE engine and 6-speed manual
from the Toyota Celica
GT-S and Lotus Elise
. The 2ZZ-GE motor was actually developed with collaboration from Yamaha motors, and uses similar technologies found in its sibling motor the 1ZZ-FE. The XRS was very similar to its Corolla S cousin, but the 2ZZ-GE and other structural changes set it apart. Notable features include the X-Brace, which increases structural rigidity in the rear. The XRS also featured a sport-tuned suspension, special seats with more aggressive bolsters, and also a fixed rear seat. The standard Corolla had 60/40 split folding seats, while the XRS had none.
This was the first generation of the Corolla to be available in Mexico, and was offered in 3 trim levels: the base CE, the mid-range LE and S, the latter only available with a manual transmission.
North American market engines:
An upmarket version of the ninth-generation Corolla, dubbed the Corolla Altis, is manufactured in Thailand
and Philippines
and the sold across Southeast Asia
and South Asia (including Indonesia
, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh
, Vietnam
, Philippines
, Singapore
, Taiwan
, India and Thailand). It debuted in late 2001 as model year 2002 as a bigger and more luxurious variant of the Japanese Corolla, featuring unique interior and exterior panels that separates it from the basic Corolla. The Corolla Altis is targeted at consumers who prefer more comfort than the current Corolla but do not wish to buy the more luxurious Camry
. Two versions of engine are available, the 81 kW (110 bhp) 1.6 3ZZ-FE engine and the 100 kW (136 bhp) 1ZZ-FE, both with VVT-i
technology.
In 2004, the Corolla Altis received its first facelift. Changes include a new grille design, a sleeker front bumper, redesigned fog lamps, new LED tail lights, different alloy wheels and minor interior updates (auto climate control became a standard feature in lower end variants). Two years later, to keep up with much newer competitors, the Corolla Altis received its second facelift. Exterior changes include another redesigned grille, redesigned chrome rear license plate ornament, a new third LED brake light, and a new steering wheel audio switch. A new aerokit and new wing mirrors with signal indicators (similar to the 2007 Camry) is available as an optional package in Malaysia.
A low end variant of the Corolla Altis is also branded as the Toyota Limo, featuring lower spec and intended for taxi business in Thailand. It is not to be confused with the low end taxi version of the Toyota Vios
which is also called Toyota Limo
in Indonesia.
In Singapore, Toyota's exclusive authorised dealer Borneo Motors originally sold the Japanese version of the Corolla, but later replaced it with the Corolla Altis.
In terms of product lifespan ( production lasted for seven years ) and number of units sold, the Corolla Altis easily outlived its Corolla predecessors, making it currently the most popular Corolla variant/generation in Southeast Asia.
ASEAN engines:
or gasoline
.
The Corolla sedan, wagon and 5-door hatchback (Seca) sold in Australia were sourced from Japan, while some hatchbacks were sourced from South Africa
. Trim levels offered were the Ascent, Ascent Sport, Conquest, and Ultima. The sporty Levin (hatchback and wagon) and high performance Sportivo was available in hatchback only and was built in South Africa while the Levin was primarily sourced from Japan. The Sportivo was powered by the 2ZZ-GE and a six-speed manual gearbox (also used in the Celica), while the other models had the 1ZZ-FE. Minor changes in 2004 included the grille and replacing the headlights with a "tear drop" type. The Sportivo was discontinued in Australia from 2006 due to the prohibitive costs involved in modifying the engine to comply with Euro IV emissions. All the other models had their engine power and torque reduced to 93 kW and 161 N•m from 100 kW and 171 N•m respectively from October 2005 production to comply with Euro IV. From May 2006, the Ascent and Ascent Sport models were upgraded with standard front power windows and passenger air bag, while the Conquest models had ABS brakes as standard. The equipment upgrades were not applied to the wagon, which ceased production in August 2006.
The Corolla E120 continues to be sold in China as the Corolla EX through the Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co. Ltd. It is also known as the 花冠 (Hua Guan) which is a direct translation of 'Corolla' (crown of the flower) in Mandarin Chinese. Only one trim level is offered with a 5 speed manual or a 6 speed automatic gearbox behind a 1ZR-FE engine.
Corollas sold in the Middle East and Northern Africa (except Israel and Morocco) are made in Japan.
project called eCars-Now! using lithium battery
. The car is powered by an Azure Dynamics
AC motor and controller, the lithium batteries are from Thunder Sky and the car uses a battery management system
by Lithium Balance. The aim of the project was to make an electric vehicle at the same price as an average car.
Toyota Corolla
The Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact and compact cars manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota, which has become very popular throughout the world since the nameplate was first introduced in 1966. In 1997, the Corolla became the best selling nameplate in the world, with over 35 million...
nameplate.
The ninth-generation Corolla (NZE120/ZZE120) first appeared in November 2000 (Japan) with edgier styling and a longer 2600 mm (102.4 in) wheelbase. It is built on a shortened Toyota Vista
Toyota Vista
The Toyota Vista is a compact car launched in 1982 as a sister nameplate to the Camry by Toyota in Japan. The name was introduced to tie in with the Toyota Vista dealership network, and launched around the same time...
platform—the Vista being a mid-sized, rather than compact car. From being marketed as a premium compact sedan, to an affordable hatchback, the 9th-generation Corolla was designed as a 'Global' automobile to suit different market needs. This was one of Toyota's most versatile and most popular models ever produced.
The Corolla has also spawned another multi-purpose vehicle, the Matrix
Toyota Matrix
The Toyota Matrix, sometimes officially referred to as the Toyota Corolla Matrix, is a compact hatchback manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation in Canada, to be sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico...
(E130), sold in Canada, Mexico and the United States, which forms the basis of the Pontiac Vibe
Pontiac Vibe
The Pontiac Vibe is a compact hatchback car that was produced in Fremont, California, in the United States by NUMMI , a joint venture between General Motors and Toyota, and marketed under General Motors' Pontiac brand...
, which was in turn sold in Japan as the Toyota Voltz
Toyota Voltz
The Toyota Voltz was a tall station wagon sold from 2002 to 2004. It was assembled by NUMMI in Fremont, California and marketed by Toyota in its home market of Japan, but curtailed after a disappointing sales volume of just over 10,000 units...
.
The E120 series was replaced by the E140 or E150 series in late 2006 or early 2007 but the E120 continues to be made in China.
The E120 Corolla won the What Car?
What Car?
What Car? is a long-running UK monthly automobile magazine and website, currently edited by Steve Fowler and published by Haymarket Motoring. First published in 1973, it is intended primarily as a magazine for consumers rather than dedicated automobile enthusiasts...
magazine's "Car of the Year" award for 2002.
Europe
For the European market, the Corolla was offered as 3 door Hatchback, 5 door Hatchback, Sedan or Saloon, and Wagon or Kombi / Estate. The high performance Corolla T-Sport with 1.8 liter 2ZZ-GE engine was available in certain countries.European/Israeli/Moroccan market engines:
- 2002–2007 — 4ZZ-FE — 1.4 L (1398 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FIFuel injectionFuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....
, VVT-iVVT-iVVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota, similar in performance to the BMW's VANOS. The Toyota VVT-i system replaces the Toyota VVT offered starting in 24 December 1991 on the 5-valve per cylinder 4A-GE engine. The...
, 95 hp (71 kW) - 2002–2007 — 3ZZ-FE — 1.6 L (1598 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, VVT-i, 109 hp (81 kW)
- 2002–2005 — 2ZZ-GE — 1.8 L (1796 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, VVTL-i, 189 hp, 180 Nm (18.4 mKg) @ 6800 rpm
- 2006–2007 — 2ZZ-GE — 1.8 L (1796 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, supercharged, FI, VVTL-i, 215 hp (162 kW) — Compressor
- 2004–2007 — 1ND-TVToyota ND engineThe Toyota ND is an inline 4 Toyota diesel engine used in both Japanese and European markets.-1ND-TV:The 1ND-TV is a compact Inline 4 turbocharged diesel engine. Introduced into European market in 2002 with the Yaris XP1, it was Toyota's first diesel engine to be equipped with an aluminium...
— 1.4 L (1364 cc) I4 dieselDiesel engineA diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber...
, 8-valve SOHC, turbocharged, D-4DFuel injectionFuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....
, 89 hp (66 kW) - 2003–2007 — 1CD-FTVToyota CD enginethe Toyota CD engine is a diesel engine used in the Toyota Corolla, RAV4 and other vehicles. It is a DOHC engine with a bore of and stroke of with . The CD Series engines have now largely been replaced by the AD engine. There were two versions: the 1CD-FTV and the more powerful 2CD variant....
— 2.0 L (1995 cc) I4 diesel, 16-valve DOHC, turbocharged, D-4D, 114 hp (85 kW)
Japan
And in 2003, the Japanese market made some special 1500 cc, 4WD sedans.
The station wagon model is called the Corolla Fielder in Japan and the five-door is called the Corolla Runx, launching in 2001. The Allex was also launched to replace the Sprinter.
The Corolla Spacio
Toyota Corolla Spacio
The Corolla Verso was a 5-door estate Compact MPV first released by Toyota in 1997 until production of the third generation ceased in 2009. Although the design of the car is based on the Verso's namesake, the Corolla, the Verso does not share a platform with the Corolla, instead being built on a...
(Verso in Europe) moved on to the new platform, with later models adding a third row of fold-down seating in the back.
Engine choices were 1.5-liter and 1.8-liter gasoline, and 2.2-liter diesel. Some car is specially modified in 4WD system. Most of the cars have front disc brakes and rear drum brakes. All cars have ABS and EBD system. Front seats have two SRS air bag standard.
North America
A sporty XRS model, introduced for 2005 & 2006 only, featured the high-revving 127 kW (170 hp) 172 nm (127 ft-lb) 2ZZ-GE engine and 6-speed manual
Manual transmission
A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox or standard transmission is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications...
from the Toyota Celica
Toyota Celica
The Toyota Celica name has been applied to a series of coupes made by the Japanese company Toyota. The name is ultimately derived from the Latin word coelica meaning "heavenly" or "celestial"....
GT-S and Lotus Elise
Lotus Elise
The 1996 Lotus Elise weighed . Because of its relatively low weight, it was able to accelerate 0- in 5.8 seconds despite its relatively low power output of...
. The 2ZZ-GE motor was actually developed with collaboration from Yamaha motors, and uses similar technologies found in its sibling motor the 1ZZ-FE. The XRS was very similar to its Corolla S cousin, but the 2ZZ-GE and other structural changes set it apart. Notable features include the X-Brace, which increases structural rigidity in the rear. The XRS also featured a sport-tuned suspension, special seats with more aggressive bolsters, and also a fixed rear seat. The standard Corolla had 60/40 split folding seats, while the XRS had none.
This was the first generation of the Corolla to be available in Mexico, and was offered in 3 trim levels: the base CE, the mid-range LE and S, the latter only available with a manual transmission.
North American market engines:
- 2002–2008 — 1ZZ-FE — 1.8 L (1794 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FIFuel injectionFuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....
, VVT-i, 130 hp (97 kW) — CE, LE, S (TRD 1.8L Supercharger is available for this engine) - 2005 & 2006 — 2ZZ-GE — 1.8 L (1796 cc) I4, 16-valve DOHC, FI, VVTL-i, 170 hp (127 kW) — XRS
Canadian 20th Anniversary Edition (2008)
To commemorate 20 years of building Toyota Corolla in Canada, Toyota Canada offered the 20th Anniversary Edition Corolla CE for the 2008 model year, which includes power door locks with keyless entry, cruise control, power windows with driver's side auto down, special edition badging, aluminium alloy wheels and power moon roof on top of Corolla CE.South & Southeast Asia
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
and Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
and the sold across Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...
and South Asia (including Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
, Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
, Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
, India and Thailand). It debuted in late 2001 as model year 2002 as a bigger and more luxurious variant of the Japanese Corolla, featuring unique interior and exterior panels that separates it from the basic Corolla. The Corolla Altis is targeted at consumers who prefer more comfort than the current Corolla but do not wish to buy the more luxurious Camry
Toyota Camry
The Toyota Camry is a series of mid-size automobiles manufactured by Toyota since 1982, and sold in the majority of automotive markets throughout the world...
. Two versions of engine are available, the 81 kW (110 bhp) 1.6 3ZZ-FE engine and the 100 kW (136 bhp) 1ZZ-FE, both with VVT-i
VVT-i
VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota, similar in performance to the BMW's VANOS. The Toyota VVT-i system replaces the Toyota VVT offered starting in 24 December 1991 on the 5-valve per cylinder 4A-GE engine. The...
technology.
In 2004, the Corolla Altis received its first facelift. Changes include a new grille design, a sleeker front bumper, redesigned fog lamps, new LED tail lights, different alloy wheels and minor interior updates (auto climate control became a standard feature in lower end variants). Two years later, to keep up with much newer competitors, the Corolla Altis received its second facelift. Exterior changes include another redesigned grille, redesigned chrome rear license plate ornament, a new third LED brake light, and a new steering wheel audio switch. A new aerokit and new wing mirrors with signal indicators (similar to the 2007 Camry) is available as an optional package in Malaysia.
A low end variant of the Corolla Altis is also branded as the Toyota Limo, featuring lower spec and intended for taxi business in Thailand. It is not to be confused with the low end taxi version of the Toyota Vios
Toyota Vios
The Toyota Vios is a 4-door subcompact sedan developed for the South East Asia, China, and Taiwan markets.Introduced in 2003, the Vios serves as a replacement of the Toyota Tercel , which filled the Asian subcompact market for a 1.5 litre, below the Toyota Corolla and Toyota Camry, both of which...
which is also called Toyota Limo
Toyota Limo
The Toyota Limo is a lower spec of the Toyota Vios and Toyota Corolla Altis. Basically it features less equipment and has lower trim levels. It is used as a taxicab by the Bluebird Group in Indonesia, specially rebadged as the Toyota Limo. This is not to be confused with Toyota Corolla Altis...
in Indonesia.
In Singapore, Toyota's exclusive authorised dealer Borneo Motors originally sold the Japanese version of the Corolla, but later replaced it with the Corolla Altis.
In terms of product lifespan ( production lasted for seven years ) and number of units sold, the Corolla Altis easily outlived its Corolla predecessors, making it currently the most popular Corolla variant/generation in Southeast Asia.
ASEAN engines:
- 1NZ-FE VVT-i, 4-Cylinder in-line, DOHC, 16 Valve, 1,497 c.c, Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) with 3 way catalytic converter, Maximum Output: 109 hp / 6,000 rpmand Maximum Torque: 141 nm / 4,200 rpm.
- 3NZ-FE VVT-i, 4-Cylinder in-line, DOHC, 16 Valve, 1,598 c.c, Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) with 3 way catalytic converter, Maximum Output: 110 hp / 6,000 rpmand Maximum Torque: 150 nm / 4,400 rpm.
- 1ZZ-FE VVT-i, 4-Cylinder in-line, DOHC, 16 Valve, 1,794 c.c, Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) with 3 way catalytic converter, Maximum Output: 136 hp / 6,000 rpmand Maximum Torque: 171 nm / 4,200 rpm.
Rest of the world
In Brazil, the Corolla sedan and the Corolla Fielder wagon are built locally. It is available with the 1.6L 3ZZ-FE engine (sedan only) and the 1.8L 1ZZ-FE. The sedan is externally identical to the US model, but the Fielder has different styling from the Japanese version. Starting from the 2008 model (released May 2007), the 1.8L engine has flexible fuel technology. Unlike most other flexible fuel vehicles in Brazilian market, the Corolla Flex has the same power ratings either with ethanolEthanol
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...
or gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain...
.
The Corolla sedan, wagon and 5-door hatchback (Seca) sold in Australia were sourced from Japan, while some hatchbacks were sourced from South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
. Trim levels offered were the Ascent, Ascent Sport, Conquest, and Ultima. The sporty Levin (hatchback and wagon) and high performance Sportivo was available in hatchback only and was built in South Africa while the Levin was primarily sourced from Japan. The Sportivo was powered by the 2ZZ-GE and a six-speed manual gearbox (also used in the Celica), while the other models had the 1ZZ-FE. Minor changes in 2004 included the grille and replacing the headlights with a "tear drop" type. The Sportivo was discontinued in Australia from 2006 due to the prohibitive costs involved in modifying the engine to comply with Euro IV emissions. All the other models had their engine power and torque reduced to 93 kW and 161 N•m from 100 kW and 171 N•m respectively from October 2005 production to comply with Euro IV. From May 2006, the Ascent and Ascent Sport models were upgraded with standard front power windows and passenger air bag, while the Conquest models had ABS brakes as standard. The equipment upgrades were not applied to the wagon, which ceased production in August 2006.
The Corolla E120 continues to be sold in China as the Corolla EX through the Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co. Ltd. It is also known as the 花冠 (Hua Guan) which is a direct translation of 'Corolla' (crown of the flower) in Mandarin Chinese. Only one trim level is offered with a 5 speed manual or a 6 speed automatic gearbox behind a 1ZR-FE engine.
Corollas sold in the Middle East and Northern Africa (except Israel and Morocco) are made in Japan.
eCorolla
The eCorolla was a fully electric conversion of the E120 Corolla shown at the 2009 European Electric Motor Show. It was built by a Finnish open sourceOpen source
The term open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology...
project called eCars-Now! using lithium battery
Lithium battery
Lithium batteries are disposable batteries that have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells can produce voltages from 1.5 V to about 3.7 V, over twice the voltage of an ordinary zinc–carbon battery or alkaline battery...
. The car is powered by an Azure Dynamics
Azure Dynamics
Azure Dynamics Corporation is incorporated under the laws of Alberta, Canada having been spun out of BC Research Inc. Azure now is headquartered in Oak Park, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit...
AC motor and controller, the lithium batteries are from Thunder Sky and the car uses a battery management system
Battery Management System
A battery management system is any electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery , such as by monitoring its state, calculating secondary data, reporting that data, protecting the battery, controlling its environment, and / or balancing it.-Monitor:A BMS may monitor the state of the...
by Lithium Balance. The aim of the project was to make an electric vehicle at the same price as an average car.