Transcription Factor II D
Encyclopedia
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme
is a form of eukaryotic
RNA polymerase II
that is recruited to the promoters of protein
-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II
, a subset of general transcription factor
s, and regulatory protein
s known as SRB proteins. Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factor
s that make up the RNA polymerase II
preinitiation complex
. Before the start of transcription
, the transcription Factor II D (TFIID) complex, binds to the TATA box
in the core promoter of the gene.
TFIID is itself composed of several subunits
called TBP-associated factors (TAFs, of which there are 16) and the TATA Binding Protein
(TBP). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription
at promoters that contain a TATA box
. TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP to bind to. TAFs are included in two distinct complexes, TFIID and B-TFIID. The TFIID complex is composed of TBP
and more than eight TAFs. But, the majority of TBP is present in the B-TFIID complex, which is composed of TBP and TAFII170 (BTAF1
) in a 1:1 ratio.
TFIID (GTF2D)
Subunits in the TFIID complex include:
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells...
is a form of eukaryotic
Eukaryote
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear...
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase...
that is recruited to the promoters of protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase...
, a subset of general transcription factor
Transcription factor
In molecular biology and genetics, a transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA...
s, and regulatory protein
Regulation of gene expression
Gene modulation redirects here. For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation.Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products...
s known as SRB proteins. Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factor
General transcription factor
General transcription factors or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates...
s that make up the RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase...
preinitiation complex
Transcription preinitiation complex
The preinitiation complex is a large complex of proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes...
. Before the start of transcription
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
, the transcription Factor II D (TFIID) complex, binds to the TATA box
TATA box
The TATA box is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes; approximately 24% of human genes contain a TATA box within the core promoter....
in the core promoter of the gene.
TFIID is itself composed of several subunits
Protein subunit
In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex: a multimeric or oligomeric protein. Many naturally occurring proteins and enzymes are multimeric...
called TBP-associated factors (TAFs, of which there are 16) and the TATA Binding Protein
TATA Binding Protein
The TATA-binding protein is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters...
(TBP). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
at promoters that contain a TATA box
TATA box
The TATA box is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes; approximately 24% of human genes contain a TATA box within the core promoter....
. TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP to bind to. TAFs are included in two distinct complexes, TFIID and B-TFIID. The TFIID complex is composed of TBP
TATA Binding Protein
The TATA-binding protein is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters...
and more than eight TAFs. But, the majority of TBP is present in the B-TFIID complex, which is composed of TBP and TAFII170 (BTAF1
BTAF1
TATA-binding protein-associated factor 172 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTAF1 gene.-Interactions:BTAF1 has been shown to interact with TATA binding protein.-Further reading:...
) in a 1:1 ratio.
TFIID (GTF2D)
- coordinates the activities of more than 70 polypeptides required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II,
- binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly,
- serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and
- acts as a channel for regulatory signals.
Subunits in the TFIID complex include:
- TBPTATA Binding ProteinThe TATA-binding protein is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters...
(TATA binding protein) - TAF1TAF1Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 1, also known as transcription initiation factor TFIID 250 kDa subunit or TBP-associated factor 250 kDa , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF1 gene.-Function:...
(TAFII250) - TAF2TAF2Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF2 gene.-External links:...
(CIF150) - TAF3TAF3Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF3 gene.-Further reading:...
(TAFII140) - TAF4TAF4Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF4 gene.-Interactions:TAF4 has been shown to interact with TATA binding protein, CBX5 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.-Further reading:...
(TAFII130/135) - TAF4BTAF4BTranscription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF4B gene.-Further reading:...
(TAFII105) - TAF5TAF5Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF5 gene.-Interactions:TAF5 has been shown to interact with TAF9, TAF15, TAF6 and TATA binding protein.-Further reading:...
(TAFII100) - TAF6TAF6Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF6 gene.-Interactions:TAF6 has been shown to interact with TAF5 and TATA binding protein.-Further reading:...
(TAFII70/80) - TAF7TAF7Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF7 gene.-Interactions:TAF7 has been shown to interact with TAF15, TAF1 and TATA binding protein.-External links:...
(TAFII55) - TAF8TAF8Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF8 gene.-Further reading:...
(TAFII43) - TAF9TAF9TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein -associated factor, 32kDa, also known as TAF9, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAF9 gene.- Function :...
(TAFII31/32) - TAF9BTAF9BTranscription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF9B gene.-Further reading:...
(TAFII31L) - TAF10TAF10Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF10 gene.-Interactions:TAF10 has been shown to interact with TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TAF13 and TATA binding protein....
(TAFII30) - TAF11TAF11Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 gene.-Interactions:TAF11 has been shown to interact with TAF15, TAF13, TATA binding protein, GTF2F1, POLR2A and Transcription Factor II B....
(TAFII28) - TAF12TAF12Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF12 gene.-Interactions:TAF12 has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.-Further reading:...
(TAFII20/15) - TAF13TAF13Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF13 gene.-Interactions:TAF13 has been shown to interact with TAF15, TAF11, TAF10 and TATA binding protein.-Further reading:...
(TAFII18) - TAF15TAF15TATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF15 gene.-Interactions:TAF15 has been shown to interact with TAF7, POLR2C, TAF5, POLR2E, TAF13, SAFB, TAF11, TATA binding protein and POLR2G.-Further reading:...
(TAFII68)
See also
- Eukaryotic transcriptionEukaryotic transcriptionEukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription. For instance, in eukaryotes the genetic material , and therefore transcription, is primarily localized to the nucleus, where it is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane...
- GAAC element
- General transcription factorGeneral transcription factorGeneral transcription factors or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates...
- Preinitiation complexPreinitiation complexThe preinitiation complex is a large complex of proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes...
- Regulation of gene expressionRegulation of gene expressionGene modulation redirects here. For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation.Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products...
- RNA polymerase II holoenzymeRNA polymerase II holoenzymeRNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells...
- TATA Binding ProteinTATA Binding ProteinThe TATA-binding protein is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters...
- Transcription (genetics)Transcription (genetics)Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...