Treaty of Andrusovo
Encyclopedia
The Truce of Andrusovo was a thirteen and a half year truce, signed in 1667 between Tsardom of Russia
and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
, which were at war
since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine
and Belarus
.
It was signed on 20/30 January 1667 by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
(Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (Commonwealth) in a village
of Andrusovo not far from Smolensk
. Representatives of the Cossack Hetmanate
were not allowed.
and the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy)
agreed on the following terms:
(1569) and in the Polish kingdom thereafter, was the seat of the orthodox metropolitan, who despite being formally placed under the Roman pope since the Union of Brest
(1596) retained authority over the orthodox population in Poland-Lithuania's eastern territories. Prior to Andrusovo, Kiev had been an orthodox counter-weight to the Moscow patriarchate, founded in 1589, and since the metropolitanship of Petro Mohyla
hosted the Mohyla Academy which opened orthodoxy to Western influence. The transfer of Kiev to Russia came only days after patriarch Nikon
, who reformed the rites within the Muscovite partriarchate, had won the upper hand over his adversary Avvakum
, resulting in an inner-Russian schism (raskol
) between reformed orthodoxy and the Old Believers
. Kiev now supplied the Russian partriarch with an academy—Mohyla's offer to found an academy in Moscow had previously been rejected—on whose scholars Nikon had relied already for his reforms. Nikon himself though, having proposed to replace the Russian simfonia (i.e. the traditional balance of ecclesiastical and secular power) by a more theocratic model, was banned upon his success, effectively shifting the power balance to the Romanov
tsars ruling Russia since the end of the smuta (1613). As the see of the metropolitan, Kiev furthermore granted Moscow influence on the orthodox population in Poland-Lithania. "Protection" of the orthodox population thus became a future argument, or excuse, for Romanov interference in Poland-Lithuania.
, the treaty is often viewed as leading to the partition of the Ukrainian Hetmanate state between its more powerful neighbouring states.
From the Polish
point of view the treaty is considered a significant mistake that tipped the balance of power in the region and replaced Poland as the dominant state by the emerging Russian Empire.
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 a year...
and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
, which were at war
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called Thirteen Years' War, First Northern War, War for Ukraine was the last major conflict between Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1655 and 1660, the Second Northern War was also fought in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,...
since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
and Belarus
Belarus
Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
.
It was signed on 20/30 January 1667 by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Naschokin was one of the greatest Russian statesmen of the 17th century. His career is quite unprecedented in Russian history, as he was the first petty noble to attain the boyar title and highest offices of state owing not to family connections but due to his personal...
(Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (Commonwealth) in a village
Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...
of Andrusovo not far from Smolensk
Smolensk
Smolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River. Situated west-southwest of Moscow, this walled city was destroyed several times throughout its long history since it was on the invasion routes of both Napoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk...
. Representatives of the Cossack Hetmanate
Cossack Hetmanate
The Hetmanate or Zaporizhian Host was the Ruthenian Cossack state in the Central Ukraine between 1649 and 1782.The Hetmanate was founded by first Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Khmelnytsky Uprising . In 1654 it pledged its allegiance to Muscovy during the Council of Pereyaslav,...
were not allowed.
Terms
The Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
and the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy)
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 a year...
agreed on the following terms:
- A truce was signed for 13.5 years during which both states were obligated to prepare the conditions for the eternal peace.
- Russia secured the territories of the Left-bank UkraineLeft-bank UkraineLeft-bank Ukraine is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left bank of the Dnieper River, comprising the modern-day oblasts of Chernihiv, Poltava and Sumy as well as the eastern parts of the Kiev and Cherkasy....
, Siever lands, and SmolenskSmolenskSmolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River. Situated west-southwest of Moscow, this walled city was destroyed several times throughout its long history since it was on the invasion routes of both Napoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk...
. - Poland-Lithuania was left with the Right-bank UkraineRight-bank UkraineRight-bank Ukraine , a historical name of a part of Ukraine on the right bank of the Dnieper River, corresponding with modern-day oblasts of Volyn, Rivne, Vinnitsa, Zhytomyr, Kirovohrad and Kiev, as well as part of Cherkasy and Ternopil...
, and the Russian-occupied Belarus with VitebskVitebskVitebsk, also known as Viciebsk or Vitsyebsk , is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. The capital of the Vitebsk Oblast, in 2004 it had 342,381 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth largest city...
, Polotsk, and DzwinskDaugavpilsDaugavpils is a city in southeastern Latvia, located on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. Daugavpils literally means "Daugava Castle". With a population of over 100,000, it is the second largest city in the country after the capital Riga, which is located some...
. - The city of KievKievKiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
, though situated on the right bank of the Dnieper RiverDnieper RiverThe Dnieper River is one of the major rivers of Europe that flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea.The total length is and has a drainage basin of .The river is noted for its dams and hydroelectric stations...
, was handed over to Russia for two years under series of conditions. The transfer, though phrased as temporary, was in fact a permanent one, cemented in 1686 in exchange for 146,000 rubles. - The Zaporizhian SichZaporizhian SichZaporizhian Sich was socio-political, grassroot, military organization of Ukrainian cossacks placed beyond Dnieper rapids. Sich existed between the 16th and 18th centuries in the region around the today's Kakhovka Reservoir...
was recognized as a condominiumCondominium (international law)In international law, a condominium is a political territory in or over which two or more sovereign powers formally agree to share equally dominium and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it up into 'national' zones.Although a condominium has always been...
of both states. - Both states agreed to provide a common defense against the Ottoman EmpireOttoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
. - The right of a free trade was granted.
- A compensation from Russia to Poland-Lithuania of 1,000,000 zloty or 200,000 rubles was agreed on for the lands of Left-bank Ukraine.
Consequences
The transfer of Kiev to the Russian tsardom had far-reaching consequences. Kiev, situated in the greek-orthodox part of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy before the Union of LublinUnion of Lublin
The Union of Lublin replaced the personal union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, since Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages. In addition, the autonomy of Royal Prussia was...
(1569) and in the Polish kingdom thereafter, was the seat of the orthodox metropolitan, who despite being formally placed under the Roman pope since the Union of Brest
Union of Brest
Union of Brest or Union of Brześć refers to the 1595-1596 decision of the Church of Rus', the "Metropolia of Kiev-Halych and all Rus'", to break relations with the Patriarch of Constantinople and place themselves under the Pope of Rome. At the time, this church included most Ukrainians and...
(1596) retained authority over the orthodox population in Poland-Lithuania's eastern territories. Prior to Andrusovo, Kiev had been an orthodox counter-weight to the Moscow patriarchate, founded in 1589, and since the metropolitanship of Petro Mohyla
Petro Mohyla
Metropolitan Peter was a Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and All-Rus' from 1633 until his death. He was born into a Moldavian boyar family — the Movileşti — one that gave Moldavia and Wallachia several rulers, including his father, Ieremia Movilă. His mother, Margareta, was a Hungarian noble lady...
hosted the Mohyla Academy which opened orthodoxy to Western influence. The transfer of Kiev to Russia came only days after patriarch Nikon
Patriarch Nikon
Nikon , born Nikita Minin , was the seventh patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church...
, who reformed the rites within the Muscovite partriarchate, had won the upper hand over his adversary Avvakum
Avvakum
Avvakum Petrov was a Russian protopope of Kazan Cathedral on Red Square who led the opposition to Patriarch Nikon's reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church...
, resulting in an inner-Russian schism (raskol
Raskol
Raskol |schism]]') was the event of splitting of the Russian Orthodox Church into an official church and the Old Believers movement in mid-17th century, triggered by the reforms of Patriarch Nikon in 1653, aiming to establish uniformity between the Greek and Russian church practices.-The Raskol:...
) between reformed orthodoxy and the Old Believers
Old Believers
In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers separated after 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon between 1652–66...
. Kiev now supplied the Russian partriarch with an academy—Mohyla's offer to found an academy in Moscow had previously been rejected—on whose scholars Nikon had relied already for his reforms. Nikon himself though, having proposed to replace the Russian simfonia (i.e. the traditional balance of ecclesiastical and secular power) by a more theocratic model, was banned upon his success, effectively shifting the power balance to the Romanov
Romanov
The House of Romanov was the second and last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia, reigning from 1613 until the February Revolution abolished the crown in 1917...
tsars ruling Russia since the end of the smuta (1613). As the see of the metropolitan, Kiev furthermore granted Moscow influence on the orthodox population in Poland-Lithania. "Protection" of the orthodox population thus became a future argument, or excuse, for Romanov interference in Poland-Lithuania.
Perspectives
In UkraineUkraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, the treaty is often viewed as leading to the partition of the Ukrainian Hetmanate state between its more powerful neighbouring states.
From the Polish
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
point of view the treaty is considered a significant mistake that tipped the balance of power in the region and replaced Poland as the dominant state by the emerging Russian Empire.