Tukkhum
Encyclopedia
Tukkhum an alliance of teip
s, unrelated by blood but united in a higher association for the joint solution of common problems - the protection from enemy attack and economic exchange. Tukhums occupied a specific territory, which consisted of them actually populated areas, as well as the surrounding area, where the teip
s, which were part of tukhums, engaged in hunting, farming and cattle breeding. Each tukhum spoke their own dialect of the Vainakh language
.
Tukhums, in contrast to the teip
s, had no official head or commander . Thus tukhums was not so much body control as a social organization.
Deliberative tukhums was the Council of Elders, which consisted of representatives of all the teip
s, were part of this tukhums, on an equal footing.
Council of Elders would convene to address inter-teip
disputes and differences, to protect the interests of the individual teip
s, and tukhums in general. Council of Elders had the right to declare war, conclude peace, to negotiate with the help of their own and others' ambassadors, make alliances and break them.
Tukhums were not consanguineous union, but a kind of brotherhood. It is a formation that emerged from the tribal organization. This alliance, and (or) the association of several teip
s one and the same tribe, established for specific purposes .
The tribal union of tukkhums forms the Kham or the whole Chechen nation
.
During the 16th and 17th centuries nine tukkhums, composed of separate teip
s were formed in Chechnya
,
At the moment, the Chechens
are united in 9 tukhums, comprising more than 100 teips:
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s, unrelated by blood but united in a higher association for the joint solution of common problems - the protection from enemy attack and economic exchange. Tukhums occupied a specific territory, which consisted of them actually populated areas, as well as the surrounding area, where the teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s, which were part of tukhums, engaged in hunting, farming and cattle breeding. Each tukhum spoke their own dialect of the Vainakh language
Nakh languages
The Nakh languages are a small family of languages spoken chiefly by the Nakh peoples, in Russia , in Georgia, and in the Chechen diaspora ....
.
Tukhums, in contrast to the teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s, had no official head or commander . Thus tukhums was not so much body control as a social organization.
Deliberative tukhums was the Council of Elders, which consisted of representatives of all the teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s, were part of this tukhums, on an equal footing.
Council of Elders would convene to address inter-teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
disputes and differences, to protect the interests of the individual teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s, and tukhums in general. Council of Elders had the right to declare war, conclude peace, to negotiate with the help of their own and others' ambassadors, make alliances and break them.
Tukhums were not consanguineous union, but a kind of brotherhood. It is a formation that emerged from the tribal organization. This alliance, and (or) the association of several teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s one and the same tribe, established for specific purposes .
The tribal union of tukkhums forms the Kham or the whole Chechen nation
Chechen people
Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Noxçi . Also known as Sadiks , Gargareans, Malkhs...
.
During the 16th and 17th centuries nine tukkhums, composed of separate teip
Teip
Teip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
s were formed in Chechnya
Chechnya
The Chechen Republic , commonly referred to as Chechnya , also spelled Chechnia or Chechenia, sometimes referred to as Ichkeria , is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the southeastern part of Europe in the Northern Caucasus mountains. The capital of the republic is the city of Grozny...
,
At the moment, the Chechens
Chechen people
Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Noxçi . Also known as Sadiks , Gargareans, Malkhs...
are united in 9 tukhums, comprising more than 100 teips:
- Äkkhi,
- Mälkhi,
- Nokhchmakhkakhoi,
- Orstkhoi (Arshtkhoy),
- Terloi,
- Chanti,
- Cheberloi (Chebarloi),
- Sharoi,
- Shotoi.
See also
- TeipTeipTeip is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor and geographic location. There are about 130-233 teips...
- ClanClanA clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized around a founding member or apical ancestor. The kinship-based bonds may be symbolical, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a...
- Ethnic autonomous regions
- Kinship and descent
- TribeTribeA tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states.Many anthropologists use the term tribal society to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups .Some theorists...