Ukiyozoshi
Encyclopedia
is the first major genre of popular Japanese fiction, written between the 1680s and the 1770s in Kyoto and Osaka. Ukiyozōshi literature developed from the kanazōshi
genre and was in fact initially classified as kanazōshi. The term "ukiyozōshi" first appeared in about 1710 in reference to amorous or erotic works, but the term later came to refer to literature that encompassed a variety of subjects and aspects of life during the Edo period
.
's Life of an Amorous Man is considered the first work in this genre. This work, as well as other amorous literature, drew subject matter from the courtesan critiques and guides to the pleasure quarters that became popular in the 1640s and 1650s. Although Saikaku's works were not regarded as high literature at the time, they became popular and were key to the development and spread of ukiyozōshi.
After Saikaku's death, some notable writers that followed include Nishizawa Ippu, Miyako no Nishiki, and Hojo Dansui, Saikaku's only direct pupil in novel writing. The last significant ukiyozōshi writer was Ejima Kiseki, from Kyoto. While Kiseki's writing lacked the style and depth of Saikaku's, he is credited with creating the katagi-mono, or character books, a genre that remained popular throughout the eighteenth century. Each book consisted of about fifteen sketches describing various types of people.
By the mid-eighteenth century, Edo had become the center of literary activity, and while ukiyozōshi continued to be produced until around the 1770s, the genre became stagnant after Kiseki's death and slowly declined.
Ukiyozōshi literature was considered popular literature and was written in the kana-based vernacular language. In contrast, elite literature, such as kanbun
, was written in classical Chinese or classical Japanese and typically focused on traditional aristocratic topics, such as love and nature.
Ukiyozōshi covered a variety of subjects, many of which were considered vulgar or inappropriate for elite literature. A prime example is the kōshoku-mono sub-genre, which consisted of erotic works centered on the pleasure quarters. The other sub-genres of ukiyozōshi are chōnin-mono, which dealt with the lives of townspeople; setsuwa-mono, or tales of the strange or curious; and buke-mono, which focused on samurai. Most ukiyozōshi works fell into one of these sub-genres and were aimed at a particular readership.
One important characteristic of ukiyozōshi is its intense realism. Since late kanazoshi literature, a shift towards commoner literature and realism had been apparent, but it was not until ukiyozōshi that Japanese prose literature approached true realism. Ukiyozōshi is markedly less sentimental and reveals a more objective and cynical perspective. For example, many of Saikaku's stories end tragically and are written in a detached, ironic tone.
Kanazoshi
describes a type of printed Japanese book that was produced primarily in Kyoto between 1600 and 1680. The term literally means “books written in kana”...
genre and was in fact initially classified as kanazōshi. The term "ukiyozōshi" first appeared in about 1710 in reference to amorous or erotic works, but the term later came to refer to literature that encompassed a variety of subjects and aspects of life during the Edo period
Edo period
The , or , is a division of Japanese history which was ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family, running from 1603 to 1868. The political entity of this period was the Tokugawa shogunate....
.
History
Ihara SaikakuIhara Saikaku
was a Japanese poet and creator of the "floating world" genre of Japanese prose .-Biography:Born the son of the wealthy merchant Hirayama Tōgo in Osaka, he first studied haikai poetry under Matsunaga Teitoku, and later studied under Nishiyama Sōin of the Danrin School of poetry, which emphasized...
's Life of an Amorous Man is considered the first work in this genre. This work, as well as other amorous literature, drew subject matter from the courtesan critiques and guides to the pleasure quarters that became popular in the 1640s and 1650s. Although Saikaku's works were not regarded as high literature at the time, they became popular and were key to the development and spread of ukiyozōshi.
After Saikaku's death, some notable writers that followed include Nishizawa Ippu, Miyako no Nishiki, and Hojo Dansui, Saikaku's only direct pupil in novel writing. The last significant ukiyozōshi writer was Ejima Kiseki, from Kyoto. While Kiseki's writing lacked the style and depth of Saikaku's, he is credited with creating the katagi-mono, or character books, a genre that remained popular throughout the eighteenth century. Each book consisted of about fifteen sketches describing various types of people.
By the mid-eighteenth century, Edo had become the center of literary activity, and while ukiyozōshi continued to be produced until around the 1770s, the genre became stagnant after Kiseki's death and slowly declined.
Characteristics
By the time the ukiyozōshi genre first appeared, the commercial publishing industry had been fully developed. Ukiyozōshi books were published at a fixed size and length, and it was around this time that literature first began to be published for profit. For these reasons, prose literature, including ukiyozōshi, tended to be of low quality. Nevertheless, many ukiyozōshi works, particularly those of Saikaku, feature sophisticated literary techniques, structures, and insight into the lives and personalities of the characters.Ukiyozōshi literature was considered popular literature and was written in the kana-based vernacular language. In contrast, elite literature, such as kanbun
Kanbun
The Japanese word originally meant "Classical Chinese writings, Chinese classic texts, Classical Chinese literature". This evolved into a Japanese method of reading annotated Classical Chinese in translation . Much Japanese literature was written in literary Chinese using this annotated style...
, was written in classical Chinese or classical Japanese and typically focused on traditional aristocratic topics, such as love and nature.
Ukiyozōshi covered a variety of subjects, many of which were considered vulgar or inappropriate for elite literature. A prime example is the kōshoku-mono sub-genre, which consisted of erotic works centered on the pleasure quarters. The other sub-genres of ukiyozōshi are chōnin-mono, which dealt with the lives of townspeople; setsuwa-mono, or tales of the strange or curious; and buke-mono, which focused on samurai. Most ukiyozōshi works fell into one of these sub-genres and were aimed at a particular readership.
One important characteristic of ukiyozōshi is its intense realism. Since late kanazoshi literature, a shift towards commoner literature and realism had been apparent, but it was not until ukiyozōshi that Japanese prose literature approached true realism. Ukiyozōshi is markedly less sentimental and reveals a more objective and cynical perspective. For example, many of Saikaku's stories end tragically and are written in a detached, ironic tone.