United Daughters of the Confederacy
Encyclopedia
The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is a women's heritage association dedicated to honoring the memory of those who served in the military and died in service to the Confederate States of America
(CSA). UDC began as the National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy, organized in 1894 by Caroline Meriwether Goodlett and Anna Davenport Raines. It was related to older heritage associations such as the Daughters of the Confederacy in Missouri
and the Ladies’ Auxiliary of the Confederate Soldiers Home in Tennessee
.
The National Association changed its name to the UDC in 1895. It was incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1919. Its motto is “Love, Live, Pray, Think, Dare”.
Membership is through a local chapter, usually where the prospective member resides. Local chapters come under the auspices of the state or "Division".
There are currently 33 states with active chapters.
. The United Daughters of Confederacy collects and preserves rare books
, documents, diaries, letters, and other papers of historical importance that relate to the American Civil War
period. The collection is kept in Goodlett Memorial Library at the headquarters.
Beginning soon after the war, women's groups were active in local areas in raising money to establish cemeteries for the many Confederate war dead. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the numbers had been overwhelming, federal resources were devoted to the Union dead, and private groups led the efforts for appropriate burials and care of the Confederate dead. Such groups were part of the origin of the UDC. In addition to arranging for reburial of soldiers in the South, they funded and organized memorials to Confederate veterans and battles. They were instrumental in organizing to commemorate the war, including annual events in many towns across the South. They led the struggle to shape memory in the aftermath of the war. They also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. As the Encyclopedia Virginia says of the organization, "The context of these efforts was the Lost Cause interpretation of the Civil War
, which emphasized states' rights
and secession
over slavery
as causes of the war and was often used to further the goals of white supremacists
in the twentieth century."
During the twentieth century, the UDC members participated in battles over the content of textbooks and how history would be taught in the South. This included controversy over how the war would be named. In the South, it was taught as the "War between the States". In their version, all the slaves were loyal and willingly contributed to the Cause. In the 1920s and 1930s, the UDC tried to organize a monument to "faithful slaves", to be built on the Mall
in Washington, DC. Blacks strongly objected to this; in 1923 two thousand women of the Phyllis Wheatley YWCA protested with a resolution to Vice President Calvin Coolidge
and House Speaker Gillette.
During World War I
, the UDC supported 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital at Neuilly-sur-Seine
, France
and contributed $82,069 for French and Belgian orphans. At home, the UDC members purchased $24,843,368 worth of war bond
s and savings stamps. They also donated $841,676 to the Red Cross.
During World War II
, the organization assisted the National Nursing Association by donating financially to student nurses until the United States Congress
passed the Bolton Act, which created the first Cadet Nurse Corps
. Through the Red Cross, the UDC donated ambulances for use at European battle sites and a blood plasma unit. They were commended by the Red Cross for their outstanding contributions to the war.
In the years of rising activism by African Americans for civil rights, the UDC opposed Brown v. Board of Education
(1954), the U.S. Supreme Court decision that ended legal segregation
of public schools. Many of its chapters participated in the Massive Resistance
in Virginia and other states. In 1959 the UDC in Jacksonville, Florida
supported renaming an all-white public high school after General Nathan Bedford Forrest
, a Confederate hero and post-Civil War elected leader of the Ku Klux Klan
. By the 21st century, the school's demographics had changed. Its students are now 54 percent African American. Although many local residents (and the students) wanted to change the name of the high school, in November 2008, the Duval County
school board (which controls the county facilities) voted to keep the name. Its five white members voted for the measure, and the two African-American members voted against it.
The association's work on memorials and memory has continued. For instance, during the 1950s, the UDC raised funds to commission window memorials to the Confederate generals Robert E. Lee
and Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson
for the National Cathedral
in Washington, D.C.
They were installed in 1957. The tracery windows depict episodes in the lives of each of the generals.
, the UDC has made no provision for officially acknowledging the contributions of enslaved blacks during the war. For some time, their emphasis on preserving "Southern heritage" was seen to stand for a desire for white supremacy
and rigid caste.
Some members of the UDC and the SCV were outraged and stated that the two organizations do not have a racist agenda. Some SCV and UDC chapters urged their members to boycott McPherson's books and engage in letter-writing campaigns of protest. McPherson responded that he did not mean to imply that all SCV or UDC chapters, or everyone who belongs to them, promote the agenda. He further stated that (only) "some of these people have a hidden agenda [which] they might not even recognize they're involved in."
The UDC sued Vanderbilt University
, located in Nashville, Tennessee
over its 2002 plan to change the name of Confederate Memorial Hall, a student dormitory. In September 2002, the university announced its intention to remove "Confederate" from the pediment of the building in recognition of changed times. The UDC sued, as it had funded one third of the cost in 1935 when the building was constructed. Its condition was that the building would be named Confederate Memorial Hall and have two floors reserved for women descendants of Confederate veterans.
After a lengthy legal process that went to appeal, the Tennessee State Appeals Court ruled on May 3, 2005, that Vanderbilt University would be forced to pay a sizeable sum to the UDC if it removed "Confederate" from the building. Due to the court ruling, the university decided against formally changing the name. In its materials, the university refers to the building simply as Memorial House.
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by 11 Southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S...
(CSA). UDC began as the National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy, organized in 1894 by Caroline Meriwether Goodlett and Anna Davenport Raines. It was related to older heritage associations such as the Daughters of the Confederacy in Missouri
Missouri
Missouri is a US state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2010 population of 5,988,927, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It...
and the Ladies’ Auxiliary of the Confederate Soldiers Home in Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
.
The National Association changed its name to the UDC in 1895. It was incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1919. Its motto is “Love, Live, Pray, Think, Dare”.
Membership
Membership in UDC is open to women at least 16 years old who are of lineal or collateral blood descent from veterans who served honorably in the Army, Navy, or Civil Service of the CSA or are current or former members of UDC.Membership is through a local chapter, usually where the prospective member resides. Local chapters come under the auspices of the state or "Division".
There are currently 33 states with active chapters.
Objectives
According to its original founding, the objectives of the organization are Historical, Educational, Benevolent, Memorial and Patriotic:- To collect and preserve the material necessary for a truthful history of the War Between the States and to protect, preserve, and mark the places made historic by Confederate valor;
- To assist descendants of worthy Confederates in securing a proper education;
- To fulfill the sacred duty of benevolence toward the survivors of the War and those dependent upon them;
- To honor the memory of those who served and those who fell in the service of the Confederate States of America;
- To record the part played during the War by Southern women, including their patient endurance of hardship, their patriotic devotion during the struggle, and their untiring efforts during the post-War reconstruction of the South; and
- To cherish the ties of friendship among the members of the Organization.
Headquarters
Memorial Hall, the headquarters of the UDC, is located in Richmond, VirginiaRichmond, Virginia
Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. It is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond area...
. The United Daughters of Confederacy collects and preserves rare books
Book collecting
Book collecting is the collecting of books, including seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining whatever books are of interest to a given individual collector. The love of books is bibliophilia, and someone who loves to read, admire, and collect...
, documents, diaries, letters, and other papers of historical importance that relate to the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
period. The collection is kept in Goodlett Memorial Library at the headquarters.
History
At a time of increasing fraternal and civic organizations in the United States, the UDC grew rapidly with local and state chapters. By 1900 it had 20,000 members; and by the end of World War I (1914–1918), its numbers had grown to nearly 100,000 women. It was part of an end of the century revival of national sentiment about being American.Beginning soon after the war, women's groups were active in local areas in raising money to establish cemeteries for the many Confederate war dead. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the numbers had been overwhelming, federal resources were devoted to the Union dead, and private groups led the efforts for appropriate burials and care of the Confederate dead. Such groups were part of the origin of the UDC. In addition to arranging for reburial of soldiers in the South, they funded and organized memorials to Confederate veterans and battles. They were instrumental in organizing to commemorate the war, including annual events in many towns across the South. They led the struggle to shape memory in the aftermath of the war. They also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. As the Encyclopedia Virginia says of the organization, "The context of these efforts was the Lost Cause interpretation of the Civil War
Civil war
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same nation state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly-united nation state....
, which emphasized states' rights
States' rights
States' rights in U.S. politics refers to political powers reserved for the U.S. state governments rather than the federal government. It is often considered a loaded term because of its use in opposition to federally mandated racial desegregation...
and secession
Secession
Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. Threats of secession also can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.-Secession theory:...
over slavery
Slavery
Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
as causes of the war and was often used to further the goals of white supremacists
White supremacy
White supremacy is the belief, and promotion of the belief, that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates the social and political dominance by whites.White supremacy, as with racial...
in the twentieth century."
During the twentieth century, the UDC members participated in battles over the content of textbooks and how history would be taught in the South. This included controversy over how the war would be named. In the South, it was taught as the "War between the States". In their version, all the slaves were loyal and willingly contributed to the Cause. In the 1920s and 1930s, the UDC tried to organize a monument to "faithful slaves", to be built on the Mall
National Mall
The National Mall is an open-area national park in downtown Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The National Mall is a unit of the National Park Service , and is administered by the National Mall and Memorial Parks unit...
in Washington, DC. Blacks strongly objected to this; in 1923 two thousand women of the Phyllis Wheatley YWCA protested with a resolution to Vice President Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. was the 30th President of the United States . A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state...
and House Speaker Gillette.
During World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, the UDC supported 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital at Neuilly-sur-Seine
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris.Although Neuilly is technically a suburb of Paris, it is immediately adjacent to the city and directly extends it. The area is composed of mostly wealthy, select residential...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and contributed $82,069 for French and Belgian orphans. At home, the UDC members purchased $24,843,368 worth of war bond
War bond
War bonds are debt securities issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war. War bonds generate capital for the government and make civilians feel involved in their national militaries...
s and savings stamps. They also donated $841,676 to the Red Cross.
During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the organization assisted the National Nursing Association by donating financially to student nurses until the United States Congress
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....
passed the Bolton Act, which created the first Cadet Nurse Corps
Cadet Nurse Corps
The Cadet Nurse Corps Program was supervised by the United States Public Health Service to train nurses during World War II. After America entered the war, the demand for nurses increased dramatically, outstripping the supply and creating a shortage....
. Through the Red Cross, the UDC donated ambulances for use at European battle sites and a blood plasma unit. They were commended by the Red Cross for their outstanding contributions to the war.
In the years of rising activism by African Americans for civil rights, the UDC opposed Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which...
(1954), the U.S. Supreme Court decision that ended legal segregation
Racial segregation in the United States
Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, included the racial segregation or hypersegregation of facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines...
of public schools. Many of its chapters participated in the Massive Resistance
Massive resistance
Massive resistance was a policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956, to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision...
in Virginia and other states. In 1959 the UDC in Jacksonville, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Jacksonville is the largest city in the U.S. state of Florida in terms of both population and land area, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968...
supported renaming an all-white public high school after General Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He is remembered both as a self-educated, innovative cavalry leader during the war and as a leading southern advocate in the postwar years...
, a Confederate hero and post-Civil War elected leader of the Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and informally known as the Klan, is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically...
. By the 21st century, the school's demographics had changed. Its students are now 54 percent African American. Although many local residents (and the students) wanted to change the name of the high school, in November 2008, the Duval County
Duval County, Florida
Duval County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2010, the population was 864,263. Its county seat is Jacksonville, with which the Duval County government has been consolidated since 1968...
school board (which controls the county facilities) voted to keep the name. Its five white members voted for the measure, and the two African-American members voted against it.
The association's work on memorials and memory has continued. For instance, during the 1950s, the UDC raised funds to commission window memorials to the Confederate generals Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Robert Edward Lee was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War....
and Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson
Stonewall Jackson
ຄຽשת״ׇׂׂׂׂ֣|birth_place= Clarksburg, Virginia |death_place=Guinea Station, Virginia|placeofburial=Stonewall Jackson Memorial CemeteryLexington, Virginia|placeofburial_label= Place of burial|image=...
for the National Cathedral
Washington National Cathedral
The Washington National Cathedral, officially named the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. Of neogothic design, it is the sixth-largest cathedral in the world, the second-largest in...
in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
They were installed in 1957. The tracery windows depict episodes in the lives of each of the generals.
Scholarships and awards
- Mrs. Simon Baruch University Award - $500 to the author and $2000 toward publication of an unpublished monograph or full-length book on Confederate history. The award was endowed in 1925 by the financierFinancierFinancier is a term for a person who handles typically large sums of money, usually involving money lending, financing projects, large-scale investing, or large-scale money management. The term is French, and derives from finance or payment...
Bernard BaruchBernard BaruchBernard Mannes Baruch was an American financier, stock-market speculator, statesman, and political consultant. After his success in business, he devoted his time toward advising U.S. Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt on economic matters and became a philanthropist.-Early life...
in memory of his mother Belle, whose husband Simon Baruch was a Confederate surgeon on Robert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert Edward Lee was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War....
's staff; she was an early member of the UDC.
- Annabella Drummond McMath Scholarship, to aid women over the age of 30 begin or continue their education.
Recent issues
Unlike the Daughters of the American RevolutionDaughters of the American Revolution
The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership organization for women who are descended from a person involved in United States' independence....
, the UDC has made no provision for officially acknowledging the contributions of enslaved blacks during the war. For some time, their emphasis on preserving "Southern heritage" was seen to stand for a desire for white supremacy
White supremacy
White supremacy is the belief, and promotion of the belief, that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates the social and political dominance by whites.White supremacy, as with racial...
and rigid caste.
- James McPherson: During a radio interview in 1999, Princeton UniversityPrinceton UniversityPrinceton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution....
historian James M. McPhersonJames M. McPhersonJames M. McPherson is an American Civil War historian, and is the George Henry Davis '86 Professor Emeritus of United States History at Princeton University. He received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Battle Cry of Freedom, his most famous book...
, a scholar of the Civil War, associated the (UDC) with the neo-ConfederateNeo-confederateNeo-Confederate is a term used by some academics and political activists to describe the views of various groups and individuals who have a positive belief system concerning the historical experience of the Confederate States of America, the Southern secession, and the Southern United...
movement and described board members of the Museum of the ConfederacyMuseum of the ConfederacyThe Museum of the Confederacy is located in Richmond, Virginia. The museum includes the former White House of the Confederacy and maintains a comprehensive collection of artifacts, manuscripts, Confederate imprints , and photographs from the Confederate States of America and the American Civil War...
in Richmond, VirginiaRichmond, VirginiaRichmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. It is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond area...
as "undoubtedly neo-Confederate". He said that the UDC and their male counterparts, the Sons of Confederate VeteransSons of Confederate VeteransSons of Confederate Veterans is an American national heritage organization with members in all fifty states and in almost a dozen countries in Europe, Australia and South America...
(SCV), have "white supremacyWhite supremacyWhite supremacy is the belief, and promotion of the belief, that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates the social and political dominance by whites.White supremacy, as with racial...
" as their "thinly veiled agendas."
Some members of the UDC and the SCV were outraged and stated that the two organizations do not have a racist agenda. Some SCV and UDC chapters urged their members to boycott McPherson's books and engage in letter-writing campaigns of protest. McPherson responded that he did not mean to imply that all SCV or UDC chapters, or everyone who belongs to them, promote the agenda. He further stated that (only) "some of these people have a hidden agenda [which] they might not even recognize they're involved in."
- In 2003 Essie Mae Washington-WilliamsEssie Mae Washington-WilliamsEssie Mae Washington-Williams is the oldest child of former United States Senator and former Governor of South Carolina Strom Thurmond. Of mixed race, she was born to Carrie Butler, a 16-year-old African-American household servant, and Thurmond, then 22 and unmarried...
announced that she was the natural daughter of Strom ThurmondStrom ThurmondJames Strom Thurmond was an American politician who served as a United States Senator. He also ran for the Presidency of the United States in 1948 as the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party candidate, receiving 2.4% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes...
(which his family confirmed), born in 1925 when he was 22 and her mother Carrie Butler was 16 and a housekeeper at his parents' house. In 2004 Washington-Williams announced her intention to join the UDC. Thurmond had completed the documentation and long been a member of the corresponding Sons of Confederate Veterans. She encouraged other African Americans to participate as well, to learn more about their heritage and add to the full story of American history.
- Vanderbilt University Confederate Memorial Hall:
Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University is a private research university located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1873, the university is named for shipping and rail magnate "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided Vanderbilt its initial $1 million endowment despite having never been to the...
, located in Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home...
over its 2002 plan to change the name of Confederate Memorial Hall, a student dormitory. In September 2002, the university announced its intention to remove "Confederate" from the pediment of the building in recognition of changed times. The UDC sued, as it had funded one third of the cost in 1935 when the building was constructed. Its condition was that the building would be named Confederate Memorial Hall and have two floors reserved for women descendants of Confederate veterans.
After a lengthy legal process that went to appeal, the Tennessee State Appeals Court ruled on May 3, 2005, that Vanderbilt University would be forced to pay a sizeable sum to the UDC if it removed "Confederate" from the building. Due to the court ruling, the university decided against formally changing the name. In its materials, the university refers to the building simply as Memorial House.
See also
- Daughters of the American RevolutionDaughters of the American RevolutionThe Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership organization for women who are descended from a person involved in United States' independence....
- DeLeon Plaza and BandstandDeLeon Plaza and BandstandDeLeon Plaza and Bandstand is 1.77 acres originally platted as the center of the city of Victoria, county of Victoria, in the U.S. state of Texas. The bandstand stood nearby the plaza until it was moved to the center of the plaza in 1923. The William P...
- Grand Army of the RepublicGrand Army of the RepublicThe Grand Army of the Republic was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army, US Navy, US Marines and US Revenue Cutter Service who served in the American Civil War. Founded in 1866 in Decatur, Illinois, it was dissolved in 1956 when its last member died...
- McGavock Confederate CemeteryMcGavock Confederate CemeteryThe McGavock Confederate Cemetery, , the largest privately held Confederate cemetery in the United States is located in Franklin, Tennessee. It was established on land donated by the McGavock planter family....
- Military Order of the Stars and BarsMilitary Order of the Stars and BarsThe Military Order of the Stars and Bars is a fraternal organization for documented descendants of men who served as commissioned officers in the armed forces of the Confederate States of America or who are descended from members of the Confederate Congress, or any elected or appointed member of...
- Naming the American Civil WarNaming the American Civil WarThe American Civil War has been known by a number of different names since it began in 1861. These names reflect the historical, political, and cultural sensitivities of different groups and regions....
- Sons of Confederate VeteransSons of Confederate VeteransSons of Confederate Veterans is an American national heritage organization with members in all fifty states and in almost a dozen countries in Europe, Australia and South America...
Further reading
- Cox, Karen L. Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.
- Foster, Gaines M. Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
- Janney, Caroline. Burying the Dead but not the Past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
- Parrott, Angie. "'Love Makes Memory Eternal': The United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, 1897–1920," in Edward Ayers and John C. Willis, eds. The Edge of the South: Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991, 219–38.