United Nations Security Council Resolution 82
Encyclopedia
United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 was a measure
adopted by the United Nations Security Council
(UNSC) on June 25, 1950. The resolution demanded North Korea
immediately end its invasion of South Korea
, the catalyst for the beginning of the Korean War
. The measure was adopted by a vote of 9 support, none opposed, and one abstention
.
The Korean Peninsula
had been divided between occupation forces of the United States
and the Soviet Union
since the end of World War II
along the 38th Parallel
. Each government sought to prop up a government on its side of the occupation border, and as the Cold War
began, tensions rose between the two Koreas. These culminated in open warfare with the North's invasion of the South on June 25. During this time, the newly formed United Nations
backed South Korea and considered it the only lawful government.
The resolution called on the North to immediately halt its invasion and to move its troops back to the 38th parallel. Seen as a diplomatic victory for the United States, the resolution was completely ignored by North Korea. This brought the UN and the US to take further action, setting the state for massive international involvement and the expansion of the Korean War.
, the Korean Peninsula
, which up to that point had been occupied by the Empire of Japan
, had been divided along the 38th Parallel
. To the north, the Soviet Union
(USSR) occupied the country, which established itself as a communist state, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea under Kim Il Sung. To the south, the United States
(US) occupied the country, establishing the Republic of Korea under an autocratic but anti-communist leader, Syngman Rhee
. As tensions rose between the US and the USSR, each government in Korea claimed it had sovereignty over the other. The newly-formed United Nations
recognized the Republic of Korea as the rightful sovereign government in the country.
In the late-1947 General Assembly Resolution 112, the UN had established a temporary commission to monitor free elections in Korea. The UN had intended to reunify Korea
under one government. However, the UN commission was unable to enter North Korea. After observing elections in South Korea, the UN stated in General Assembly Resolution 195 on December 12, 1948, that the nation was to be established under the South Korean government as soon as possible, and the occupation forces there were to eventually merge into this government as the US and Soviet troops withdrew. But as time drew on, the North Korean government became more aggressive, eventually skirmishes between troops of the North and South became common. UN military observers were assigned to monitor the situation and prevent it from escalating. General Assembly Resolution 293, passed October 21, 1949, further recognized only South Korea's government as legal. For its part, North Korea issued inflammatory responses to the UN. North Korea sent a letter to the UN denying the legality of its activities in Korea and saying it would drive the UN out of the country.
by surprise, resulting in a rout. The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment, and was unprepared for war. The numerically superior North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south. Most of South Korea's forces retreated in the face of the invasion. The North Koreans were well on their way to South Korea's capital of Seoul
within hours, forcing the government and its shattered army to retreat further south.
News of the invasion quickly spread around the world via ambassadors and correspondents in Korea. Journalists in the United States were reporting on the invasion within five hours of the initial attack, and United States Ambassador to Korea
John J. Muccio sent a telegram to the US State Department at 21:26 EST
(10:26 KST) June 24. As the combat grew more intense, US Secretary of State Dean Acheson
informed US President Harry S. Truman
(who had been resting at his home
in Independence, Missouri
for the weekend) and Secretary-General of the United Nations Trygve Lie
of the situation. He then requested a meeting of the United Nations Security Council
. The attack was particularly troubling to Truman, who likened it to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and to Lie, who was reminded of the Invasion of Norway during World War II. Fearing the attack would spur a World War III
, Truman resolved to act as quickly as possible to prevent an escalation of the conflict. Muccio met with Rhee, the President of South Korea
who informed him the South Korean Army would run out of ammunition within 10 days, and would not be able to hold back the invasion on its own. He requested the United Nations and the United States assist South Korea in the conflict.
Lie convened the Security Council for its 473rd meeting at 14:00 June 25 in New York City, New York. Lie began the meeting with a detailed report from the UN Commission on Korea explaining the situation to the delegates. He insisted that the UN take action to restore peace in Korea. According to the UN Commission on Korea, the situation was assuming the character of full-scale warfare. Then, US diplomat Ernest A. Gross
gave Muccio's report on the situation.
The United States introduced a resolution stating that North Korea's invasion was a breach of peace in violation of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
. Gross requested that South Korean diplomat Chang Myon
, South Korea's diplomat to the UN, be present for the meeting, which was granted. The Yugoslavian
delegate requested a North Korean diplomat be present as well, but this request was overridden. North Korea, which was not a member of the UN, had no representation in the organization. Myon read a prepared statement calling the invasion a "crime against humanity
" and said that, as the UN had played a major role in the founding of South Korea, it was their responsibility to help defend it from aggression. The UNSC debated the resolution and made amendments and revisions to its wording before passing it.
, the United Kingdom
, Republic of China
, France
, Cuba
, Ecuador
, Egypt
, Norway
and India
. Ales Babbler, delegate from Yugoslavia
, abstained from voting. The Soviet Union's delegate had boycotted all UN meetings because of procedural disagreements earlier in the year. Soviet diplomat Yakov Malik had been personally ordered not to attend the UNSC meetings by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin
. Lie was a strong supporter of the resolution, as he saw the conflict as a challenge to the authority of the UN.
ordered the Joint Chiefs of Staff
to contact US Army General of the Army
Douglas Macarthur
, who was in charge of US forces in the Far East
. He authorized MacArthur to send ammunition and supplies to the Seoul
-Kimpo area escorted by US military units, and to prepare ships for the evacuation of US citizens from Korea. He ordered MacArthur to then send a survey team into the country to assess the situation and determine how to aid South Korea. Truman also ordered the mobilization
of the US Navy for movement into the region.
North Korea virtually ignored the resolution, and none of its military forces were slowed or halted; its government gave no response. The US delegation later contacted the Soviet delegation and sent a message requesting that the Kremlin
use its influence over North Korea to compel it to comply with the resolution, but the Soviet Union denied the request. With the ineffectiveness of the warning, the UNSC convened on June 27 to discuss further actions to take, resulting in United Nations Security Council Resolution 83
, which recommended military intervention by other UN member nations to restore peace in Korea. Within days, ships and aircraft from several nations, as well as the first major formations of US troops, were moving into South Korea, setting the stage a full-scale conflict.
In a 2010 column, Colum Lynch of Foreign Policy
magazine criticized the resolution as one of the 10 worst UN resolutions in history. Subsequent to the passage of the resolution, the Soviet Union ended its boycott of the council, and committed to use its veto
power to block any further resolutions against North Korea. In response, Acheson introduced a new procedure to the UN General Assembly to allow a member state to bypass the UNSC and seek approval in the General Assembly, including recommendations on the use of force, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377. When this was passed, it allowed for open-ended General Assembly emergency special sessions to address threats to international peace and security which the UNSC was unable to pass a resolution for. Lynch wrote that the creation of this rule caused unintended negative consequences for the United States when in 1997, several Arab states began the 10th Emergency Special Session
to address the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
and Israel
's occupation of the West Bank
and the Gaza Strip
. This session, convened as a way around a US veto, spanned 30 meetings over the next 10 years, and has never formally been closed.
United Nations Security Council Resolution
A United Nations Security Council resolution is a UN resolution adopted by the fifteen members of the Security Council; the UN body charged with "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security"....
adopted by the United Nations Security Council
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of...
(UNSC) on June 25, 1950. The resolution demanded North Korea
North Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
immediately end its invasion of South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
, the catalyst for the beginning of the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
. The measure was adopted by a vote of 9 support, none opposed, and one abstention
Abstention
Abstention is a term in election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote or, in parliamentary procedure, is present during the vote, but does not cast a ballot. Abstention must be contrasted with "blank vote", in which a voter casts a ballot willfully made invalid by...
.
The Korean Peninsula
Korean Peninsula
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water.Until the end of...
had been divided between occupation forces of the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
since the end of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
along the 38th Parallel
38th parallel north
The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean...
. Each government sought to prop up a government on its side of the occupation border, and as the Cold War
Cold War
The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States...
began, tensions rose between the two Koreas. These culminated in open warfare with the North's invasion of the South on June 25. During this time, the newly formed United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
backed South Korea and considered it the only lawful government.
The resolution called on the North to immediately halt its invasion and to move its troops back to the 38th parallel. Seen as a diplomatic victory for the United States, the resolution was completely ignored by North Korea. This brought the UN and the US to take further action, setting the state for massive international involvement and the expansion of the Korean War.
Background
Division of Korea
At the end of World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the Korean Peninsula
Korean Peninsula
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water.Until the end of...
, which up to that point had been occupied by the Empire of Japan
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of...
, had been divided along the 38th Parallel
38th parallel north
The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean...
. To the north, the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
(USSR) occupied the country, which established itself as a communist state, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea under Kim Il Sung. To the south, the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
(US) occupied the country, establishing the Republic of Korea under an autocratic but anti-communist leader, Syngman Rhee
Syngman Rhee
Syngman Rhee or Yi Seungman was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and a strongman, and he led South Korea through the...
. As tensions rose between the US and the USSR, each government in Korea claimed it had sovereignty over the other. The newly-formed United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
recognized the Republic of Korea as the rightful sovereign government in the country.
In the late-1947 General Assembly Resolution 112, the UN had established a temporary commission to monitor free elections in Korea. The UN had intended to reunify Korea
Korean reunification
Korean reunification refers to the hypothetical future reunification of North Korea and South Korea under a single government...
under one government. However, the UN commission was unable to enter North Korea. After observing elections in South Korea, the UN stated in General Assembly Resolution 195 on December 12, 1948, that the nation was to be established under the South Korean government as soon as possible, and the occupation forces there were to eventually merge into this government as the US and Soviet troops withdrew. But as time drew on, the North Korean government became more aggressive, eventually skirmishes between troops of the North and South became common. UN military observers were assigned to monitor the situation and prevent it from escalating. General Assembly Resolution 293, passed October 21, 1949, further recognized only South Korea's government as legal. For its part, North Korea issued inflammatory responses to the UN. North Korea sent a letter to the UN denying the legality of its activities in Korea and saying it would drive the UN out of the country.
Outbreak of war
On the night of June 25, 1950, ten divisions of the North Korean People's Army launched a full-scale invasion of the nation's neighbor to the south, the Republic of Korea. The force of 89,000 men moved in six columns, catching the Republic of Korea ArmyRepublic of Korea Army
The Republic of Korea Army is the largest of the military branches of the South Korean armed forces with 520,000 members as of 2010...
by surprise, resulting in a rout. The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment, and was unprepared for war. The numerically superior North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south. Most of South Korea's forces retreated in the face of the invasion. The North Koreans were well on their way to South Korea's capital of Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...
within hours, forcing the government and its shattered army to retreat further south.
News of the invasion quickly spread around the world via ambassadors and correspondents in Korea. Journalists in the United States were reporting on the invasion within five hours of the initial attack, and United States Ambassador to Korea
United States Ambassador to Korea
The current United States Ambassador to Korea is Sung Kim. His official title is "United States Ambassador to the Republic of Korea."-Kingdom of Korea:...
John J. Muccio sent a telegram to the US State Department at 21:26 EST
Eastern Standard Time
Eastern Standard Time may refer to:*North American Eastern Time Zone, UTC-5*Australian Eastern Standard Time, UTC+10*An album by Hip Hop group Kooley High...
(10:26 KST) June 24. As the combat grew more intense, US Secretary of State Dean Acheson
Dean Acheson
Dean Gooderham Acheson was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War...
informed US President Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States . As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States , he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his...
(who had been resting at his home
Harry S. Truman National Historic Site
The Harry S. Truman National Historic Site preserves both the family farm and the longtime home of Harry S. Truman , 33rd President of the United States...
in Independence, Missouri
Independence, Missouri
Independence is the fourth largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri, and is contained within the counties of Jackson and Clay. It is part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area...
for the weekend) and Secretary-General of the United Nations Trygve Lie
Trygve Lie
Trygve Halvdan Lie was a Norwegian politician, labour leader, government official and author. He served as Norwegian Foreign minister during the critical years of the Norwegian government in exile in London from 1940 to 1945. From 1946 to 1952 he was the first Secretary-General of the United...
of the situation. He then requested a meeting of the United Nations Security Council
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of...
. The attack was particularly troubling to Truman, who likened it to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and to Lie, who was reminded of the Invasion of Norway during World War II. Fearing the attack would spur a World War III
World War III
World War III denotes a successor to World War II that would be on a global scale, with common speculation that it would be likely nuclear and devastating in nature....
, Truman resolved to act as quickly as possible to prevent an escalation of the conflict. Muccio met with Rhee, the President of South Korea
President of South Korea
The President of the Republic of Korea is, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, chief executive of the government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of state of the Republic of Korea...
who informed him the South Korean Army would run out of ammunition within 10 days, and would not be able to hold back the invasion on its own. He requested the United Nations and the United States assist South Korea in the conflict.
Lie convened the Security Council for its 473rd meeting at 14:00 June 25 in New York City, New York. Lie began the meeting with a detailed report from the UN Commission on Korea explaining the situation to the delegates. He insisted that the UN take action to restore peace in Korea. According to the UN Commission on Korea, the situation was assuming the character of full-scale warfare. Then, US diplomat Ernest A. Gross
Ernest A. Gross
Ernest A. Gross was a United States diplomat and lawyer who headed the U.S. delegation to the United Nations in the lead-up to the Korean War.-Biography:...
gave Muccio's report on the situation.
The United States introduced a resolution stating that North Korea's invasion was a breach of peace in violation of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter sets out the UN Security Council's powers to maintain peace. It allows the Council to "determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression" and to take military and nonmilitary action to "restore international peace...
. Gross requested that South Korean diplomat Chang Myon
Chang Myon
Chang Myon , or John Myun Chang, was a South Korean politician and educator. He was the Vice President of the First Republic and the Prime Minister of the Second Republic...
, South Korea's diplomat to the UN, be present for the meeting, which was granted. The Yugoslavian
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...
delegate requested a North Korean diplomat be present as well, but this request was overridden. North Korea, which was not a member of the UN, had no representation in the organization. Myon read a prepared statement calling the invasion a "crime against humanity
Crime against humanity
Crimes against humanity, as defined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum, "are particularly odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings...
" and said that, as the UN had played a major role in the founding of South Korea, it was their responsibility to help defend it from aggression. The UNSC debated the resolution and made amendments and revisions to its wording before passing it.
The resolution
The resolution passed with 9 supports and no opposition. Supporting nations included the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
, Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
, Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
and India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. Ales Babbler, delegate from Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...
, abstained from voting. The Soviet Union's delegate had boycotted all UN meetings because of procedural disagreements earlier in the year. Soviet diplomat Yakov Malik had been personally ordered not to attend the UNSC meetings by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
. Lie was a strong supporter of the resolution, as he saw the conflict as a challenge to the authority of the UN.
Aftermath
The resolution was seen as a political victory for the United States, as it identified North Korea as the aggressor in the conflict. Upon hearing of the resolution, US President Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States . As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States , he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his...
ordered the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and the President on military matters...
to contact US Army General of the Army
General of the Army
General of the Army is a military rank used in some countries to denote a senior military leader, usually a General in command of a nation's Army. It may also be the title given to a General who commands an Army in the field....
Douglas Macarthur
Douglas MacArthur
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the...
, who was in charge of US forces in the Far East
Far East
The Far East is an English term mostly describing East Asia and Southeast Asia, with South Asia sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.The term came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 19th century,...
. He authorized MacArthur to send ammunition and supplies to the Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...
-Kimpo area escorted by US military units, and to prepare ships for the evacuation of US citizens from Korea. He ordered MacArthur to then send a survey team into the country to assess the situation and determine how to aid South Korea. Truman also ordered the mobilization
Mobilization
Mobilization is the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Prussian army during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and techniques have continuously changed...
of the US Navy for movement into the region.
North Korea virtually ignored the resolution, and none of its military forces were slowed or halted; its government gave no response. The US delegation later contacted the Soviet delegation and sent a message requesting that the Kremlin
Kremlin
A kremlin , same root as in kremen is a major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities. This word is often used to refer to the best-known one, the Moscow Kremlin, or metonymically to the government that is based there...
use its influence over North Korea to compel it to comply with the resolution, but the Soviet Union denied the request. With the ineffectiveness of the warning, the UNSC convened on June 27 to discuss further actions to take, resulting in United Nations Security Council Resolution 83
United Nations Security Council Resolution 83
United Nations Security Council Resolution 83, adopted on June 27, 1950, determined that the attack on the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea constituted a breach of the peace. The Council called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for the authorities in North Korea to withdraw...
, which recommended military intervention by other UN member nations to restore peace in Korea. Within days, ships and aircraft from several nations, as well as the first major formations of US troops, were moving into South Korea, setting the stage a full-scale conflict.
In a 2010 column, Colum Lynch of Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P. Huntington and Warren Demian Manshel.Originally, the magazine was a quarterly...
magazine criticized the resolution as one of the 10 worst UN resolutions in history. Subsequent to the passage of the resolution, the Soviet Union ended its boycott of the council, and committed to use its veto
Veto
A veto, Latin for "I forbid", is the power of an officer of the state to unilaterally stop an official action, especially enactment of a piece of legislation...
power to block any further resolutions against North Korea. In response, Acheson introduced a new procedure to the UN General Assembly to allow a member state to bypass the UNSC and seek approval in the General Assembly, including recommendations on the use of force, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377. When this was passed, it allowed for open-ended General Assembly emergency special sessions to address threats to international peace and security which the UNSC was unable to pass a resolution for. Lynch wrote that the creation of this rule caused unintended negative consequences for the United States when in 1997, several Arab states began the 10th Emergency Special Session
Tenth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly
The tenth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly centers on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the ongoing dispute and conflict over the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The session was first convened in 1997 under the president of the General Assembly, Razali Ismail of Malaysia...
to address the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is the ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between Jewish and Zionist yishuv and the Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman or...
and Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
's occupation of the West Bank
West Bank
The West Bank ) of the Jordan River is the landlocked geographical eastern part of the Palestinian territories located in Western Asia. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan...
and the Gaza Strip
Gaza Strip
thumb|Gaza city skylineThe Gaza Strip lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the south, east and north. It is about long, and between 6 and 12 kilometres wide, with a total area of...
. This session, convened as a way around a US veto, spanned 30 meetings over the next 10 years, and has never formally been closed.