Upper Amazon Arawakan
Encyclopedia
The Upper Amazon Maipurean languages, North Amazonian or Inland Northern Maipuran, are Arawakan languages of the northern Amazon in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil.
He leaves the following Upper Amazon languages unclassified:
Unclassified (†): Wainumá (qtj), Mariaté (qtw), Anauyá (qjb), Amarizana (qah), Jumana (Yumana) (qtl), Pasé (qoj), Kariaí (Cariyai) (qce), Waraikú (Araikú) (qm3), Wiriná (qg7). Cabre was found in the area of the Western Nawiki languages, but only a few words are known. The "Ponares language" listed in Ethnologue may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
Kaufman (1994)
Kaufman (1994) gives the following breakdown (Aikhenvald's names of branches in parentheses):- Western Nawiki (Colombian)
- Wainumá group (†)
- Wainumá (†)
- Mariaté (†)
- Anauyá (†)
- Piapoko group
- AchaguaAchagua languageAchagua is a language spoken in the Meta Department of Colombia, similar to Piapoco. It is estimated that 400 individuals speak the language, most or all of whom are trilingual in Piapoco and Spanish.There is 1 to 5% literacy in Achagua....
(Achawa) - Piapoco
- Amarizana (†)
- Caviyari (Cabiyarí) (†?)
- Achagua
- Warekena group
- Guarequena (Warekena)
- Mandahuaca (Mandawaka)
- Río Negro group (†)
- Jumana (Yumana) (†)
- Pasé (†)
- Cawishana (†)
- Yucuna group
- YucunaYucuna languageYucuna is an Arawakan language of Colombia. Extinct Guarú was either a dialect or a closely related language....
(Jukuna) - Guarú (†)
- Yucuna
- Wainumá group (†)
- Eastern Nawiki (Upper Rio Negro)
- TarianaTariana languageTariana is an endangered Maipurean language spoken along the Vaupés River in Amazonas, Brazil by approximately 100 people. Another approximately 1500 people in the upper and middle Vaupés River area identify themselves as ethnic Tariana but no longer speak the language.The Tariana and East Tucano...
- Karu group
- Kurripako ( Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)
- BaniwaBaniwa languageBaniwa , or Baniwa of Içana , is an Arawakan language spoken in Amazonas, Brazil, and in Venezuela.Aikhenvald considers Curripaco and Kadaupuritana to be dialects; Kaufman considers them to be distinct languages. Ethnologue distinguishes only the first...
(Carútana-Baniwa) - Katpolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (Kadaupuritana)
- Tariana
- ResígaroResígaro languageResígaro is a possibly extinct Arawakan language of Peru.Aikhenvald classifies it among the Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian languages. Kaufman had made it a separate branch of Upper Amazonian....
(†?) - Central Upper Amazon (Orinoco) (†)
- Baré group (†)
- Marawá (†)
- BaréBaré languageBaré is an Arawakan language, probably extinct, of Venezuela and Brazil. Aikhenvald reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Ethnologue reports "no known speakers". Kaufman considers Baré proper, Guinau, and extinct Marawá to be distinct...
(†) - Guinao (†)
- Yavitero group (†)
- Baré group (†)
- Manao (Middle Rio Negro) (†)
- Manao (†)
- Kariaí (Cariyai) (†)
He leaves the following Upper Amazon languages unclassified:
- ShirianaShiriana languageShiriana is an unclassified Upper Amazon Arawakan language once spoken by the Shiriana people of Roraima, Brazil....
(Xiriâna, Yabaána (†), Waraikú (Araikú) (†), Wiriná (†)
Aikhenvald (1999)
Aikhenvald (1999) classified a couple languages Kaufman left out (Shiriana, Yabaâna), but leaves several of his Western Nawiki languages and branches unclassified. Several languages—Maipure, Resígaro, Cawishana, Mandahuaca, and Guarequena—are moved. She treats the Yucuna, Karu (Baniwa), and Bare groups as single languages.- Western Nawiki (Colombian)
- MaipureMaipure languageMaipure , once spoken along the Ventuari, Sipapo, and Autana rivers and, as a lingua franca, in the Upper Orinoco region, became extinct around the end of the eighteenth century...
(†) - ResígaroResígaro languageResígaro is a possibly extinct Arawakan language of Peru.Aikhenvald classifies it among the Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian languages. Kaufman had made it a separate branch of Upper Amazonian....
(†?) - AchaguaAchagua languageAchagua is a language spoken in the Meta Department of Colombia, similar to Piapoco. It is estimated that 400 individuals speak the language, most or all of whom are trilingual in Piapoco and Spanish.There is 1 to 5% literacy in Achagua....
(Achawa) - Piapoco
- Caviyari (Cabiyarí) (†?)
- YucunaYucuna languageYucuna is an Arawakan language of Colombia. Extinct Guarú was either a dialect or a closely related language....
(Jukuna) (dialect: KadaupuritanaGuarú]] (†))
- Maipure
- Eastern Nawiki (Upper Rio Negro)
- TarianaTariana languageTariana is an endangered Maipurean language spoken along the Vaupés River in Amazonas, Brazil by approximately 100 people. Another approximately 1500 people in the upper and middle Vaupés River area identify themselves as ethnic Tariana but no longer speak the language.The Tariana and East Tucano...
- BaniwaBaniwa languageBaniwa , or Baniwa of Içana , is an Arawakan language spoken in Amazonas, Brazil, and in Venezuela.Aikhenvald considers Curripaco and Kadaupuritana to be dialects; Kaufman considers them to be distinct languages. Ethnologue distinguishes only the first...
(Carútana-Baniwa) (dialects: Curripako, Catapolítani) - Guarequena (Warekena)
- Tariana
- Central Upper Amazon (Orinoco) (†)
- Mandahuaca (Mandawaka)
- Yabaâna (†)
- BaréBaré languageBaré is an Arawakan language, probably extinct, of Venezuela and Brazil. Aikhenvald reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Ethnologue reports "no known speakers". Kaufman considers Baré proper, Guinau, and extinct Marawá to be distinct...
(†) (dialect: Guinao) - YaviteroYavitero language-External links:*...
(†) - Baniwa of Guainia (Abane)
- Manao (Middle Rio Negro) (†)
Unclassified (†): Wainumá (qtj), Mariaté (qtw), Anauyá (qjb), Amarizana (qah), Jumana (Yumana) (qtl), Pasé (qoj), Kariaí (Cariyai) (qce), Waraikú (Araikú) (qm3), Wiriná (qg7). Cabre was found in the area of the Western Nawiki languages, but only a few words are known. The "Ponares language" listed in Ethnologue may have been Piapoco or Achagua.