Venenivibrio stagnispumantis
Encyclopedia
Venenivibrio stagnispumantis strain CP.B2 is the first microorganisms isolated from the terrestrial hot spring
Champagne Pool
(75°C, pH 5.5) in Waiotapu
, New Zealand
.
, O2 as corresponding electron acceptor
and CO2 as carbon source. Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gains metabolic energy using the "Knallgas" reaction H2 + ½ O2 → H2O. For growth either elemental sulphur (S0) or thiosulfate (S2O32−) is required. Growth is observed under thermophilic conditions between 45°C and 75°C (optimum 70°C), under moderate acidophilic conditions between pH
4.8 and 5.8 (optimum pH 5.4) and under microaerophilic conditions between 1.0% and 10.0% (v/v) O2 (optimum between 4.0% and 8.0% (v/v) O2).
Aquificales and represents the type strain of a novel species
of a new genus
within the family
Hydrogenothermaceae
. The 16S rRNA gene sequence for strain CP.B2 is deposited in the GenBank
nucleotide sequence database under accession number DQ989208. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 29.3 mol% which is the lowest G+C content reported for a species of the order Aquificales.
(As3+), 15 mM trivalent antimony (Sb3+), and >20 mM arsenate
(As5+) but growth was not observed when As3+ and As5+ were provided as the sole electron donor
and acceptor
pair.
The pH of the medium is adjusted to 5.5, distrubted into culture vessels and autoclave
d under CO2. After the inoculation
the initial gas phase is replaced with H2 / CO2 / O2 (79% / 15% / 6%) and pressurized to 170 kPa
.
The pH of the solution is adjusted to 3.0 with HCl.
Hot spring
A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. There are geothermal hot springs in many locations all over the crust of the earth.-Definitions:...
Champagne Pool
Champagne Pool
Champagne Pool is a prominent geothermal feature within the Wai-O-Tapu geothermal area in the Bay of Plenty Region of the North Island of New Zealand. The terrestrial hot spring is located about southeast of Rotorua and about northeast of Taupo. The name Champagne Pool is derived from the...
(75°C, pH 5.5) in Waiotapu
Wai-O-Tapu
Wai-O-Tapu is an active geothermal area at the southern end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, just north of the Reporoa caldera, in New Zealand's Taupo Volcanic Zone. The area has many hot springs noted for their colourful appearance, in addition to the Lady Knox Geyser...
, New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
.
Morphology
The cells are motile and slightly curved rods (1.04 to 1.56 µm long and 0.33 to 0.41 µm wide).Growth conditions
The novel bacterium is an obligate chemolithotroph capable of utilizing H2 as electron donorElectron donor
An electron donor is a chemical entity that donates electrons to another compound. It is a reducing agent that, by virtue of its donating electrons, is itself oxidized in the process....
, O2 as corresponding electron acceptor
Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process....
and CO2 as carbon source. Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gains metabolic energy using the "Knallgas" reaction H2 + ½ O2 → H2O. For growth either elemental sulphur (S0) or thiosulfate (S2O32−) is required. Growth is observed under thermophilic conditions between 45°C and 75°C (optimum 70°C), under moderate acidophilic conditions between pH
PH
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
4.8 and 5.8 (optimum pH 5.4) and under microaerophilic conditions between 1.0% and 10.0% (v/v) O2 (optimum between 4.0% and 8.0% (v/v) O2).
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences indicate that strain CP.B2 belongs to the orderOrder (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
Aquificales and represents the type strain of a novel species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
of a new genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
within the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Hydrogenothermaceae
Hydrogenothermaceae
The Hydrogenothermaceae family are bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. They have been found in hot springs, sulfur pools, thermal ocean vents. They are true bacteria as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea...
. The 16S rRNA gene sequence for strain CP.B2 is deposited in the GenBank
GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. This database is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence...
nucleotide sequence database under accession number DQ989208. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 29.3 mol% which is the lowest G+C content reported for a species of the order Aquificales.
Tolerance to arsenic and antimony compounds
Venenivibrio stagnispumantis displays tolerance to relatively high concentrations of arsenic and antimony compounds. Cells grew in the presence of up to 8 mM arseniteArsenite
In chemistry an arsenite is a chemical compound containing an arsenic oxoanion where arsenic has oxidation state +3.The different forms of the anion are the next ones:* ortho-arsenite: AsO33-* meta-arsenite: AsO2-...
(As3+), 15 mM trivalent antimony (Sb3+), and >20 mM arsenate
Arsenate
The arsenate ion is AsO43−.An arsenate is any compound that contains this ion. Arsenates are salts or esters of arsenic acid.The arsenic atom in arsenate has a valency of 5 and is also known as pentavalent arsenic or As[V]....
(As5+) but growth was not observed when As3+ and As5+ were provided as the sole electron donor
Electron donor
An electron donor is a chemical entity that donates electrons to another compound. It is a reducing agent that, by virtue of its donating electrons, is itself oxidized in the process....
and acceptor
Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process....
pair.
Nomenclature
Ve.ne.ni.vi' bri.o. (Latin: the vibrio of poison) stag.ni.spu.man' tis. (Latin: from the bubbling pool, pertaining to Champagne Pool).Culture collection
Venenivibrio stagnispumantis strain CP.B2 is deposited in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms under JCM 14244 and in the German Collection of Microorganisms under DSM 18763.Culture medium
| Venenivibrio stagnispumantis culture medium | |
|---|---|
| NaOH | 0.15 g |
| KCl | 0.50 g |
| MgCl2 • 6 H2O | 1.36 g |
| MgSO4 • 7 H2O | 7.00 g |
| Na2S2O3 • 5 H2O | 2.00 g |
| CaCl2 • 2 H2O | 0.40 g |
| NH4Cl | 0.20 g |
| K2HPO4 | 0.25 g |
| Trace minerals (100x) | 10.00 ml |
| MES | 1.95 g |
| Distilled water | make up to 1000.00 ml |
The pH of the medium is adjusted to 5.5, distrubted into culture vessels and autoclave
Autoclave
An autoclave is an instrument used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. It was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879, although a precursor known as the...
d under CO2. After the inoculation
Inoculation
Inoculation is the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease...
the initial gas phase is replaced with H2 / CO2 / O2 (79% / 15% / 6%) and pressurized to 170 kPa
KPA
KPA may refer to:* Kenya Ports Authority* Kiln phosphoric acid, a dry process to produce phosphoric acid at high temperature in a kiln* Kilopascal , a unit of pressure* Known-plaintext attack, a method of cryptanalysis* Korean People's Army...
.
| Trace mineral solution (100x) | |
|---|---|
| Na2-EDTA • 2 H2O | 500.00 mg |
| CoCl2 • 6 H2O | 150.00 mg |
| MnCl2 • 4 H2O | 100.00 mg |
| FeSO4 • 7 H2O | 100.00 mg |
| ZnCl2 | 100.00 mg |
| AlCl3 • 6 H2O | 40.00 mg |
| Na2WO4 • 2 H2O | 30.00 mg |
| CuCl2 • 2 H2O | 20.00 mg |
| Ni2SO4 • 6 H2O | 20.00 mg |
| Na2SeO3 | 10.00 mg |
| H3BO3 | 10.00 mg |
| Na2MoO4 • 2 H2O | 10.00 mg |
| Distilled water | make up to 1000.00 ml |
The pH of the solution is adjusted to 3.0 with HCl.