Volkswagen D24 engine
Encyclopedia
The Volkswagen D24 engine is a 2.4 litre
inline-six cylinder (R6/I6), naturally aspirated diesel engine
, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group
from 1978 to 1995.
Subsequent forced induction variants of this engine were also available as the Volkswagen D24T engine
with a turbocharger
, and a turbo intercooled
version, the Volkswagen D24TIC engine
. These turbocharged variants resulted in higher power and torque outputs.
2383 cc from a cylinder bore of 76.48 millimetres (3.01 in), and a piston stroke of 86.4 millimetres (3.4 in). Its inline six cylinder block
is constructed from grey
cast iron
, and has seven main bearing
s to support the die
-forged steel crossplane
crankshaft
. The cast
aluminium alloy
cylinder head
contains two valves per cylinder
each with two concentric
valve springs
, and shim-adjustable bucket tappet
s. The valves are opened via a timing belt
-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC), and the combustion chamber compression ratio
is 22.0:1.
Attached to the cylinder head is a cast aluminium alloy intake manifold on one side, and two cast iron exhaust manifolds on the same side (it's a non cross flow engine) (one manifold for three cylinders) followed by a two in one exhaust pipe system. The fuel system uses a Bosch
mechanical distributor-type( bosch VE type) injection pump
which feeds indirect
fuel injection
into a remote whirl pre-combustion chamber
.
The initially available variant of the D24 produced a DIN
-rated motive
power
output of 55 kW at 4,500 revolutions per minute
(rpm); and it generated a torque
turning force of 155 newton metres (114 ft·lbf) at 2,800 rpm. Subsequent minor evolutions and revisions resulted in differing power and torque ratings.
range from Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
, with factory production from August 1978 to December 1995. Specific dates of the variants - CP: 08/78-11/82, DW: 12/82-07/92, 1S: 08/88-07/92, ACT: 08/92-12/95.
The D24 was also found in a number of Volvo Cars
- specifically the 240
, 740, and 940 and was coupled to Volvo ZF, AW, M45, M46 (overdrive
) or M47 and m47 II transmissions
.
The D24 also found use in military vehicle applications. It was used in the early variants of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch
Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle
, with current Pinzgauers being manufactured with the turbocharged variant - the D24T.
s, cylinder head
cracks (cracks between the valve seals are common and do not represent danger if the cracks do not exceed specifications, premature wear of the bottom and top end bearings, low oil pressure etc.
A poorly maintained cooling system
could also lead to overheating and, especially with the higher stressed turbo engines, head gasket problems.
The head gasket problem has been treated with the adoption of a multi-layer steel head gasket which replaces the fiber one.
The camshaft
drive belt
also required changing at the recommended intervals, which was a pretty involved job, not least because of poor access in the under-floor engined LT vans
, and the necessity of special (and expensive) locking tools to carry out the replacement, which have always been scarce and are becoming increasingly difficult to obtain.
The top end also featured adjustable tappet
s using the bucket and shim arrangement, and required checking every 25000 miles (40,233.5 km), although later (1990–) models had self-adjusting hydraulic tappets.
In many cases however, engines that have been looked after properly and treated with mechanical sympathy (this engine is particularly sensitive to being thrashed from cold, it is important to go gently until warmed up, and to avoid short journeys which will exacerbate rapid engine wear) have been known to clock up 500 000 - 600 000 miles
Litre
pic|200px|right|thumb|One litre is equivalent to this cubeEach side is 10 cm1 litre water = 1 kilogram water The litre is a metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre , to 1,000 cubic centimetres , and to 1/1,000 cubic metre...
inline-six cylinder (R6/I6), naturally aspirated diesel engine
Diesel engine
A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber...
, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group
Volkswagen Group
Volkswagen Group is a German multinational automobile manufacturing group. , Volkswagen was ranked as the world’s third largest motor vehicle manufacturer and Europe's largest....
from 1978 to 1995.
Subsequent forced induction variants of this engine were also available as the Volkswagen D24T engine
Volkswagen D24T engine
The Volkswagen D24T engine is a 2.4 litre inline-six cylinder single overhead camshaft diesel engine, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group from December 1982 to July 1992.-Technical description:...
with a turbocharger
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...
, and a turbo intercooled
Intercooler
An intercooler , or charge air cooler, is an air-to-air or air-to-liquid heat exchange device used on turbocharged and supercharged internal combustion engines to improve their volumetric efficiency by increasing intake air charge density through nearly isobaric cooling, which removes...
version, the Volkswagen D24TIC engine
Volkswagen D24TIC engine
The Volkswagen D24TIC is a 2.4 litre inline-six cylinder single overhead camshaft diesel engine, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group from August 1991 to December 1995.-Technical description and rated outputs:...
. These turbocharged variants resulted in higher power and torque outputs.
Technical description
All variants (naturally aspirated and forced induction) displaceEngine displacement
Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre to bottom dead centre . It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters , litres , or cubic inches...
2383 cc from a cylinder bore of 76.48 millimetres (3.01 in), and a piston stroke of 86.4 millimetres (3.4 in). Its inline six cylinder block
Cylinder block
A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures...
is constructed from grey
Gray iron
Gray iron, or grey iron, is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure. It is named after the gray color of the fracture it forms, which is due to the presence of graphite...
cast iron
Cast iron
Cast iron is derived from pig iron, and while it usually refers to gray iron, it also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy. White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due...
, and has seven main bearing
Main bearing
In a piston engine, the main bearings are the bearings on which the crankshaft rotates, usually plain or journal bearings.All engines have a minimum of two main bearings, one at each end of the crankshaft, and they may have as many as one more than the number of crank pins...
s to support the die
Die (manufacturing)
A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material using a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create...
-forged steel crossplane
Crossplane
The crossplane or cross-plane is a crankshaft design for V8 engines with a 90° angle between the cylinder banks.The crossplane crankshaft has four crankpins, each offset at 90° from the adjacent crankpins...
crankshaft
Crankshaft
The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation...
. The cast
Casting
In metalworking, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to cool and solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process...
aluminium alloy
Aluminium alloy
Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories...
cylinder head
Cylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...
contains two valves per cylinder
Cylinder (engine)
A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast iron before receiving precision machine work...
each with two concentric
Concentric
Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other. Circles, tubes, cylindrical shafts, disks, and spheres may be concentric to one another...
valve springs
Spring (device)
A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out of spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication...
, and shim-adjustable bucket tappet
Tappet
A tappet is the noise made by a worn cam follower, however the term is widely used to represent the cam follower itself. In mechanical engineering it is a projection which imparts a linear motion to some other component within an assembly...
s. The valves are opened via a timing belt
Timing belt
A timing belt, or cam belt , is a part of an internal combustion engine that controls the timing of the engine's valves. Some engines, such as the flat-4 Volkswagen air-cooled engine, and the straight-6 Toyota F engine use timing gears...
-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC), and the combustion chamber compression ratio
Compression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
is 22.0:1.
Attached to the cylinder head is a cast aluminium alloy intake manifold on one side, and two cast iron exhaust manifolds on the same side (it's a non cross flow engine) (one manifold for three cylinders) followed by a two in one exhaust pipe system. The fuel system uses a Bosch
Robert Bosch GmbH
Robert Bosch GmbH is a multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the world's largest supplier of automotive components...
mechanical distributor-type( bosch VE type) injection pump
Injection pump
An Injection Pump is the device that pumps fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine or less typically, a gasoline engine. Traditionally, the pump is driven indirectly from the crankshaft by gears, chains or a toothed belt that also drives the camshaft on overhead-cam engines . It rotates at half...
which feeds indirect
Indirect injection
In an internal combustion engine, the term indirect injection refers to a fuel injection where fuel is not directly injected into the combustion chamber...
fuel injection
Fuel injection
Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....
into a remote whirl pre-combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
A combustion chamber is the part of an engine in which fuel is burned.-Internal combustion engine:The hot gases produced by the combustion occupy a far greater volume than the original fuel, thus creating an increase in pressure within the limited volume of the chamber...
.
The initially available variant of the D24 produced a DIN
Deutsches Institut für Normung
is the German national organization for standardization and is that country's ISO member body. DIN is a Registered German Association headquartered in Berlin...
-rated motive
Motive power
In thermodynamics, motive power is an agency, as water or steam, used to impart motion. Generally, motive power is defined as a natural agent, as water, steam, wind, electricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery; a motor; a mover. The term may also define something, as a locomotive or a...
power
Power (physics)
In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit...
output of 55 kW at 4,500 revolutions per minute
Revolutions per minute
Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis...
(rpm); and it generated a torque
Torque
Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....
turning force of 155 newton metres (114 ft·lbf) at 2,800 rpm. Subsequent minor evolutions and revisions resulted in differing power and torque ratings.
| ID(s) | DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung is the German national organization for standardization and is that country's ISO member body. DIN is a Registered German Association headquartered in Berlin... -rated max. motive Motive power In thermodynamics, motive power is an agency, as water or steam, used to impart motion. Generally, motive power is defined as a natural agent, as water, steam, wind, electricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery; a motor; a mover. The term may also define something, as a locomotive or a... power Power (physics) In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit... at rpm Revolutions per minute Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis... | max. torque Torque Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist.... at rpm | redline Redline Redline refers to the maximum engine speed at which an internal combustion engine or traction motor and its components are designed to operate without causing damage to the components themselves or other parts of the engine... (rpm) | years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S, ACT | 51 kW @ ?,??? | 1988–1995 | ||
| CP, DW | 55 kW @ 4,000 | 155 N·m (114 ft·lbf) @ 2,800 | 1978–1992 | |
| Volvo D24 | 60 kW @ 4,700 | 145 N·m (107 ft·lbf) @ 2,000 | max rpm @5400 rpm before fuel cut |
Applications
The D24 was fitted in the Volkswagen LTVolkswagen LT
The Volkswagen LT was the largest light commercial vehicle panel van produced by Volkswagen from 1975 to 2006...
range from Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles , , is a German manufacturer of commercial vehicles. Originally part of the Volkswagen Passenger Cars company, it is now a separate brand and marque of the Volkswagen Group....
, with factory production from August 1978 to December 1995. Specific dates of the variants - CP: 08/78-11/82, DW: 12/82-07/92, 1S: 08/88-07/92, ACT: 08/92-12/95.
The D24 was also found in a number of Volvo Cars
Volvo Cars
Volvo Car Corporation, or Volvo Personvagnar AB, is a Swedish automobile manufacturer founded in 1927, in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is owned by Zhejiang Geely Holding Group. Volvo was originally formed as a subsidiary company to the ball bearing maker SKF. When Volvo AB was introduced on the Swedish...
- specifically the 240
Volvo 200 series
The Volvo 200 series is a range of large family cars , produced by Volvo from 1974 to 1993, with more than 2.8 million units sold worldwide. The 200 series was essentially an updated version of the 140; both were designed by Jan Wilsgaard. It shared the same body, but included a number of...
, 740, and 940 and was coupled to Volvo ZF, AW, M45, M46 (overdrive
Overdrive (mechanics)
Overdrive is a term used to describe a mechanism that allows an automobile to cruise at sustained speed with reduced engine RPM, leading to better fuel economy, lower noise and lower wear...
) or M47 and m47 II transmissions
Transmission (mechanics)
A machine consists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Merriam-Webster defines transmission as: an assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a...
.
The D24 also found use in military vehicle applications. It was used in the early variants of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch
Steyr-Daimler-Puch
Steyr-Daimler-Puch was a large manufacturing conglomerate based in Steyr, Austria, which was broken up in stages between 1987 and 2001. The component parts and operations continued to exist under separate ownership and new names.-History:...
Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle
Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle
The Pinzgauer is a family of high-mobility all-terrain 4WD and 6WD military utility vehicles. They were manufactured in Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom, by BAE Systems Land & Armaments. The vehicle was originally developed in the late 1960s by Steyr-Daimler-Puch of Graz, Austria, and was named...
, with current Pinzgauers being manufactured with the turbocharged variant - the D24T.
Operational experience
In service, the unit proved to be a somewhat mixed bag; some owners reported excellent reliability and long engine lives, others complained of overheating, frequent blowing of head gasketHead gasket
A head gasket is a gasket that sits between the engine block and cylinder head in an internal combustion engine. Its purpose is to seal the cylinders to ensure maximum compression and avoid leakage of coolant or engine oil into the cylinders; as such, it is the most critical sealing application in...
s, cylinder head
Cylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...
cracks (cracks between the valve seals are common and do not represent danger if the cracks do not exceed specifications, premature wear of the bottom and top end bearings, low oil pressure etc.
A poorly maintained cooling system
Engine cooling
Internal combustion engine cooling refers to the cooling of an internal combustion engine, typically using either air or a liquid.- Overview :...
could also lead to overheating and, especially with the higher stressed turbo engines, head gasket problems.
The head gasket problem has been treated with the adoption of a multi-layer steel head gasket which replaces the fiber one.
The camshaft
Camshaft
A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.-History:An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC. The camshaft was later described in Iraq by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata,...
drive belt
Timing belt
A timing belt, or cam belt , is a part of an internal combustion engine that controls the timing of the engine's valves. Some engines, such as the flat-4 Volkswagen air-cooled engine, and the straight-6 Toyota F engine use timing gears...
also required changing at the recommended intervals, which was a pretty involved job, not least because of poor access in the under-floor engined LT vans
Volkswagen LT
The Volkswagen LT was the largest light commercial vehicle panel van produced by Volkswagen from 1975 to 2006...
, and the necessity of special (and expensive) locking tools to carry out the replacement, which have always been scarce and are becoming increasingly difficult to obtain.
The top end also featured adjustable tappet
Tappet
A tappet is the noise made by a worn cam follower, however the term is widely used to represent the cam follower itself. In mechanical engineering it is a projection which imparts a linear motion to some other component within an assembly...
s using the bucket and shim arrangement, and required checking every 25000 miles (40,233.5 km), although later (1990–) models had self-adjusting hydraulic tappets.
In many cases however, engines that have been looked after properly and treated with mechanical sympathy (this engine is particularly sensitive to being thrashed from cold, it is important to go gently until warmed up, and to avoid short journeys which will exacerbate rapid engine wear) have been known to clock up 500 000 - 600 000 miles
See also
- list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines
- list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines
- wasserboxerWasserboxerThe Volkswagen wasserboxer is a four cylinder horizontally opposed pushrod overhead-valve petrol engine developed by Volkswagen. The engine is water-cooled, and takes its name from the ; which when translated into English, means "water-boxer" - or water-cooled boxer - with 'boxer' being an...
- list of Volvo engines
External links
- Volkswagen Group corporate website
- Chemnitz (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
- Kassel (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
- Salzgitter (Germany) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
- Polkowice (Poland) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
- São Carlos (Brazil) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
- Shanghai (China) - engine plant Mobility and Sustainability