Wiener Oboe
Encyclopedia
In Vienna
(Wien), a type of modern oboe has been preserved to the present day that retains the essential bore and tonal characteristics of the historical oboe. The Akademiemodel Wiener oboe, first developed in the 1880s by Josef Hajek, is the only modern oboe to withstand the monopoly of the Conservatoire oboe.
write (page 212) "The differences are most clearly marked in the middle register, which is reedier and more pungent, and the upper register, which is richer in harmonics on the Viennese oboe". Guntram Wolf describes them: "From the concept of the bore, the Viennese oboe is the last representative of the historical oboes, adapted for the louder, larger orchestra, and fitted with an extensive mechanism. Its great advantage is the ease of speaking, even in the lowest register. It can be played very expressively and blends well with other instruments." The Viennese oboe is (with the Viennese horn) perhaps the most distinctive member of the Vienna Philharmonic instrumentarium.
One instrument maker whose designs went in the opposite direction, utilizing a wide bore design, was the highly regarded German luthier Karl Friedrich Golde (1803—1873) from Dresden. His ideal oboe sound contained a deep, rich, warm tonality: “You will then reach a strong depth and a full tone. Not... a thin, nasal tone like the French and (Koch)Viennese oboe.” Ironically, just a few years after his death his design would supplant the Koch oboe and become the new Wiener oboe of the 20th Century.
In 1880 oboist Richard Baumgärtel (1858—1941) brought his Golde oboe with him to Vienna, where the essential design was subsequently adapted by Josef Hajek (1849–1926) to play in the ‘diapason normal’ tuning of A = 435 used in the Austrian Empire. Hajek and later other luthiers, notably Hermann Zuleger (1885–1949) created a new instrument with changes and improvements especially to the key mechanism. The new Wiener oboe retained the essence of the classical oboe’s internal bore, as well as elegantly simplified classical external features such as the baluster and finial, but with greatly expanded keywork.
The aftermath of the second world war witnessed the takeover of the Conservatoire oboe and a slow phase-out of the "German oboe" in Germany. In Austria the Wiener oboe faced a period of general decline, and with the death of Zuleger in 1949 sources of quality instruments became scarce. This unsatisfactory situation only worsened as time went by, with the construction of instruments almost coming to a standstill. In the 1980s, however, the Yamaha company in Japan began to manufacture Wiener oboes, creating a hitherto unprecedented supply of quality instruments.
With the resurgence of interest in early music
in the mid-20th century, the Wiener oboe has emerged as an alternative to the use of hautboys or baroque oboes, retaining the tonality of the early instruments but not the significant limitations. In more recent years, as interest and use of the Wiener oboe has slowly increased, oboes are now being made by a number of luthiers such as André Constantinides, Karl Rado, Guntram Wolf, and Christian Rauch.
, though some manufacturers also make oboes out of the traditional European material Boxwood
.
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
(Wien), a type of modern oboe has been preserved to the present day that retains the essential bore and tonal characteristics of the historical oboe. The Akademiemodel Wiener oboe, first developed in the 1880s by Josef Hajek, is the only modern oboe to withstand the monopoly of the Conservatoire oboe.
Sound
The Wiener oboe is a hybrid of German and Austrian designs. It has a wider internal bore, shorter and broader reed and a different fingering schema than the Conservatoire oboe. In their definitive historical work "The Oboe", Geoffrey Burgess and Bruce HaynesBruce Haynes
Bruce Haynes was an American and Canadian oboist, recorder player, musicologist and specialist in historical performance practice.- Biography :...
write (page 212) "The differences are most clearly marked in the middle register, which is reedier and more pungent, and the upper register, which is richer in harmonics on the Viennese oboe". Guntram Wolf describes them: "From the concept of the bore, the Viennese oboe is the last representative of the historical oboes, adapted for the louder, larger orchestra, and fitted with an extensive mechanism. Its great advantage is the ease of speaking, even in the lowest register. It can be played very expressively and blends well with other instruments." The Viennese oboe is (with the Viennese horn) perhaps the most distinctive member of the Vienna Philharmonic instrumentarium.
History
The oboe in use in Vienna in the early and mid-19th century was originally a design called the Koch/Sellner oboe. In 1825 Viennese oboist and teacher Joseph Sellner wrote an oboe tutor (Theoretische-praktische Oboeschule), which included an illustrated fingering chart. The oboe associated with these materials was produced by Stefan Koch (1772—1828). This instrument was very well regarded in central Europe. In addition to a modernized mechanism with up to 13 keys, the Koch/Sellner oboe resembled the conservatoire oboe used today in that it had a narrow bore and a similarly bright tonality. As a relatively advanced musical tool it satisfied the needs of Viennese musicians until the end of the 19th Century.One instrument maker whose designs went in the opposite direction, utilizing a wide bore design, was the highly regarded German luthier Karl Friedrich Golde (1803—1873) from Dresden. His ideal oboe sound contained a deep, rich, warm tonality: “You will then reach a strong depth and a full tone. Not... a thin, nasal tone like the French and (Koch)Viennese oboe.” Ironically, just a few years after his death his design would supplant the Koch oboe and become the new Wiener oboe of the 20th Century.
In 1880 oboist Richard Baumgärtel (1858—1941) brought his Golde oboe with him to Vienna, where the essential design was subsequently adapted by Josef Hajek (1849–1926) to play in the ‘diapason normal’ tuning of A = 435 used in the Austrian Empire. Hajek and later other luthiers, notably Hermann Zuleger (1885–1949) created a new instrument with changes and improvements especially to the key mechanism. The new Wiener oboe retained the essence of the classical oboe’s internal bore, as well as elegantly simplified classical external features such as the baluster and finial, but with greatly expanded keywork.
The aftermath of the second world war witnessed the takeover of the Conservatoire oboe and a slow phase-out of the "German oboe" in Germany. In Austria the Wiener oboe faced a period of general decline, and with the death of Zuleger in 1949 sources of quality instruments became scarce. This unsatisfactory situation only worsened as time went by, with the construction of instruments almost coming to a standstill. In the 1980s, however, the Yamaha company in Japan began to manufacture Wiener oboes, creating a hitherto unprecedented supply of quality instruments.
With the resurgence of interest in early music
Early music
Early music is generally understood as comprising all music from the earliest times up to the Renaissance. However, today this term has come to include "any music for which a historically appropriate style of performance must be reconstructed on the basis of surviving scores, treatises,...
in the mid-20th century, the Wiener oboe has emerged as an alternative to the use of hautboys or baroque oboes, retaining the tonality of the early instruments but not the significant limitations. In more recent years, as interest and use of the Wiener oboe has slowly increased, oboes are now being made by a number of luthiers such as André Constantinides, Karl Rado, Guntram Wolf, and Christian Rauch.
Materials
The modern Wiener oboe is most commonly made from grenadilla, also known as African BlackwoodAfrican Blackwood
Dalbergia melanoxylon is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to seasonally dry regions of Africa from Senegal east to Eritrea and south to the Transvaal in South Africa....
, though some manufacturers also make oboes out of the traditional European material Boxwood
Boxwood
Boxwood may refer to:*Buxus, a genus of about 70 species of shrubs and trees in the family Buxaceæ, which in North America is called "boxwood"*Buxus sempervirens, the most common species of Buxus, which is known as "boxwood" in United Kingdom...
.
Wiener Oboe manufacturers
- André Constantinides (PöggstallPöggstallPöggstall is a town in the district of Melk in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.-References:...
, Austria) - Guntram Wolf (KronachKronachKronach is a town in Oberfranken, Bavaria, Germany, located in the Frankenwald area. It is the capital of the district Kronach.Kronach is the birthtown of Lucas Cranach the Elder and Maximilian von Welsch, as well as Johann Kaspar Zeuss and Josef Stangl....
, Germany) - Christian Rauch (InnsbruckInnsbruck- Main sights :- Buildings :*Golden Roof*Kaiserliche Hofburg *Hofkirche with the cenotaph of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor*Altes Landhaus...
, Austria) - Yamaha (Japan)
- Karl Rado (ViennaViennaVienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
, Austria)
Sources
- Burgess, Geoffrey, and Bruce Haynes: 2004, The Oboe, The Yale Musical Instrument Series, New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300093179
- Haynes, Bruce: 2001, The Eloquent Oboe: A History of the Hautboy 1640–1760, Oxford Early Music Series, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 019816646X
- Rauch, Christian: 1999 article “Wiener Oboen IM 19. UND 20. Jahrhundert”, Zeitschrift 'rohrblatt als Entgegnung und Ergänzung
External links
- Gesellschaft der Freunde der Wiener Oboe (Viennese Oboe Society)