Yabitiri
Encyclopedia
Yabitiri was a mayor/ruler of an unknown city/city-state
in southern Canaan
, during the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters
correspondence
. The city he represented is in proximity to the two cities mentioned in his only Amarna letter, EA 296, (EA for 'el Amarna
'). The two cities are Hazzatu-(modern city: Gaza
), and Yapu-(biblical "Joppa", modern Yafo).
Yabitiri is not referenced by name, in any other letters of the 382–letter Amarna letters corpus
.
The letter is presumably by the same scribe, with identical multiple phrasing, for the letters EA 266, 292, and 296, from southern Canaan
cities/city-states.
), my lord, my god, my [Sun]: Message of Ya[bi]tiri, your servant, the dirt at your feet. I fall at the feet
of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times.Moreover, I am indeed the loyal servant of the king, my lord. I looked this way, and I looked that way, and there was no light
. Then I looked toward the king, my lord, and there was light. A brick
: la-bi-tu may move from [un]der its partner–[brick], still I will not move from under the feet of the king, my lord.May the king, my lord, inquire of Yanhamu
, his commissioner. When I was young, he brought me to Egypt-(named Mizri
). I served the king, my lord, and I stood guard at the city gate
of the king, my lord.May the king, my lord, inquire of his commissioner whether I now at this time guard the city gate of Azzatu
and the city gate of Yapu, and (whether) where the archers
of the king, my lord, march, I m[arch] with them. And indeed, now that I have [p]la[ced] the ... of the yoke: hu-ul-lu of the king, my lord, on my neck,–I carry it." -EA 296, lines 1-35 (complete, with 1-2 words(?) missing-lacuna
)
.
Some of the phrasing of letter 296:
City-state
A city-state is an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government.-Historical city-states:...
in southern Canaan
Canaan
Canaan is a historical region roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and the western parts of Jordan...
, during the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters
Amarna letters
The Amarna letters are an archive of correspondence on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom...
correspondence
Text corpus
In linguistics, a corpus or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts...
. The city he represented is in proximity to the two cities mentioned in his only Amarna letter, EA 296, (EA for 'el Amarna
Amarna
Amarna is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly–established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty , and abandoned shortly afterwards...
'). The two cities are Hazzatu-(modern city: Gaza
Gaza
Gaza , also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC,...
), and Yapu-(biblical "Joppa", modern Yafo).
Yabitiri is not referenced by name, in any other letters of the 382–letter Amarna letters corpus
Text corpus
In linguistics, a corpus or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts...
.
The letter is presumably by the same scribe, with identical multiple phrasing, for the letters EA 266, 292, and 296, from southern Canaan
Canaan
Canaan is a historical region roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and the western parts of Jordan...
cities/city-states.
EA 296, title: "Under the yoke"
"Say to the king-(i.e. pharaohPharaoh
Pharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. The title originates in the term "pr-aa" which means "great house" and describes the royal palace...
), my lord, my god, my [Sun]: Message of Ya[bi]tiri, your servant, the dirt at your feet. I fall at the feet
Prostration formula
In the 1350 BC correspondence of 382–letters, called the Amarna letters, the Prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on Prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness...
of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times.Moreover, I am indeed the loyal servant of the king, my lord. I looked this way, and I looked that way, and there was no light
Light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light has wavelength in a range from about 380 nanometres to about 740 nm, with a frequency range of about 405 THz to 790 THz...
. Then I looked toward the king, my lord, and there was light. A brick
Brick
A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar. It has been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.-History:...
: la-bi-tu may move from [un]der its partner–[brick], still I will not move from under the feet of the king, my lord.May the king, my lord, inquire of Yanhamu
Yanhamu
Yanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"- sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters....
, his commissioner. When I was young, he brought me to Egypt-(named Mizri
Mizraim
Mizraim is the Hebrew name for the land of Egypt, with the dual suffix -āyim, perhaps referring to the "two Egypts": Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt....
). I served the king, my lord, and I stood guard at the city gate
City gate
A city gate is a gate which is, or was, set within a city wall. Other terms include port.-Uses:City gates were traditionally built to provide a point of controlled access to and departure from a walled city for people, vehicles, goods and animals...
of the king, my lord.May the king, my lord, inquire of his commissioner whether I now at this time guard the city gate of Azzatu
Gaza
Gaza , also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC,...
and the city gate of Yapu, and (whether) where the archers
Archers (Egyptian pítati)
The Pítati were a contingent of archers in the Egyptian Empire, often requested and dispatched, to support the Egyptian vassalage in Canaan, or northern Canaan...
of the king, my lord, march, I m[arch] with them. And indeed, now that I have [p]la[ced] the ... of the yoke: hu-ul-lu of the king, my lord, on my neck,–I carry it." -EA 296, lines 1-35 (complete, with 1-2 words(?) missing-lacuna
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
)
The phrases of EA 296
Some phrases of the Amarna letters are listed at : Amarna letters–phrases and quotationsAmarna letters–phrases and quotations
Amarna letters–phrases and quotations is an article for the 1350 BC Amarna letters, the correspondence to the pharaohs of Egypt.Of the 382 Amarna letters, many are direct in describing the conditions of the author in their local regions...
.
Some of the phrasing of letter 296:
-
- 7 times and 7 times
- "I looked this way ..."—only used in letters EA 266, 292, 296, (along with partner bricks); See: Adda-danuAdda-danuAdda-danu was the 'mayor' of the city/city-state of Gazru- of the Amarna letters period, 1350-1335 BC. 'Adda' is the name of the Northwest Semitic god Hadad, and Adda-danu translates as: "Hadad Judge"...
, letter EA 292, title: "Like a Pot held in Pledge" . - "A brick may move ..."
See also
- GazaGazaGaza , also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC,...
, (Hazzatu) - Yafo, (Yapu)
- Amarna lettersAmarna lettersThe Amarna letters are an archive of correspondence on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom...
- Amarna letters–phrases and quotationsAmarna letters–phrases and quotationsAmarna letters–phrases and quotations is an article for the 1350 BC Amarna letters, the correspondence to the pharaohs of Egypt.Of the 382 Amarna letters, many are direct in describing the conditions of the author in their local regions...
- Adda-danuAdda-danuAdda-danu was the 'mayor' of the city/city-state of Gazru- of the Amarna letters period, 1350-1335 BC. 'Adda' is the name of the Northwest Semitic god Hadad, and Adda-danu translates as: "Hadad Judge"...
, for letter EA 292
External links
- Article for Yabitiri's letter; (from British MuseumBritish MuseumThe British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...
)
Amarna letters (photos)
King of Babylon:
Tushratta Tushratta Tushratta was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten -- approximately the late 14th century BC. He was the son of Shuttarna II... :
Rib-Hadda letters:
Abi-Milku:
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Abdi-Tirši:
Biridiya Biridiya Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence. He is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu', the Kamid al lawz.-See also:... :
Labaya:
Others:
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