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Yanam (Inde française)
Encyclopedia
Yanam or Yanaon was a French
colony between 1731 and 1954. Yanam has some 300 years of history and is well known as French Yanam after it was transferred to Indian Union in 1954.
A. Bigot), that at first, the French establishment of a warehouse
here in 1723 A.D. the La Compagnie des Française Indes Orientales of France established here a trading post
of theirs. Since the business became slack and commercial operations had not produced the desired results, it was given up in 1727.
wells). People say that the Dutch
constructed a fort here. It is being called by locals as "saali kota" because previously weavers (Saalivandru) used to weave clothes after the exit of the Dutch. They used to keep their currency, mint
ed in the mint at Neelapalli, in this fort.
The Dutch left Yanam before 1725. Some 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) north they used to have a colony at Jagannadhapuram (Dutch Jaggernaikpoeram, English Jagannaickpore), now in Kakinada
between 1734–1795 and 1818–1825.
by Vizianagaram
King Pusapati Peda Vijaya Rama Raju as a token of gratitude for the help rendered by Bussy in the fight in 1757 against the rulers of Bobbili
. Yanam is nicknamed as Inam de bussy (Bussy's Gift).
Actually it was seized again by Dupleix
in 1731 during the time of Pierre Benoît Dumas
the then Governor General of French Establishments of India
. A firman from Haji Hassan Khan
, Nawab of Masulipatam
authorized the French Representative Fouquet, then chief of the Company at Machilipatnam
to set up a loge
at Yanam in the year 1731. Nawab Roustoum khan granted a paravana dated 1735 for French commerce in Yanam. But it was re-established completely in 1742 during the reign of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah
. After 1742 political motives began to overshadow the desire for commercial gain. All factories were fortified for the purpose of defence. Mr. De Choisis administered it. He died here on 27 October 1747. Monsieur Sinfray
succeeded him. The annual rent was waived off by a document in 1743 for Yanam. Mir Ahmad Ali Khan, Nawab of Arcot, granted all the rights on the lands situated before the quarters at Yanam in 1747. Unfortunately necessary details are not available for this period i.e. from 1723 to 1750. Muzaffar Jang, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan (1750–1751), confirmed the sovereignty of this territory in 31 December 1750 to the French.
Salabat Jang, the son of the Nizam al Mulk, who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the French East India Company
, granted the district of Kondavid to the French in return for their services, and soon afterwards the other Circars. A firman was issued by the Mughal emperor, confirming all the concessions made to the French by Salabat Jang, the Subedar of Deccan. These concessions were in the shape of the donations and the name `Inam' (gift) was changed into Yanam (Yanaon) by the French in the course of time. In December 1753, a paravana of Salabat Jang, Subedar of Deccan conceded to Bussy
the paraganas of Chicacole
, Ellore, Rajahmundry
and Mustafanagar
. with an annual revenue RS.2, 00,000 for the maintenance of the French troops in the Subah
in recognition of the help of these Circars amounted up to 10 lakhs of Rupees per year. Bussy helped Salabat Jang to be the Subedar of Deccan. The agreement made between the French and Salabat Jang in Aurangabad bears the signature of Said Loukshur, Minister of Salabat Jang. Yanam acquired considerable importance during the occupation of the Northern Circars by the French.
There is again a dearth of information regarding this place from 1753 to 1765. Another important event in the history was the war between the French and the English fought at Chandurthi in 1758 in which the French were defeated. Salabat Jang made a treaty with British and gave the Northern Circars under a firman to the English. Later Nizam
rebelled against the English. A second treaty was the result of war and Northern Circars remained permanently under the control of the British. After 1760 the French lost hold in South India
, especially on Northern Circars. In 1765 Lord Robert Clive, the then existing Chief and Council at Vizagapatam obtained from the Mughal
emperor Shah Alam
a grant of the five Circars.
A document dated 15 May 1765 showed that the villages of Yanam and Kapulapalem (Capouloupalém) with other lands were handed over by Jean white hill and George Dolben, the Englishmen deputed by Mr. Jean Pybus, the head of the English settlement in Masulipatam to Mr. Yoan Yacques Panon, French Commissioner deputed by Jean Law de Lauriston
the then Governor General of Pondicherry, for taking them over. This document mentions that France entered into possession of Yanam and its dependent territories with exemption from all export and import duties. Soon after taking possession of this settlement, Mr. Panon obtained a firman from the ruler of Rajahmundry
granting the French full liberty of trade at Yanam and another one from the Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur (Asaf Jah II) calling upon the Zamindar
s of the Circar Mustafanagar
not to hinder the commerce of the French.
After transfer of Northern Circars to the English, Yanam came under the province of Peddapuram
in the jurisdiction of Sri Raja Vatsavaya Kala Thimma Jagapathi Bahadhoor (Timma Raja). The French had a modest building in Yanam situated a league
from the sea, on the Coringa River into which small vessels could enter.
Jean Law de Lauriston
, Governor of Pondicherry (1765–1766) stated in his "Memoire of 1767" as "It is from Yanam that we get our best ‘Guinness’ (fine cloth). It is possible to have a commerce] here worth more than a million livre
s per year under circumstances more favorable than those in which we are placed now, but always by giving advances much earlier, which we have never been in a position to do. From this place we also procured teakwood, oils, rice and other grains both for the men as well as for the animals. A port from commerce, Yanam enjoyed another kind of importance. "The advantages which may be derived in a time of war from the alliances that we the French may conclude with several Raja
s who sooner or later cannot fail to be dissatisfied with the English'." Although the English gained an effective control over the Circars, Yanam enabled the French to enter into secret relations with the local chieftains. Yanam had some commercial importance".
It was a centre for the production of salt and this salt constituted the major part of the quantity imported by the French into Bengal
region. It was also an important center of cotton goods and supplied a large part of the return cargo of the French ships visiting India. A few French citizens in Yanam were fully occupied by these two kinds of profitable business and they had no interest in political and administrative matters that were left entirely to the chief or commandant
. Indian residents wanted nothing better than to be left in peace to carry on their trading activities.
and to protect the interest of some specified merchants.
had its effects in different ways in all the former French settlements. The French trade at Yanam was considerable at that time.
After Bluter, Mr. Pierre Sonnerat
became the chief in 1790 in Yanam. He was a scholar and writer. He had a profound interest in natural sciences. He wrote a book,Voyages aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine, in three volumes. He appreciated very much the sonority and the music of the Telugu language
. He administered Yanam during the time of the French Revolution.
Sonnerat was involved in this business along with other traders. His commercial involvement brought serious consequences to his administrative post. The petitions were made against him in this connection, to the Chevalier de Fresne
the then French Governor in Pondicherry. On 5 June 1790 a Frenchman called De Mars complained about him for the first time. By that time, Pondicherry under the influence of the French Revolution had already formed the first representative committee. But no action was taken in favor of De Mars either by the Governor or by this committee. Naturally, the French citizens in Yanam were uninterested in the affairs of Pondicherry owing to his failure.
, by the Treaty of Paris (1814)
Yanam along with the factory at Machilipatnam
was finally returned to the French on 26 September 1816. From then it was continuously under the control of French until it got independence. The third British occupation is also called as final British occupation.
. According to that decree Yanaon and Mahé were Provided with Chef de service (Service Chief) who resides in his official residence. After the merger, it is being resided by Regional Executive Officer, Yanam.
Thus a colonial government was formed in 1840. According to Annuaire statistique des établissements français dans l'Inde- 1843 by Pierre-Constant Sicé, the details of colonial government in 1843 were,
to the Chambre des députés
.
. According to that decree Conseil locaux (Local councils) were created at each colony. The elected member was called as Conseiller local (Local councillor). Conseil local de Yanaon had a strength of four local councillors. The term of office was 6 years with one half of membership renewed every three years.
). Senator will be elected by Conseil colonial (Colonial Council) and Conseil local (Local council). First election were held on 26 March 1876.
(Inde française) became Overseas territory (Territoire d'outre-mer
) of France. Then an Assemblée Représentative (Representative Assembly) was created for each colony. Yanaon was provided with two assembly representatives (Equivalent to Member of the Legislative Assembly).
Notable assembly representatives from Yanam were Kamichetty Venougopalarao Naidou, Kamichetty Savithiry, Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
and Kanakala Tatayya Naidou.
Though the French established colonies in India in seventeenth century itself, it was not until during the end of 19th century they started civil administration in French India
.
Then a total of 10 communes were formed in which Yanaon became one commune with a strength of 12 Municipal Councillors (conseiller municipaux). First elections were held on 30 May 1880.
had 12 Sièges. Then, they were called previously as Sièges instead of wards. Each ward (Siège) was represented by a municipal councilor (Conseiller Municipal). Each commune
possessed a Mayor
(Maire) and a Municipal council
(Conseil Municipal) which managed the commune from the Mairie. The life-span of a Municipal council was six years, with one-half of the membership renewed for every three years.
Municipal elections were held in Pondicherry, Karikal and Yanam
on 24 October 1948. The two main parties were the French India Socialist Party (Socialist]), who favoured the continuance of French rule, and the French India Congress (Congress
), who favoured union with India. Socialist Party was headed by Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
, a strong pro-French leader and later MLA of Yanam. and Congress Party was headed by Yerra Jaganatha Rao. Among the Independents was Madimchetty Satianandam who later elected as mayor and performed a key role in merging of Yanam in India.
Notable Municipal Councillors were, Bezawada Bapa Naidou
, Diwan Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou, Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou
, Samatam Krishnayya, Madimchetty Satianandam, Kamichetty Savithiry and Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
.
and aided by the then-Maire de Yanaon, Monsieur Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty alias Satia and took over the administration. After hoisting the Indian National Flag, they formed the revolutionary provisional government
of Yanam headed by Dadala Raphael Ramanayya and adopted a resolution declaring "Yanaon A Libéré" (Yanam liberated). The coup d'état of Yanam was announced by All India Radio
and Press.
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(Rājyaghātuka Charya) had enraged the French authorities of Pondicherry. Rumours were spread to the effect that the French government were despatching a cruiser
to Yanam to capture Merger Leaders and to re-establish their authority. After the coup, last administrator
of Yanam, George Sala was recalled by André Ménard
, then Governor General of Pondicherry in June 1954.
Dadala was also appointed as Acting Commisoner for Yanam for 14 days. Towards the end of June 1954, Sri Kewal singh paid a visit to Yanam and requested Dadala's return to Pondicherry to continue his activities there. On 3 July, on Kewal Singh's request, Dadala left Yanam, after making all arrangements for its proper administration.
The Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
had visited Pondicherry on 16 January 1955. Messrs Edouard Goubert
, S. Perumal, Dadala and Sri Pakirisamy Pillai presented addresses to Pandit Nehru in a public meeting in the maidan of Gorimedu.
under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Every year on 16 August, the De-jure Transfer Day (Vidhitāntaraṇa Dinamu in Telugu
) is celebrated throughout Pondicherry Union Territory.
, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory
of Pondicherry from July 1, 1963.
lived here. Many poets such as the late Villa Reddi Naidu, V.Venkataswami Naidu. Some important politicians include Kanakala Tatayya Naidou, MD Abdul Razzaq, Majety Subbarao, and Guiry Madhavarao.
French colonial empires
The French colonial empire was the set of territories outside Europe that were under French rule primarily from the 17th century to the late 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second-largest in the world behind the British Empire. The French colonial empire...
colony between 1731 and 1954. Yanam has some 300 years of history and is well known as French Yanam after it was transferred to Indian Union in 1954.
Early years
The main colonial history of Yanam starts with early 18th century. It is mentioned in the book, The botanic garden of Yanam (Le Jardin Botanique de Yanaon) by Médecin-colonel Alfred-Alphonse-Léon Bigot (ColonelColonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
A. Bigot), that at first, the French establishment of a warehouse
Warehouse
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns. They usually have loading docks to load and unload...
here in 1723 A.D. the La Compagnie des Française Indes Orientales of France established here a trading post
Trading post
A trading post was a place or establishment in historic Northern America where the trading of goods took place. The preferred travel route to a trading post or between trading posts, was known as a trade route....
of theirs. Since the business became slack and commercial operations had not produced the desired results, it was given up in 1727.
Dutch colony
In the west of Yanam, there are still Neelikundilu (IndigoIndigo
Indigo is a color named after the purple dye derived from the plant Indigofera tinctoria and related species. The color is placed on the electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet...
wells). People say that the Dutch
Dutch people
The Dutch people are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United...
constructed a fort here. It is being called by locals as "saali kota" because previously weavers (Saalivandru) used to weave clothes after the exit of the Dutch. They used to keep their currency, mint
Mint (coin)
A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins for currency.The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins. One difference is that the history of the mint is usually closely tied to the political situation of an era...
ed in the mint at Neelapalli, in this fort.
Kakinada
Kakinada is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located east of the state capital, Hyderabad. It is also the headquarters of East Godavari district. It is nicknamed "Fertilizer City" , "Pensioner's Paradise" and "Second Madras"...
between 1734–1795 and 1818–1825.
Inam de Bussy
This region was presented as Inam (gift) to the French general the Marquis de BussyMarquis de Bussy-Castelnau
Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau was the Governor General of the French colony of Pondicherry from 1783 to 1785. He servied with distinction under Joseph François Dupleix in the East Indies, receiving the Order of Saint Louis...
by Vizianagaram
Vizianagaram
Vizianagaram is the main city of the Vizianagaram District of north-eastern Andhra Pradesh in southern India. Vizianagaram district was formed on 1 June 1979, with some parts carved from the neighbouring districts of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam. It is, at present, the largest municipality of...
King Pusapati Peda Vijaya Rama Raju as a token of gratitude for the help rendered by Bussy in the fight in 1757 against the rulers of Bobbili
Bobbili
Bobbili is a town, mandal headquarters and a Municipality in Vizianagaram district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.-Geography:Bobbili is located at . It has an average elevation of 103 metres .-History:...
. Yanam is nicknamed as Inam de bussy (Bussy's Gift).
Era of Bussy and Dupleix
Joseph François Dupleix
Joseph-François, Marquis Dupleix was governor general of the French establishment in India, and the rival of Robert Clive.-Biography:Dupleix was born in Landrecies, France...
in 1731 during the time of Pierre Benoît Dumas
Pierre Benoît Dumas
Pierre Benoît Dumas was the French Governor General for Pondichéry and Réunion. Predecessor of La Bourdonnais on the Isles and Dupleix in the Indies, Dumas hailed from Southern France. There is still a street in Pondicherry named after him....
the then Governor General of French Establishments of India
French India
French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India These included Pondichéry , Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast, and Chandannagar in Bengal...
. A firman from Haji Hassan Khan
Haji Hassan Khan
Haji Hassan Khan was Nawab of Masulipatam. He was second son of Nawab Muhammad Taqi Khan Bahadur who in turn was Nawab of Masulipatam.-Official name:His official name was Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Hasan Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Masulipatam.-Life:...
, Nawab of Masulipatam
Nawab of Masulipatam
The Nawabs of Masulipatam ruled under the Nizam in eastern India. The best known of them was Nawab Haji Hassan Khan.Their title later became Nawab of Banganapalle as they shifted from Masulipatam to Banganapalle...
authorized the French Representative Fouquet, then chief of the Company at Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located south east of state capital, Hyderabad.-History:...
to set up a loge
Loge
Loge may refer to:Geography*Loge-Fougereuse, a village and commune in the Vendée department of France*La Loge, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department of France*La Loge-Pomblin, a commune in the Aube department of France...
at Yanam in the year 1731. Nawab Roustoum khan granted a paravana dated 1735 for French commerce in Yanam. But it was re-established completely in 1742 during the reign of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah also known as Roshan Akhtar, was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar Jahan Shah, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. Ascending the throne at 17 with the help of the Sayyid Brothers, he later got rid of them with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk Chin...
. After 1742 political motives began to overshadow the desire for commercial gain. All factories were fortified for the purpose of defence. Mr. De Choisis administered it. He died here on 27 October 1747. Monsieur Sinfray
Sinfray
Monsieur Sinfray, or Monsieur de St. Frais, was a French artillery officer in the Battle of Plassey , who fought for Siraj Ud Daulah, Nawab of Bengal. He was also the secretary to the Council at Chandernagore. Earlier, he succeeded D.E. Choisis as Chef de Yanaon in 1747.-Further reading:*-References:...
succeeded him. The annual rent was waived off by a document in 1743 for Yanam. Mir Ahmad Ali Khan, Nawab of Arcot, granted all the rights on the lands situated before the quarters at Yanam in 1747. Unfortunately necessary details are not available for this period i.e. from 1723 to 1750. Muzaffar Jang, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan (1750–1751), confirmed the sovereignty of this territory in 31 December 1750 to the French.
French East India Company
The French East India Company was a commercial enterprise, founded in 1664 to compete with the British and Dutch East India companies in colonial India....
, granted the district of Kondavid to the French in return for their services, and soon afterwards the other Circars. A firman was issued by the Mughal emperor, confirming all the concessions made to the French by Salabat Jang, the Subedar of Deccan. These concessions were in the shape of the donations and the name `Inam' (gift) was changed into Yanam (Yanaon) by the French in the course of time. In December 1753, a paravana of Salabat Jang, Subedar of Deccan conceded to Bussy
Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau was the Governor General of the French colony of Pondicherry from 1783 to 1785. He servied with distinction under Joseph François Dupleix in the East Indies, receiving the Order of Saint Louis...
the paraganas of Chicacole
Chicacole
Chicacole, was the former name for the city of Srikakulam that was applied by British colonial rulers. It is said that the word Chicacole came from two Persian words - Chica and Khol. Chica means "a small cloth bag which can be closed by pulling a thread around its neck" and Khol means 'open'...
, Ellore, Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry is a city and municipal corporation of the Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is located east of the state capital, Hyderabad, on the banks of the River Godavari. Known as the Cultural Capital, Rajahmundry is noted for its intense Veda culture and intellect...
and Mustafanagar
Kondapalli
Kondapalli is an industrial town near Vijayawada city, Andhra Pradesh, India with population of nearly 38000. It is 16 km by road from Vijayawada on National Highway 221 and on Hyderabad–Vijayawada railway line.....
. with an annual revenue RS.2, 00,000 for the maintenance of the French troops in the Subah
Subah
A Subah was a province of the Mughal Empire in South Asia. The governor of a subah was known as a subahdar, which later became subedar to refer to an officer in the Indian Army...
in recognition of the help of these Circars amounted up to 10 lakhs of Rupees per year. Bussy helped Salabat Jang to be the Subedar of Deccan. The agreement made between the French and Salabat Jang in Aurangabad bears the signature of Said Loukshur, Minister of Salabat Jang. Yanam acquired considerable importance during the occupation of the Northern Circars by the French.
First British occupation
Nizam
Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad popularly known as Nizams of Hyderabad was a former monarchy of the Hyderabad State, now in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , and Maharashtra in India...
rebelled against the English. A second treaty was the result of war and Northern Circars remained permanently under the control of the British. After 1760 the French lost hold in South India
South India
South India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area...
, especially on Northern Circars. In 1765 Lord Robert Clive, the then existing Chief and Council at Vizagapatam obtained from the Mughal
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire , or Mogul Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids...
emperor Shah Alam
Shah Alam
Shah Alam is the state capital of Selangor, Malaysia situated within the Petaling District and a small portion of the neighboring Klang District. It is located about west of the country's capital, Kuala Lumpur. Shah Alam replaced Kuala Lumpur as the capital city of the state of Selangor in 1978...
a grant of the five Circars.
A document dated 15 May 1765 showed that the villages of Yanam and Kapulapalem (Capouloupalém) with other lands were handed over by Jean white hill and George Dolben, the Englishmen deputed by Mr. Jean Pybus, the head of the English settlement in Masulipatam to Mr. Yoan Yacques Panon, French Commissioner deputed by Jean Law de Lauriston
Jean Law de Lauriston
Baron Jean Law de Lauriston, was born on October 5, 1719 in Paris. He was twice Governor General of Pondicherry. Not much is known about his life, but his contributions to French Colonial Empire are notable.-In 1765:...
the then Governor General of Pondicherry, for taking them over. This document mentions that France entered into possession of Yanam and its dependent territories with exemption from all export and import duties. Soon after taking possession of this settlement, Mr. Panon obtained a firman from the ruler of Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry is a city and municipal corporation of the Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is located east of the state capital, Hyderabad, on the banks of the River Godavari. Known as the Cultural Capital, Rajahmundry is noted for its intense Veda culture and intellect...
granting the French full liberty of trade at Yanam and another one from the Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur (Asaf Jah II) calling upon the Zamindar
Zamindar
A Zamindar or zemindar , was an aristocrat, typically hereditary, who held enormous tracts of land and ruled over and taxed the bhikaaris who lived on batavaslam. Over time, they took princely and royal titles such as Maharaja , Raja , Nawab , and Mirza , Chowdhury , among others...
s of the Circar Mustafanagar
Kondapalli
Kondapalli is an industrial town near Vijayawada city, Andhra Pradesh, India with population of nearly 38000. It is 16 km by road from Vijayawada on National Highway 221 and on Hyderabad–Vijayawada railway line.....
not to hinder the commerce of the French.
After transfer of Northern Circars to the English, Yanam came under the province of Peddapuram
Peddapuram
Peddapuram is an important Municipal town in the East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh in South India. It is also capital town for Peddapuram Mandal.- Geography :Peddapuram is located at . It has an average elevation of 35 metres ....
in the jurisdiction of Sri Raja Vatsavaya Kala Thimma Jagapathi Bahadhoor (Timma Raja). The French had a modest building in Yanam situated a league
League (unit)
A league is a unit of length . It was long common in Europe and Latin America, but it is no longer an official unit in any nation. The league originally referred to the distance a person or a horse could walk in an hour...
from the sea, on the Coringa River into which small vessels could enter.
1765 dispute of market
The documents of 1765 throw light on a dispute of a weekly market or fair in Yanam. A weekly market used to be held here on every Tuesday (Even now market occurs in Yanam on this Tuesday only). People used to come to it for purchasing all their essential commodities once for a week. Neelapalli (Nélapilly), a neighbouring village of Yanam was under the British at that time. It is nearly 3 kilometre away from Yanam. The people in this village also used to hold a fair on Tuesday. Thus there was a clash of interests between Yanam and Neelapalli. After prolonged correspondence with the English authorities at Madras, the French authorities in Yanam succeeded in changing the fair of Neelapalli to another day of the week, Saturday. In this way, Yanam triumphed over its neighbouring village Neelapalli.1767 memoire by Lauriston
Jean Law de Lauriston
Baron Jean Law de Lauriston, was born on October 5, 1719 in Paris. He was twice Governor General of Pondicherry. Not much is known about his life, but his contributions to French Colonial Empire are notable.-In 1765:...
, Governor of Pondicherry (1765–1766) stated in his "Memoire of 1767" as "It is from Yanam that we get our best ‘Guinness’ (fine cloth). It is possible to have a commerce] here worth more than a million livre
Livré
Livré-la-Touche is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. Prior to October 6, 2008, it was known as Livré....
s per year under circumstances more favorable than those in which we are placed now, but always by giving advances much earlier, which we have never been in a position to do. From this place we also procured teakwood, oils, rice and other grains both for the men as well as for the animals. A port from commerce, Yanam enjoyed another kind of importance. "The advantages which may be derived in a time of war from the alliances that we the French may conclude with several Raja
Raja
Raja is an Indian term for a monarch, or princely ruler of the Kshatriya varna...
s who sooner or later cannot fail to be dissatisfied with the English'." Although the English gained an effective control over the Circars, Yanam enabled the French to enter into secret relations with the local chieftains. Yanam had some commercial importance".
It was a centre for the production of salt and this salt constituted the major part of the quantity imported by the French into Bengal
Bengal
Bengal is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Today, it is mainly divided between the sovereign land of People's Republic of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous...
region. It was also an important center of cotton goods and supplied a large part of the return cargo of the French ships visiting India. A few French citizens in Yanam were fully occupied by these two kinds of profitable business and they had no interest in political and administrative matters that were left entirely to the chief or commandant
Commandant
Commandant is a senior title often given to the officer in charge of a large training establishment or academy. This usage is common in anglophone nations...
. Indian residents wanted nothing better than to be left in peace to carry on their trading activities.
Second British occupation
Between 1778 and 1783, Pondicherry was under British occupation. There is again lack of information because of its subsequent English occupation. Yanam was restored again to the French in 1785. Mr. Mallhendre took possession of it and Mr. Bluter succeeded him. It was recommended to them to favor the business of the French East India CompanyFrench East India Company
The French East India Company was a commercial enterprise, founded in 1664 to compete with the British and Dutch East India companies in colonial India....
and to protect the interest of some specified merchants.
During the French Revolution
The French RevolutionFrench Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
had its effects in different ways in all the former French settlements. The French trade at Yanam was considerable at that time.
After Bluter, Mr. Pierre Sonnerat
Pierre Sonnerat
Pierre Sonnerat was a French naturalist and explorer.Sonnerat was the nephew of the botanist Pierre Poivre. He made several voyages to southeast Asia, visiting the Philippines and Moluccas between 1769 and 1772, and India and China from 1774 to 1781. He was the first person to give a scientific...
became the chief in 1790 in Yanam. He was a scholar and writer. He had a profound interest in natural sciences. He wrote a book,Voyages aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine, in three volumes. He appreciated very much the sonority and the music of the Telugu language
Telugu language
Telugu is a Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, where it is an official language. It is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu...
. He administered Yanam during the time of the French Revolution.
Sonnerat was involved in this business along with other traders. His commercial involvement brought serious consequences to his administrative post. The petitions were made against him in this connection, to the Chevalier de Fresne
Chevalier de Fresne
Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne was Governor General of Mauritius and Pondicherry in French Colonial Empire.-Significant event in his life:...
the then French Governor in Pondicherry. On 5 June 1790 a Frenchman called De Mars complained about him for the first time. By that time, Pondicherry under the influence of the French Revolution had already formed the first representative committee. But no action was taken in favor of De Mars either by the Governor or by this committee. Naturally, the French citizens in Yanam were uninterested in the affairs of Pondicherry owing to his failure.
Third British occupation
Once again French lost control over Yanam to the British. During 1793 and 1816 Pondicherry was under British control. So, Yanam fell thrice into the hands of the British. After the Napoleonic warsNapoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionised European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to...
, by the Treaty of Paris (1814)
Treaty of Paris (1814)
The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 May between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies...
Yanam along with the factory at Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located south east of state capital, Hyderabad.-History:...
was finally returned to the French on 26 September 1816. From then it was continuously under the control of French until it got independence. The third British occupation is also called as final British occupation.
1840 Decree
Local administration was started in Yanaon by a royal decree (Ordonnance Royale) dated 23 July 1840 during July MonarchyJuly Monarchy
The July Monarchy , officially the Kingdom of France , was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848...
. According to that decree Yanaon and Mahé were Provided with Chef de service (Service Chief) who resides in his official residence. After the merger, it is being resided by Regional Executive Officer, Yanam.
Thus a colonial government was formed in 1840. According to Annuaire statistique des établissements français dans l'Inde- 1843 by Pierre-Constant Sicé, the details of colonial government in 1843 were,
- Gouverneur Général de établissements français dans l'IndeFrench IndiaFrench India is a general name for the former French possessions in India These included Pondichéry , Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast, and Chandannagar in Bengal...
' - De Nourquer Du Camper (Paul) - Gouvernement Colonial de Yanaon
- Chef de service - Jourdain (Jean-Philippe-Paul)
- Administration - Ribeiro (Dominique-Grégoire), écrivainAccountantAn accountant is a practitioner of accountancy or accounting , which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and others make decisions about allocating resources.The Big Four auditors are the largest...
.
- Administration - Ribeiro (Dominique-Grégoire), écrivain
- Service de Santé - Pithois (Pamphile), officer de santéChief Medical OfficerThere are four Chief Medical Officers in the United Kingdom who are appointed to advise their respective governments on health related matters: Her Majesty's Government, the Northern Ireland Executive, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government...
. - Administration financière - Ticanny Tiramalaram, percepteur des revenues à mazulipatamMachilipatnamMachilipatnam is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located south east of state capital, Hyderabad.-History:...
. - Justice
- Tribunal de prèmiere instanceTribunal d'instanceIn France, the Tribunal d'instance , is a judicial inferior court of record of first instance for general civil suits and includes a criminal division, the Police Court , which hears cases of misdemeanors or summary offences...
- Sicé (Eugène), procureur du RoiProsecutorThe prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system...
- Calmels (Jean-René-Eucher), greffier-notaireCourt clerkA court clerk is an officer of the court whose responsibilities include maintaining the records of a court. Another duty is to administer oaths to witnesses, jurors, and grand jurors...
- Vingatramaya, interprête.
- Sicé (Eugène), procureur du Roi
- [Police
- P.Condaya, interprête.
- Tribunal de prèmiere instance
- Chef de service - Jourdain (Jean-Philippe-Paul)
1871 Decree
According to a decree dated 1 February 1871, one person can be sent as a députéLegislator
A legislator is a person who writes and passes laws, especially someone who is a member of a legislature. Legislators are usually politicians and are often elected by the people...
to the Chambre des députés
Chamber of Deputies of France
Chamber of Deputies was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries:* 1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the Lower chamber of the French Parliament, elected by census suffrage.*...
.
1872 Decree
Another pivotal incident in local administration was decree of 1872. It was dated 13 June 1872 and was issued during Third RepublicFrench Third Republic
The French Third Republic was the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed due to the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, to 1940, when France was overrun by Nazi Germany during World War II, resulting in the German and Italian occupations of France...
. According to that decree Conseil locaux (Local councils) were created at each colony. The elected member was called as Conseiller local (Local councillor). Conseil local de Yanaon had a strength of four local councillors. The term of office was 6 years with one half of membership renewed every three years.
1878 Decree
According to a decree dated 24 February 1878, one person can be sent as a sénateur to the Sénat (French SenateFrench Senate
The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president.The Senate enjoys less prominence than the lower house, the directly elected National Assembly; debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and generally enjoy less media coverage.-History:France's first...
). Senator will be elected by Conseil colonial (Colonial Council) and Conseil local (Local council). First election were held on 26 March 1876.
1946 Decree
By the decree of 1946, French IndiaFrench India
French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India These included Pondichéry , Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast, and Chandannagar in Bengal...
(Inde française) became Overseas territory (Territoire d'outre-mer
Territoire d'outre-mer
The term overseas territory , is an administrative division of France and is currently only applied to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands....
) of France. Then an Assemblée Représentative (Representative Assembly) was created for each colony. Yanaon was provided with two assembly representatives (Equivalent to Member of the Legislative Assembly).
Notable assembly representatives from Yanam were Kamichetty Venougopalarao Naidou, Kamichetty Savithiry, Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu was a member of the legislative assembly of Yanam, India from 1964 until his death in 1989....
and Kanakala Tatayya Naidou.
Municipal administration
French India
French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India These included Pondichéry , Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast, and Chandannagar in Bengal...
.
French Metropolitan Decree
A French Metropolitan Decree, dated 12 March 1880 adopted a six-year term of office for Mayors (Maire), municipal councillors (Conseil Municipaux) and commune panchayats (Communes). Thus French India has seen a French system of municipal administration. In the past, municipal administration was virtually the pivot of the whole administrative machinery in French India. It had several features that could serve as a role model for hassle-free administration.Then a total of 10 communes were formed in which Yanaon became one commune with a strength of 12 Municipal Councillors (conseiller municipaux). First elections were held on 30 May 1880.
Structure of municipality
La Mairie (Town Hall) in Yanaon is now called as Municipality Building. It was built in 19th century and is situated next to Court House in the Thiagaraja Street in Yanaon Town. During French colonial rule, Yanam MunicipalityYanam Municipality
Municipalité de Yanaon was created by a French Metropolitan Decree dated March 12, 1880. Yanaon municipality had 12 seats . Citizens from each ward elect one representative for "Conseil Municipal de Yanaon"...
had 12 Sièges. Then, they were called previously as Sièges instead of wards. Each ward (Siège) was represented by a municipal councilor (Conseiller Municipal). Each commune
Communes of France
The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany...
possessed a Mayor
Mayor
In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....
(Maire) and a Municipal council
Municipal council
A municipal council is the local government of a municipality. Specifically the term can refer to the institutions of various countries that can be translated by this term...
(Conseil Municipal) which managed the commune from the Mairie. The life-span of a Municipal council was six years, with one-half of the membership renewed for every three years.
Election results of 1948
Elections held on 24 October 1948 and 18 October 1954 were the most crucial in the history of French India. In June 1948 the French and Indian Governments came to an agreement as to how the future of the French Settlements should be determined.Municipal elections were held in Pondicherry, Karikal and Yanam
Yanam Municipality
Municipalité de Yanaon was created by a French Metropolitan Decree dated March 12, 1880. Yanaon municipality had 12 seats . Citizens from each ward elect one representative for "Conseil Municipal de Yanaon"...
on 24 October 1948. The two main parties were the French India Socialist Party (Socialist]), who favoured the continuance of French rule, and the French India Congress (Congress
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is the largest and one of the oldest democratic political parties in the world. The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in the Indian...
), who favoured union with India. Socialist Party was headed by Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu was a member of the legislative assembly of Yanam, India from 1964 until his death in 1989....
, a strong pro-French leader and later MLA of Yanam. and Congress Party was headed by Yerra Jaganatha Rao. Among the Independents was Madimchetty Satianandam who later elected as mayor and performed a key role in merging of Yanam in India.
- Yanam - 12
- Socialists - 3
- Independents - 9
Notable Municipal Councillors were, Bezawada Bapa Naidou
Bezawada Bapa Naidou
Bezawada Bapa Naidou was grandson of Bezawada Bapanaya, the first Mayor of Yanam. He was one of the two powerful political leaders in Yanam during French rule. It was told that he was very soft natured person and a vaishnavite. He was a humble and powerful politician in his times. Bouloussou...
, Diwan Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou, Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou
Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou
Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidu better known as The Grand Old Man of Yanaon was Mayor and MLA of Yanaon during French rule in first half of 20th century. He was one of the two powerful political leaders in Yanam during French rule. His opponent was Bezawada Bapa Naidou, the first mayor of Yanam...
, Samatam Krishnayya, Madimchetty Satianandam, Kamichetty Savithiry and Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu
Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu was a member of the legislative assembly of Yanam, India from 1964 until his death in 1989....
.
Cession of Yanam
Actually, Yanam had an extremely dominant pro-French atmosphere prevailing in its people and its leaders. But in due course of time due to nationalist struggle by some leaders, conditions became intolerable in Yanam after its mayor and other representatives of Yanam adopted the merger resolution. The mayor, deputy mayor, and over 200 people took refuge in the adjacent areas of the Indian Union. Police and hired hoodlums from Yanam assaulted refugees on Indian soil. It was then that the refugees marched into Yanam under the leadership of Dadala Raphael RamanayyaDadala Raphael Ramanayya
Dadala Raphael Ramanayya was an Indian nationalist leader, instrumental in the merger of French territory Yanam into the Indian Union.-Early life:...
and aided by the then-Maire de Yanaon, Monsieur Madimchetty Satianarayanamourty alias Satia and took over the administration. After hoisting the Indian National Flag, they formed the revolutionary provisional government
Provisional government
A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a very large government. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule...
of Yanam headed by Dadala Raphael Ramanayya and adopted a resolution declaring "Yanaon A Libéré" (Yanam liberated). The coup d'état of Yanam was announced by All India Radio
All India Radio
All India Radio , officially known since 1956 as Akashvani , is the radio broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati. Established in 1936, it is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster. All India Radio is one of the largest radio networks...
and Press.
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Aftermath of liberation
The Yanam, coup d'étatCoup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
(Rājyaghātuka Charya) had enraged the French authorities of Pondicherry. Rumours were spread to the effect that the French government were despatching a cruiser
Cruiser
A cruiser is a type of warship. The term has been in use for several hundreds of years, and has had different meanings throughout this period...
to Yanam to capture Merger Leaders and to re-establish their authority. After the coup, last administrator
Administrator of the Government
An Administrator in the constitutional practice of some countries in the Commonwealth is a person who fulfils a role similar to that of a Governor or a Governor-General...
of Yanam, George Sala was recalled by André Ménard
André Ménard
André Ménard was a Governor General in the French colonial empire in the 20th century.-Significant events:During his reign, the coup d'État de Yanaon happened on 13 June 1954. In the aftermath, he recalled the Administrator of Yanam , George Sala, to Pondicherry.-Titles:-References:* Book of the...
, then Governor General of Pondicherry in June 1954.
Dadala was also appointed as Acting Commisoner for Yanam for 14 days. Towards the end of June 1954, Sri Kewal singh paid a visit to Yanam and requested Dadala's return to Pondicherry to continue his activities there. On 3 July, on Kewal Singh's request, Dadala left Yanam, after making all arrangements for its proper administration.
De facto transfer
Yanam remained under French control till June 13, 1954, when it joined the Republic of India by Indian Military Action. On November 1, 1954, after long years of freedom struggle the de facto transfer (Vāstavikāntaraṇa) of the four enclaves of Pondicherry, Yanam, Mahe, and Karikal to the Indian Union occurred.The Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru , often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the...
had visited Pondicherry on 16 January 1955. Messrs Edouard Goubert
Edouard Goubert
Clemencedu Edouard Goubert was former mayor and first chief minister of Pondichéry between July 1, 1963 - September 11, 1964...
, S. Perumal, Dadala and Sri Pakirisamy Pillai presented addresses to Pandit Nehru in a public meeting in the maidan of Gorimedu.
Treaty of Cession
A treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in 28 May] 1956. The de jure transfer was delayed until the end of the Algerian War. The treaty was ratified by the French parliament in May 1962. On August 16, 1962 (De Jure Day) India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held.De jure transfer
Treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 was ratified by the French parliament in May 1962. On August 16, 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of ratificationRatification
Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutionals in federations such as the United States and Canada.- Private law :In contract law, the...
under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Every year on 16 August, the De-jure Transfer Day (Vidhitāntaraṇa Dinamu in Telugu
Telugu language
Telugu is a Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, where it is an official language. It is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu...
) is celebrated throughout Pondicherry Union Territory.
Merger in Pondicherry U.T.
Pondicherry and the other enclaves of KaraikalKaraikal
Karaikal is a major port city of east coast of India and a municipality in Karaikal district in the Union Territory of Pondicherry, India. Several explanations are offered for the word 'Karaikal'. The imperial Gazetteer gives it the meaning 'fish pass'. According to Julien vinson the town is said...
, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory
Union Territory
A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India, in the federal framework of governance. Unlike the states of India, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the federal government; the President of India appoints an Administrator or...
of Pondicherry from July 1, 1963.
Date of events
| Colony | Liberation | de-facto transfer | Treaty of Cession | de-jure transfer | Merger |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pondichéry | - | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 |
| Chandernagore | - | 26 June 1949 | 28 February 1951 | 9 June 1952 | 1 October] 1954 |
| Karikal | - | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 |
| Mahé | 16 June 1954 | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 |
| Yanaon | 13 June 1954 | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1962 | 1 July 1963 |
Notable people in colonial period
First Laurel Poet of Andhra, Chellapilla Venkata Kavi (1870–1950), One of the duo of the famous Tirupati Venkata KavuluTirupati Venkata Kavulu
Tirupati Venkata Kavulu refers to the Telugu poet duo Divakarla Tirupati Sastry and Chellapilla Venkata Sastry . This twin poets are acclaimed as harbingers of modern poetry in Telugu. They have dramatized several of the Hindu epics into dramas and plays consisting of singable verses set to...
lived here. Many poets such as the late Villa Reddi Naidu, V.Venkataswami Naidu. Some important politicians include Kanakala Tatayya Naidou, MD Abdul Razzaq, Majety Subbarao, and Guiry Madhavarao.
- Guiry Soubaraw (Sergent-chef)
- Bezawada Bapa NaidouBezawada Bapa NaidouBezawada Bapa Naidou was grandson of Bezawada Bapanaya, the first Mayor of Yanam. He was one of the two powerful political leaders in Yanam during French rule. It was told that he was very soft natured person and a vaishnavite. He was a humble and powerful politician in his times. Bouloussou...
- Manga Vincanna
- Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou
- Kamichetty Venugopala Rao Naidou
- Dadala Rafael Ramanayya
- Samatam KrouschnayaSamatam Krouschnaya-Birth:Monsieur Samatam Krishnayya was born in Yanam in and around 1875.-Life:He was poet, historian and ayurvedic doctor too. He wrote many books in Telugu. He was staunch pro-French politician in his days....
- Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao NaiduKamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao NaiduKamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu was a member of the legislative assembly of Yanam, India from 1964 until his death in 1989....
- Manyam ZamindarManyam ZamindarManyam Zamindar were Zamindars from the family of Manyam, belonging to the Komati Arya Vysya Caste. They actively participated in the administrative and financial affairs of Yanaon in French India. In first half of twentieth century, the last Manyam Zamindar died without a male heir and was...
- Madimchetty Satianandam
- Guiry Tatayanaidou
See also
- Yanam MunicipalityYanam MunicipalityMunicipalité de Yanaon was created by a French Metropolitan Decree dated March 12, 1880. Yanaon municipality had 12 seats . Citizens from each ward elect one representative for "Conseil Municipal de Yanaon"...
- Marquis de Bussy-CastelnauMarquis de Bussy-CastelnauCharles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau was the Governor General of the French colony of Pondicherry from 1783 to 1785. He servied with distinction under Joseph François Dupleix in the East Indies, receiving the Order of Saint Louis...
- Pondicherry
- French IndiaFrench IndiaFrench India is a general name for the former French possessions in India These included Pondichéry , Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast, and Chandannagar in Bengal...
- Causes for Liberation of French colonies in IndiaCauses for Liberation of French colonies in IndiaMany interrelated political, cultural, socio-economic and geographical factors contributed to the liberation of French Establishments in India.-Geographical and cultural divergence:...
- Municipal Administration in French IndiaMunicipal Administration in French IndiaThough the French established colonies in India in the 17th century itself, it was not until the end of the 19th century they started civil administration in French India.-French Metropolitan Decree:...
- Coup d'État de YanaonCoup d'état de YanaonThe Coup d'état of Yanaon was an incident which brought interest for both India and France when both governments were in an ongoing negotiations in Delhi and Paris regarding the future of French settlements in India in 1954.Yanam was a predominantly pro-French colony, with staunch pro-French...