Yoseikan Aikido
Encyclopedia
Yoseikan Aikido is the aikido
taught at the Yoseikan
Dojo in Shizuoka
, Japan
, under the direction of Minoru Mochizuki
(望月 稔 Mōchizuki Minoru, 1907–2003).
Mochizuki was a direct student of aikido's founder, Morihei Ueshiba
. He was an uchi deshi (live-in student) from around November 1930, to around August 1931. Mochizuki maintained contact with Ueshiba until the latter's death in 1969.
In the 1970s Yoseikan Aikido was formally organised into Yoseikan Budo
along with the other arts Mochizuki had studied and mastered, including judo
, karate
, Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu
, jujutsu
, kobudo
, iaido
, kendo
, jojutsu, and kempo
. However, some dojos still exist throughout the world that maintain their art as Aikido, and as such, refer to it as Yoseikan Aikido to clandestine and technical degrees.
are also included, including kuzushi (unbalancing), tsukuri (positioning), jita kyoei (mutual welfare and prosperity), sei ryoku zen yo (maximum efficiency).
Due to Mochizuki’s experiences in France in the 1950s he felt that aikido needed a stronger technical basis to ‘meet all challengers.’ In essence all judo techniques can be thought of as Yoseikan Aikido techniques. In reality, this only adds several core judo techniques, such as hip throws, shoulder throws (which exist in other aikido schools), sacrifice throws, and foot sweeps. Some in the aikido community see the ideas of foot sweeps and sacrifice throws as contrary to the core principles of aikido, where balance and being centred are paramount. These techniques, however, do not result in a loss of centre or balance. Fundamentally, the foot sweeping techniques in Yoseikan Aikido are identical to otoshi waza (dropping techniques) in other aikido schools. The use of the foot ensures the technique is effective, even when the opponent is resisting. Less emphasis is then placed on timing, and more importantly, an overcommitted attack is not required. As for sacrifice throws, a fundamental principle used in Yoseikan Aikido is gyokushin, or the spirit of a ball. Even when a ball rolls it maintains its centre, and that is true of the Yoseikan Aikidoka when performing sacrifice throws. You do not need to be on your feet to move spherically, which is important in the application of aikido techniques.
Sincerity is another aspect which greatly influences Yoseikan Aikido. It is for this reason that Yoseikan Aikido includes basics and fundamental kata from karate. This makes sure that uke (the attacker) in Yoseikan is as effective and sincere in attack, as nage (the thrower) will become in defence. Before World War II
, aikido students were required to have previously studied martial arts, and have a letter of reference from their instructor. This meant that all pre-war students already possessed basic skills of uke (the attacker), including falling and striking. Now, aikido may be taken as a first art. Therefore, in Yoseikan students are taught how to attack.
Put simply, the main difference between Yoseikan, and other schools is the way Mochizuki sensei structured his teachings, and hence the way aikido was taught at the Yoseikan. Yoseikan has a very logical structure, which can be seen as a fundamental influence of Jigoro Kano, who stressed the science of judo. More emphasis is placed on fundamentals, such as escaping from a grab. These techniques are typically mentioned in other aikido schools, and are the first part of a locking or throwing technique. However, in Yoseikan Aikido they are drilled and examined as basics. After its construction in 1931, Morihei Ueshiba
visited, supervised, and taught at the Yoseikan
, and Mochizuki was awarded his 8th Dan in the 1950s (10th Dan awarded later by the IMAF with the approval of Kisshomaru Ueshiba
), as well as obtaining scrolls in Aikijujutsu from Ueshiba in the 1930s, hence, his method was approved.
, Jigoro Kano organised (in a formal letter to Ueshiba) for two students to study under him. These two men were, Jiro Takeda and Minoru Mochizuki. With his previous knowledge in judo, jujutsu, kendo and kenjutsu, Mochizuki rapidly progressed under Ueshiba. He was appointed supervisor of the uchi deshi, and also served as a teaching assistant, Ueshiba even suggested that Mochizuki marry his daughter and hence become his successor. Mochizuki was an uchi deshi under Ueshiba for several months. In mid to late 1931, Mochizuki fell ill with pleurisy
and pulmonary tuberculosis. During his 3 month hospital stay the Yoseikan
dojo was constructed for Mochizuki. Ueshiba, who was at the official opening of the Yoseikan in November 1931, regularly taught seminars at the dojo.
In June 1932, Ueshiba awarded Mochizuki with two Daito Ryu scrolls. The first (in Daito Ryu order) was the Hiden Ogi no Koto and the second was the Goshinyo no Te. In Daito Ryu, one learns the Hiden Mokuroku, then the Aiki no Jutsu, then the Hiden Ogi, and then the Goshinyo no Te. After attaining these four levels, the person is then qualified to teach the art. After these levels comes Kaishaku Soden and then finally Menkyo Kaiden. In terms of Daito Ryu, Mochizuki was qualified to teach all that he had learnt up the Goshinyo no Te. It is also worth noting that this is the technical level Ueshiba had achieved in Daito Ryu, although he held the official title Kyoju Dairi in Daito Ryu. This enabled Ueshiba to give instruction and travel to teach as a representative of the headmaster, Sokaku Takeda.
Aikido at the Yoseikan continued to develop until 1972, when after returning from France, Mochizuki had decided to change the name to Yoseikan Budo. This also resulted in technical restructuring and the amalgamation of the once separate arts Mochizuki taught under a single term. The characteristics of Mochizuki's Yoseikan Budo was still in essence aikido, with the addition of more Judo techniques, specifically ground work, the development of more sacrifice throws, and the inclusion Katori Shinto Ryu in higher grades.
Today the Yoseikan in Japan is home to the Seifukai, an organisation headed by Mochizuki's son Tetsuma. They maintain a strong affinity to the primarily aikido based Budo of Minoru Mochizuki.
in Huntsville
, Alabama
, Demizu was a 4th dan in Yoseikan Aikido, mostly trained by Kyoichi Murai, but a direct student and son-in-law of Minoru Mochizuki. When Huntsville officers learned that Demizu was an aikido man, they asked him to begin teaching and he agreed. Among the first students was Thomas E. Bearden (then Captain, US Army—later retired as Lt.Col.). Glenn Pack, now the technical director of the United States Yoseikan Budo Association (USYBA) started training around this time. In February 1974, Pack began teaching Yoseikan Aikido at the University of Alabama
in Tuscaloosa
. Pack continued teaching at the University of Alabama until 1975, when he went to graduate work in Arkansas, leaving the Tuscaloosa class in the hands of Rick Moncrief.
In 1975, Bearden sent a letter to Mochizuki asking for a teacher to be sent to the US. In early 1976, Mochizuki sent Patrick Auge. Auge had lived in Japan for several years, with four years as an uchi deshi at the Yoseikan, and was at the time a 4th dan. Auge settled in Ottawa
, Ontario
in Canada
. He oversaw the already established Yoseikan in the US and began teaching in Canada, with two clubs in Ottawa. Currently there are 8 schools listed under the International Yoseikan Budo Federation (IYBF) in Canada and the US, most have the word aikido in their title. The IYBF hombu is in Torrance
California
under the direction of Patrick Auge, with two other dojos in the US.
The USYBA, while currently affiliated with the Yoseikan World Federation under Hiroo Mochizuki, still maintains its Yoseikan Aikido like syllabus. The USYBA list seven clubs on their website through the US, some include the term aikido in their title. Another organisation in Canada is called the Canadian Association of Aikido Mochizuki. Although the term Yoseikan Aikido is not used, the origins of their aikido are with Mochizuki from the Yoseikan.
, and the first in the state of Western Australia
. In 1968 a gentleman by the name of Phillipe Boiron began teaching Yoseikan Aikido for Jan de Jong in Perth
, Western Australia. This lead Jan de Jong to travel to Japan in 1969 to train directly under Minoru Mochizuki. In 1974, on an official request from Jan de Jong, Mochizuki dispatched Yoshiaki Unno to Perth to teach Yoseikan Aikido. Unno also taught Iaido, Kobudo and Karate.
Almost half of the aikido schools in Perth had some relationship to this early introduction of Yoseikan Aikido in Perth. The Jan de Jong Martial Arts School continues to teach aikido. Hans de Jong, son of the late Jan de Jong and student of Unno, teaches Yoseikan Aikido and is a Shodan. The aikido branch of the UWA Martial Arts Club started under Unno then continued by his student Brett Nener, 4th Dan in Yoseikan Aikido, is now affiliated with Butoku Ryu Aikijujutsu. Another of Unno's students, Ross Taylor, 4th Dan, heads the West Coast Aikido Academy, and is now affiliated with the Seifukai. John Langley principle of the Institute of Aikido Australia, was also a student of Unno's and teaches with 2nd Dan in Yoseikan Aikido Steven Nener and Darren Edwards.
to start the Yoseikan programs. Kazuo Ishikawa and a Japanese resident in Saigon, Haruye Watanabe, taught Aikido at the invitation of the Cercle Sportif Saigonnaise. Watanabe, a lieutenant in the Japanese Imperial Military Police, had refused to return to his homeland because Japan lost the War. Hi student Ho-Cam-Ngac also spent years training martial arts in Japan during the Second World War. Ngac was also the founder of Yamadakai Martial arts Institute; Ngac received second degree blackbelt in Aikido Yoseikan from Kazuo Ishikawa.
Nguyen-Dang-Duc was one of the early students at the Yoseikan Aikido in Vietnam. He was also a direct student of Watanabe. Nguyen Dang Duc was subsequently awarded a 5th dan and named the head of the "Yoseikan Aikido - Vietnam", by both Ishikawa and Watanabe. Duc also taught Aikido Yoseikan for the Vietnam Air Force
(VNAF) Kamikaze (typhoon)
or Than-Phong Martial Arts academy/club at Tan Son Nhut
. This military affiliation program ceased to exist when the Republic of Vietnam collapsed. In 1985, Mr. Duc started a new class in Sport Club in Nguyen Du str, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City ( H.C.M.C.). Nguyen Dang Duc moved to the United States
in 1986 and passed away in 1991.
Tran-Bao-Loc became head of Vietnam Aikido Yoseikan in 1990. He left Vietnam
and emigrated to the United States. After Loc, Bui Huu Tac became the head of Aikido Yoseikan and Aikijujitsu in Vietnam by a verbal order from Duc.
Yoseikan Aikido from Vietnam also spread to the United States. The first person Vinh Le Van, is believed to have been the first teacher of Yoseikan in the US.
attack is given in parentheses after the translation.
The following is a list of Locks and then throws, again with Aikikai, Yoshinkan
, and Shodokan equivalents in parentheses. Please note that these techniques are used as equivalents to Yoseikan techniques for the benefit of those who study a different school of aikido, and are not meant to equate the techniques of other schools.
, Shodokan)
More techniques exist; the ones listed here have known equivalent techniques in other schools. The Aikikai and Yoshinkan refer to a lot of techniques as Kokyu Nage, a term which is not used in Yoseikan, all techniques have separate names. At higher levels the term Aiki Nage is use to describe throws utilising perfect timing, as Kokyu Nage implies, and it is also the term used in Morihei Ueshiba’s Budo Renshu.
Solo kata;
Paired kata (attacker and defender);
Aikido
is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. Aikido is often translated as "the Way of unifying life energy" or as "the Way of harmonious spirit." Ueshiba's goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to...
taught at the Yoseikan
Yoseikan
is the name given to a dojo built in November 1931 in Shizuoka, Japan.-The Dojo:The brother and friends of Master Minoru Mochizuki built this dojo for him while he was recovering from pleurisy and pulmonary tuberculosis. When the dojo was built, a friend of the Mochizuki family called it Yōseikan...
Dojo in Shizuoka
Shizuoka Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region on Honshu island. The capital is the city of Shizuoka.- History :Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi, Suruga and Izu provinces.The area was the home of the first Tokugawa Shogun...
, Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, under the direction of Minoru Mochizuki
Minoru Mochizuki
was a Japanese martial artist who founded the dojo Yoseikan. He was a 10th dan in Aikido, 9th dan in jujutsu, 8th dan in iaido, 8th dan in judo, 8th dan in kobudo, 5th dan in kendo, 5th dan in karate, and a 5th dan in jojutsu....
(望月 稔 Mōchizuki Minoru, 1907–2003).
Mochizuki was a direct student of aikido's founder, Morihei Ueshiba
Morihei Ueshiba
was a famous martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as "the founder" or , "Great Teacher".-Early years:Morihei Ueshiba was born in Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan on December 14, 1883....
. He was an uchi deshi (live-in student) from around November 1930, to around August 1931. Mochizuki maintained contact with Ueshiba until the latter's death in 1969.
In the 1970s Yoseikan Aikido was formally organised into Yoseikan Budo
Yoseikan Budo
Yoseikan Budo may be classified as a sogo budo form , but is used here to indicate a martial art into which various martial ways have been integrated...
along with the other arts Mochizuki had studied and mastered, including judo
Judo
is a modern martial art and combat sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either throw or takedown one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an...
, karate
Karate
is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands in what is now Okinawa, Japan. It was developed from indigenous fighting methods called and Chinese kenpō. Karate is a striking art using punching, kicking, knee and elbow strikes, and open-handed techniques such as knife-hands. Grappling, locks,...
, Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu
Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu
is one of the oldest extant Japanese martial arts, and an exemplar of koryū bujutsu. The Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū was founded by Iizasa Ienao, born 1387 in Iizasa village , who was living near Katori Shrine at the time...
, jujutsu
Jujutsu
Jujutsu , also known as jujitsu, ju-jitsu, or Japanese jiu-jitsu, is a Japanese martial art and a method of close combat for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon, or only a short weapon....
, kobudo
Okinawan kobudo
Okinawan kobudō is a Japanese term that can be translated as "old martial way of Okinawa"...
, iaido
Iaido
is a modern Japanese martial art associated with the smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard, striking or cutting an opponent, removing blood from the blade, and then replacing the sword in the scabbard...
, kendo
Kendo
, meaning "Way of The Sword", is a modern Japanese martial art of sword-fighting based on traditional Japanese swordsmanship, or kenjutsu.Kendo is a physically and mentally challenging activity that combines strong martial arts values with sport-like physical elements.-Practitioners:Practitioners...
, jojutsu, and kempo
Shorinji Kempo
was established by as a system for self-improvement and training in Japan in 1947 based on Shaolin kungfu ....
. However, some dojos still exist throughout the world that maintain their art as Aikido, and as such, refer to it as Yoseikan Aikido to clandestine and technical degrees.
Summary
Traditionally Yoseikan Aikido contains all the aspects present in other aikido schools, for example ai (harmony), ki (energy), kokyu (breath), seika-no-itten (one point), irimi (entering), and tenkan (turning). Other important aspects from judoJudo
is a modern martial art and combat sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either throw or takedown one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an...
are also included, including kuzushi (unbalancing), tsukuri (positioning), jita kyoei (mutual welfare and prosperity), sei ryoku zen yo (maximum efficiency).
Due to Mochizuki’s experiences in France in the 1950s he felt that aikido needed a stronger technical basis to ‘meet all challengers.’ In essence all judo techniques can be thought of as Yoseikan Aikido techniques. In reality, this only adds several core judo techniques, such as hip throws, shoulder throws (which exist in other aikido schools), sacrifice throws, and foot sweeps. Some in the aikido community see the ideas of foot sweeps and sacrifice throws as contrary to the core principles of aikido, where balance and being centred are paramount. These techniques, however, do not result in a loss of centre or balance. Fundamentally, the foot sweeping techniques in Yoseikan Aikido are identical to otoshi waza (dropping techniques) in other aikido schools. The use of the foot ensures the technique is effective, even when the opponent is resisting. Less emphasis is then placed on timing, and more importantly, an overcommitted attack is not required. As for sacrifice throws, a fundamental principle used in Yoseikan Aikido is gyokushin, or the spirit of a ball. Even when a ball rolls it maintains its centre, and that is true of the Yoseikan Aikidoka when performing sacrifice throws. You do not need to be on your feet to move spherically, which is important in the application of aikido techniques.
Sincerity is another aspect which greatly influences Yoseikan Aikido. It is for this reason that Yoseikan Aikido includes basics and fundamental kata from karate. This makes sure that uke (the attacker) in Yoseikan is as effective and sincere in attack, as nage (the thrower) will become in defence. Before World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, aikido students were required to have previously studied martial arts, and have a letter of reference from their instructor. This meant that all pre-war students already possessed basic skills of uke (the attacker), including falling and striking. Now, aikido may be taken as a first art. Therefore, in Yoseikan students are taught how to attack.
Put simply, the main difference between Yoseikan, and other schools is the way Mochizuki sensei structured his teachings, and hence the way aikido was taught at the Yoseikan. Yoseikan has a very logical structure, which can be seen as a fundamental influence of Jigoro Kano, who stressed the science of judo. More emphasis is placed on fundamentals, such as escaping from a grab. These techniques are typically mentioned in other aikido schools, and are the first part of a locking or throwing technique. However, in Yoseikan Aikido they are drilled and examined as basics. After its construction in 1931, Morihei Ueshiba
Morihei Ueshiba
was a famous martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as "the founder" or , "Great Teacher".-Early years:Morihei Ueshiba was born in Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan on December 14, 1883....
visited, supervised, and taught at the Yoseikan
Yoseikan
is the name given to a dojo built in November 1931 in Shizuoka, Japan.-The Dojo:The brother and friends of Master Minoru Mochizuki built this dojo for him while he was recovering from pleurisy and pulmonary tuberculosis. When the dojo was built, a friend of the Mochizuki family called it Yōseikan...
, and Mochizuki was awarded his 8th Dan in the 1950s (10th Dan awarded later by the IMAF with the approval of Kisshomaru Ueshiba
Kisshomaru Ueshiba
was a prominent Japanese master of aikido. He was the son of Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido, and became the international leader of aikido after his father's death.-Early life:...
), as well as obtaining scrolls in Aikijujutsu from Ueshiba in the 1930s, hence, his method was approved.
History
Japan
In October 1930 after witnessing a demonstration of Morihei UeshibaMorihei Ueshiba
was a famous martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as "the founder" or , "Great Teacher".-Early years:Morihei Ueshiba was born in Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan on December 14, 1883....
, Jigoro Kano organised (in a formal letter to Ueshiba) for two students to study under him. These two men were, Jiro Takeda and Minoru Mochizuki. With his previous knowledge in judo, jujutsu, kendo and kenjutsu, Mochizuki rapidly progressed under Ueshiba. He was appointed supervisor of the uchi deshi, and also served as a teaching assistant, Ueshiba even suggested that Mochizuki marry his daughter and hence become his successor. Mochizuki was an uchi deshi under Ueshiba for several months. In mid to late 1931, Mochizuki fell ill with pleurisy
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs. Among other things, infections are the most common cause of pleurisy....
and pulmonary tuberculosis. During his 3 month hospital stay the Yoseikan
Yoseikan
is the name given to a dojo built in November 1931 in Shizuoka, Japan.-The Dojo:The brother and friends of Master Minoru Mochizuki built this dojo for him while he was recovering from pleurisy and pulmonary tuberculosis. When the dojo was built, a friend of the Mochizuki family called it Yōseikan...
dojo was constructed for Mochizuki. Ueshiba, who was at the official opening of the Yoseikan in November 1931, regularly taught seminars at the dojo.
In June 1932, Ueshiba awarded Mochizuki with two Daito Ryu scrolls. The first (in Daito Ryu order) was the Hiden Ogi no Koto and the second was the Goshinyo no Te. In Daito Ryu, one learns the Hiden Mokuroku, then the Aiki no Jutsu, then the Hiden Ogi, and then the Goshinyo no Te. After attaining these four levels, the person is then qualified to teach the art. After these levels comes Kaishaku Soden and then finally Menkyo Kaiden. In terms of Daito Ryu, Mochizuki was qualified to teach all that he had learnt up the Goshinyo no Te. It is also worth noting that this is the technical level Ueshiba had achieved in Daito Ryu, although he held the official title Kyoju Dairi in Daito Ryu. This enabled Ueshiba to give instruction and travel to teach as a representative of the headmaster, Sokaku Takeda.
Aikido at the Yoseikan continued to develop until 1972, when after returning from France, Mochizuki had decided to change the name to Yoseikan Budo. This also resulted in technical restructuring and the amalgamation of the once separate arts Mochizuki taught under a single term. The characteristics of Mochizuki's Yoseikan Budo was still in essence aikido, with the addition of more Judo techniques, specifically ground work, the development of more sacrifice throws, and the inclusion Katori Shinto Ryu in higher grades.
Today the Yoseikan in Japan is home to the Seifukai, an organisation headed by Mochizuki's son Tetsuma. They maintain a strong affinity to the primarily aikido based Budo of Minoru Mochizuki.
France
In 1951, Mochizuki travelled to France mainly to teach judo, but he also found time to give instruction in aikido and is therefore credited with being the first to disseminate aikido abroad. Europe's introduction to aikido and its association with judo came about directly due to the early activities of Mochizuki. He was to set a pattern that would be repeated in most European countries where aikido would cast its roots within the existing judo community. A large number of early European practitioners were judoka who were past their competitive years and found the graceful techniques of aikido to be a perfect alternative allowing them to continue active martial arts practice. Mochizuki spent a total of two-and-one-half years in France and his efforts sowed the seeds for the development of the world's largest aikido population outside Japan. It is said that today there are more than fifty thousand active practitioners in France!America
The legitimate start of Yoseikan Aikido in the US was through Capt. Sadayuki Demizu of the Japanese Air Self Defense Force. As Liaison Officer for Japanese students at the missile school at Redstone ArsenalRedstone Arsenal
Redstone Arsenal is a United States Army base and a census-designated place adjacent to Huntsville in Madison County, Alabama, United States and is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area...
in Huntsville
Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville is a city located primarily in Madison County in the central part of the far northern region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Huntsville is the county seat of Madison County. The city extends west into neighboring Limestone County. Huntsville's population was 180,105 as of the 2010 Census....
, Alabama
Alabama
Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland...
, Demizu was a 4th dan in Yoseikan Aikido, mostly trained by Kyoichi Murai, but a direct student and son-in-law of Minoru Mochizuki. When Huntsville officers learned that Demizu was an aikido man, they asked him to begin teaching and he agreed. Among the first students was Thomas E. Bearden (then Captain, US Army—later retired as Lt.Col.). Glenn Pack, now the technical director of the United States Yoseikan Budo Association (USYBA) started training around this time. In February 1974, Pack began teaching Yoseikan Aikido at the University of Alabama
University of Alabama
The University of Alabama is a public coeducational university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States....
in Tuscaloosa
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Tuscaloosa is a city in and the seat of Tuscaloosa County in west central Alabama . Located on the Black Warrior River, it is the fifth-largest city in Alabama, with a population of 90,468 in 2010...
. Pack continued teaching at the University of Alabama until 1975, when he went to graduate work in Arkansas, leaving the Tuscaloosa class in the hands of Rick Moncrief.
In 1975, Bearden sent a letter to Mochizuki asking for a teacher to be sent to the US. In early 1976, Mochizuki sent Patrick Auge. Auge had lived in Japan for several years, with four years as an uchi deshi at the Yoseikan, and was at the time a 4th dan. Auge settled in Ottawa
Ottawa
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, the second largest city in the Province of Ontario, and the fourth largest city in the country. The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario...
, Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....
in Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
. He oversaw the already established Yoseikan in the US and began teaching in Canada, with two clubs in Ottawa. Currently there are 8 schools listed under the International Yoseikan Budo Federation (IYBF) in Canada and the US, most have the word aikido in their title. The IYBF hombu is in Torrance
Torrance, California
Torrance is a city incorporated in 1921 and located in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, California, United States. Torrance has of shore-front beaches on the Pacific Ocean, quieter and less well-known by tourists than others on the Santa Monica Bay, such as those of neighboring...
California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
under the direction of Patrick Auge, with two other dojos in the US.
The USYBA, while currently affiliated with the Yoseikan World Federation under Hiroo Mochizuki, still maintains its Yoseikan Aikido like syllabus. The USYBA list seven clubs on their website through the US, some include the term aikido in their title. Another organisation in Canada is called the Canadian Association of Aikido Mochizuki. Although the term Yoseikan Aikido is not used, the origins of their aikido are with Mochizuki from the Yoseikan.
Australia
Yoseikan Aikido was the second school of aikido in AustraliaAustralia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, and the first in the state of Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...
. In 1968 a gentleman by the name of Phillipe Boiron began teaching Yoseikan Aikido for Jan de Jong in Perth
Perth, Western Australia
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia and the fourth most populous city in Australia. The Perth metropolitan area has an estimated population of almost 1,700,000....
, Western Australia. This lead Jan de Jong to travel to Japan in 1969 to train directly under Minoru Mochizuki. In 1974, on an official request from Jan de Jong, Mochizuki dispatched Yoshiaki Unno to Perth to teach Yoseikan Aikido. Unno also taught Iaido, Kobudo and Karate.
Almost half of the aikido schools in Perth had some relationship to this early introduction of Yoseikan Aikido in Perth. The Jan de Jong Martial Arts School continues to teach aikido. Hans de Jong, son of the late Jan de Jong and student of Unno, teaches Yoseikan Aikido and is a Shodan. The aikido branch of the UWA Martial Arts Club started under Unno then continued by his student Brett Nener, 4th Dan in Yoseikan Aikido, is now affiliated with Butoku Ryu Aikijujutsu. Another of Unno's students, Ross Taylor, 4th Dan, heads the West Coast Aikido Academy, and is now affiliated with the Seifukai. John Langley principle of the Institute of Aikido Australia, was also a student of Unno's and teaches with 2nd Dan in Yoseikan Aikido Steven Nener and Darren Edwards.
Vietnamese
In 1960, Kazuo Ishikawa went to Saigon, VietnamVietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
to start the Yoseikan programs. Kazuo Ishikawa and a Japanese resident in Saigon, Haruye Watanabe, taught Aikido at the invitation of the Cercle Sportif Saigonnaise. Watanabe, a lieutenant in the Japanese Imperial Military Police, had refused to return to his homeland because Japan lost the War. Hi student Ho-Cam-Ngac also spent years training martial arts in Japan during the Second World War. Ngac was also the founder of Yamadakai Martial arts Institute; Ngac received second degree blackbelt in Aikido Yoseikan from Kazuo Ishikawa.
Nguyen-Dang-Duc was one of the early students at the Yoseikan Aikido in Vietnam. He was also a direct student of Watanabe. Nguyen Dang Duc was subsequently awarded a 5th dan and named the head of the "Yoseikan Aikido - Vietnam", by both Ishikawa and Watanabe. Duc also taught Aikido Yoseikan for the Vietnam Air Force
Vietnam Air Force
The Vietnam Air Force began with a few hand-picked men chosen to fly alongside French pilots during the State of Vietnam era. It eventually grew into the world’s sixth largest air force at the height of its power, in 1974...
(VNAF) Kamikaze (typhoon)
Kamikaze (typhoon)
The Kamikaze , were two winds or storms that are said to have saved Japan from two Mongol fleets under Kublai Khan. These fleets attacked Japan in 1274 and again in 1281...
or Than-Phong Martial Arts academy/club at Tan Son Nhut
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Tan Son Nhut Air Base was a Republic of Vietnam Air Force facility. It is located near the city of Saigon in southern Vietnam. The United States used it as a major base during the Vietnam War , stationing Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine units there...
. This military affiliation program ceased to exist when the Republic of Vietnam collapsed. In 1985, Mr. Duc started a new class in Sport Club in Nguyen Du str, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City ( H.C.M.C.). Nguyen Dang Duc moved to the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
in 1986 and passed away in 1991.
Tran-Bao-Loc became head of Vietnam Aikido Yoseikan in 1990. He left Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
and emigrated to the United States. After Loc, Bui Huu Tac became the head of Aikido Yoseikan and Aikijujitsu in Vietnam by a verbal order from Duc.
Yoseikan Aikido from Vietnam also spread to the United States. The first person Vinh Le Van, is believed to have been the first teacher of Yoseikan in the US.
Techniques
Technically Yoseikan Aikido is very similar to other aikido styles. The fundamental technique, Ikkyo, is referred to as Robuse, or arm rowing. The majority of other aikido techniques are included in Yoseikan Aikido, although some have different names. The fundamental attack, however, is not shomen uchi, it is an opposite posture single hand grab. Below is a list of common attacks used in Yoseikan, excluding strikes and kicks which encompass all of the basics from karate. An equivalent AikikaiAikikai
The Aikikai is the original school of Aikido. It is centered on the Aikikai Foundation in Japan, and its figurehead is the Doshu . It is represented globally through the International Aikido Federation....
attack is given in parentheses after the translation.
Attacks
Japanese: English (Aikikai equivalent):- Jun katate dori: Normal single hand grip (gyaku hanmi katate dori)
- Dosoku katate dori: Opposite side, single hand (cross) grip (ai hanmi katate dori or kosa dori)
- Gyaku katate dori: Reverse single hand grip (none)
- Ushiro kubi jime katate dori: rear neck strangle and wrist grab (same)
- Ushiro watte kumi tsuki: Rear over arm bear hug (none)
- Ushiro shitate kumi tsuki: Rear under arm bear hug (none)
- Mae ryote ippon dori: Front two hand on one grasp (morote dori)
- Mae ryote dori: Front two hand grasp (ryote dori)
- Ushiro ryote dori: Rear two hand grasp (same)
- Sode dori: Sleeve grasp (same)
- Eri dori: Lapel grasp (mune dori)
- Kata dori: Shoulder grasp (same)
- Ushiro hiji dori: Rear two on two sleeve grasp (ushiro ryo sode dori)
- Ushiro kata dori: Rear two on two shoulder (ushiro ryo kata dori)
- Ushiro eri dori: Rear collar grasp (same)
- Hadaka jime: Naked strangle (ushiro kubi shime)
- Mae kumi tsuki: Tackle (none)
- Eri dori yokomen uchi: Lapel hold side strike
- Eri dori sukiage: lapel hold upper cut
- Mae kubi tsukami shime: front neck strangle (none)
- Mae eri shimeage: Front both hand lapel grab (mune dori)
- Mae kami dori: Front hair grab (none)
- Tsukami kakari: attempted strangle (none)
The following is a list of Locks and then throws, again with Aikikai, Yoshinkan
Yoshinkan
Aikido Yoshinkan is a style of aikido founded by Gozo Shioda after World War II...
, and Shodokan equivalents in parentheses. Please note that these techniques are used as equivalents to Yoseikan techniques for the benefit of those who study a different school of aikido, and are not meant to equate the techniques of other schools.
Locks
Yoseikan: English (Aikikai, YoshinkanYoshinkan
Aikido Yoshinkan is a style of aikido founded by Gozo Shioda after World War II...
, Shodokan)
- Robuse Taoshi: Arm Rowing Takedown (Ikkyo, Ikkajo, Oshi Taoshi)
- Hiji Kudaki: Elbow Smash (Rokkyo, Hiji Shime, Waki Gatame)
- Kote Kudaki: Wrist Smash (Nikyo, Nikajo, Kote Mawashi)
- Yuki Chigai: Under Arm Twist (Sankyo, Sankajo, Kote Hineri)
- Shita Ude Garami: Lower Arm Entanglement (Kata Gatame, - , Ude Hineri)
- Kata Ha Gaeshi: Single Wing Turnover (Kata Gatame, - , Ude Hineri)
- Waki Gatame Hiki Tate: Arm Pit Control ( - , Sankajo Rengyo Ho, - )
- Kannuki Hiki Tate: Bolt Lock Control ( - , Hiki Kime, - )
Throws
Yoseikan: English (Aikikai, Yoshinkan, Shodokan)- Kote Gaeshi: Wrist Turnover (same)
- Tenbin Nage: Yoke Throw ( - , Hiji Ate Kokyu Nage, Mae Otoshi)
- Shiho Nage: Four Corner Throw (same)
- Ue Ude Garami: Upper Arm Entanglement ( -, Ude Garami, Ude Gaeshi)
- Gyaku Kote Gaeshi: Reverse Wrist Turnover (same)
- Mukae Daoshi: Meeting Takedown (Irimi Nage, Shomen Irimi Nage, - )
- Do Gaeshi: Body Overturning (Sayu Nage, Sokumen Irimi Nage, Gyaku Gamae Ate and Gedan Ate)
- Ushiro Kata otoshi: Rear Shoulder Drop (Ushiro Udoroshi, - , Ushiro Ate)
- Ushiro Sumi Otoshi: Rear Corner Drop (Sumi Otoshi, - , Sumi Otoshi)
- Kata Garuma: Shoulder Wheel (Maki Otoshi, - , - )
More techniques exist; the ones listed here have known equivalent techniques in other schools. The Aikikai and Yoshinkan refer to a lot of techniques as Kokyu Nage, a term which is not used in Yoseikan, all techniques have separate names. At higher levels the term Aiki Nage is use to describe throws utilising perfect timing, as Kokyu Nage implies, and it is also the term used in Morihei Ueshiba’s Budo Renshu.
Structure
Below is a list of the technical elements which make up Yoseikan Aikido.- Ukemi: Falling and rolling
- Atemi: Striking methods (karate basics)
- Taisabaki: Body movements (Irimi, etc.)
- Wan Ryoku Yosei: Cultivating energy
- Tehodoki: Hand escapes
- Nigiri Gaeshi: Grip reversals
- Te Waza: Hand techniques
- Uchi Neji Ho: Inward twisting methods (Robuse, Kote Kudaki, Yuki Chigai, etc.)
- Soto Neji Ho: Outer twisting methods (Kote Gaeshi, Shiho Nage, etc.)
- Chokutai Ho: Straight line body methods (Mukae Daoshi, Do Gaeshi, etc.)
- Ude Dori Ho: Arm grabbing methods (Seoi Nage, Ushiro Sumi Otoshi, etc.)
- Ashi Dori Ho: Leg seizing methods (using the hand to grab the leg, e.g. kicking techniques)
- Ashi Waza: Foot techniques (sweeps and reaps from Judo)
- Koshi Waza: Hip techniques (from Judo)
- Sutemi Waza: Sacrifice techniques
- Han Sutemi Waza: Half sacrifice techniques (tori kneels)
- Yoko Sutemi Waza: Side sacrifice techniques (tori lies on side)
- Ma Sutemi Waza: Flat sacrifice techniques (tori lies on back)
- Kime Waza: Restraining Techniques
- Osae Komi: Ground work (from judo)
- Shime Waza: Choking techniques
- Kansetsu Waza: Joint pins
- Kaeshi Waza: Counter techniques
- Renzoku Waza: Combinations and continuation Techniques
- Emono Dori: Weapon taking
- Tanto Dori: Knife taking
- Tachi Dori: Sword taking
- Bo Dori: Staff taking
- Randori:
- Shite Randori: Fixed combat (two attackers, set attack and defence)
- Jyu Randori: Free combat (two attackers, any attack and defence)
- Chigara Randori: Power combat (knife and stick fighting)
- Suwari Waza: Seated techniques
- Han Suwari Waza: Half seated techniques
- Ninin Dori Sanin Dori: 2 person & 3 person grab
- Kenjutsu: Sword Work
- Suburi: Practice cuts
- Kumitachi: Paired sword forms
- Kenjutsu Kata: Sword forms
- Tachi Iai: Standing sword drawing
- Suwari Iai: Kneeling sword drawing
- Kata: Solo (striking) and paired (techniques) forms
Kata
Below is a list of Yoseikan Aikido Kata, and the techniques in them.Solo kata;
- Happo Ken no Kata: Form of Eight Fists
- The Happo Ken no Kata contains the fundamental striking and blocking techniques. Originally, the kata was made up of the following movements; 1) soto yoko uke, 2) hiji ate, 3) gedan barai, 4) gedan tsuki, 5) soto barai, 6) chudan tsuki, 7) gedan tsuki uke, 8) jodan tsuki age. The modern version of happo ken has two differences; 4) kubi uchi, 8) hiji ago tsuki age. The kata is said to have come from Shorinji KempoShorinji Kempowas established by as a system for self-improvement and training in Japan in 1947 based on Shaolin kungfu ....
, which Mochizuki studied while in MongoliaMongoliaMongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
.- Keri Yon Ho no Kata: Form of Four Kicks
- The Keri Yon Ho no Kata compliments the happo ken, in that it teaches the basic kicking techniques. The kata contains the following movements; 1) mae geri, 2) yoko geri, 3) ushiro geri, 4) mawashi geri. An older version of the kata, call San Bo Geri no Kata, contains only the first three kicks. Another version of the kata, Keri Go Ho no Kata. also includes; 5) ushiro mawashi geri.
Paired kata (attacker and defender);
- Ken Tai Ichi no Kata: Form of Sword and Body as One (sword attack - sword defence; sword attack - sword taking; attack - defence)
- Tsuki - Maki Uchi Kote; Tsuki - Hiji Kudaki; Oitsuki - Hiji Kudaki
- Kote Uchi - Hari Gaeshi Kote Uchi; Kote Giri - Kote Kudaki; Dosoku Katate Dori - Kote Kudaki
- Tsuki - Kubi Suri Komi; Tsuki - Mukae Daoshi; Oitsuki - Mukae Daoshi
- Kubi Giri - Kote Age Kata Uchi; Kubi Giri - Tenbin Nage; Yokomen Uchi - Tenbin Nage
- Maki Uchi Men - Suri Age Do Uchi Ushiro Kata Uchi; Maki Uchi Men - Shiho Nage; Shomen Uchi - Shiho Nage
- The Ken Tai Ichi no Kata illustrates the idea that aikido is based on Muto Ryu Kenjutsu. The first part of the five techniques, sword verses sword, demonstrates the kenjutsu form. The second part, sword taking, shows what Mochizuki refers to as the jujutsu forms. Finally, the empty hand techniques are the aikido forms.
- Jutsuri no Kata: Forms of Soft Catch (attack - defence)
- Mae Ryote Dori - Do Gaeshi
- Eri Dori Yokomen Uchi - Hachi Mawashi
- Ushiro Kubi Jime Kata Te Dori - Tenbin Nage
- Mae Kumi Tsuki - Kata Ha Otoshi
- Tsuhari - Hazu Oshi Sutemi
- Taisabaki no Kata: Forms of Body Movement (body movement - inside or outside - technique)
- Nagashi - Soto - Hiki Otoshi
- Nagashi - Uchi - Kubi Otoshi
- Hiraki - Soto - Waki Tori
- Hiraki - Uchi - Hiza Oshi Taoshi
- Irimi - Soto - Mukae Daoshi
- Irimi - Uchi - Ko Uchi Gari
- Irimi Senkai - Soto - O Soto Gari
- Irimi Senkai - Uchi - Kata Guruma
- O Irimi Senkai - O Irimi Senkai Ude Domoe
- The Taisabaki no Kata demonstrates the use of body movement, with the judo principles of kuzushi (unbalancing), tsukuri (positioning), and gake (throwing). The kata shows how these principles relate to the aikido techniques performed.
- Hyori no Kata: Form of Escapes and Counters
- Eri Dori Yokomen Uchi
- Ushiro Kubi Jime Kata Te Dori
- Yuki Chigai
- Hiji Kudaki
- Robuse
- Do Gaeshi
- Gyaku Tsuki
- Shiho Nage
- Tenbin Nage
- Mukae Daoshi
- Kata Ha Otoshi
- Kata Guruma
- The Hyori no Kata (lit. Form of Front and Back) demonstrates counter techniques, which have been removed from some aikido schools. The rolls of attacker and defender are continuously being changed. The first attacker, performing eri dori yokomen uchi, escapes the second attack, ushiro kubi jime kata te dori, with yuki chigai. The switching of rolls continues through the kata until the final technique, were the initial defender escapes kata ha otoshi to finally throw the attacker with kata garuma.
- Shime Waza Kime no Kata: Form of Chokes
- Kansetsu Waza Kime no Kata: Form of Joint Locks
- Sutemi Waza no Kata: Form of Sacrifice Throws
Organisations
- Canadian Association of Aikido Mochizuki
- Yoseikan Aikido in Mississauga, Canada
- Germany Association of Aikido Mochizuki
- International Federation of Nippon Budo
- International Yoseikan Budo Federation
- United States Yoseikan Budo Association
- Yoseikan Hombu Dojo
- Yoseikan Japan official web site
- Yoseikan World Federation
- Dutch Yoseikan Organisation
- Aikido Global Network