Yves Chauvin
Encyclopedia
Yves Chauvin is a French
chemist
and Nobel Prize
laureate. He is honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole
and a member of the French Academy of Science. Chauvin received his degree from the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics
in 1954.
He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
, along with Robert H. Grubbs
and Richard R. Schrock
, for his work from the early 1970s in the area of olefin metathesis
. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his award and initially indicated that he may not accept it. He did however receive his award from the King of Sweden and deliver his Nobel lecture.
Metathesis
involves organic (carbon-based) compounds. Nearly all organic molecules consist of chains, rings, or more complex frameworks of carbon atoms to which atoms of other elements can be attached. Single, double, or triple chemical bonds connect the atoms in these molecules. Double bonds are much stronger than single bonds, making it difficult for chemists to break double bonds to form new compounds. In metathesis, chemists break double bonds more easily by introducing a catalyst—that is, a substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction. Chemists began performing metathesis in the 1950s without knowing exactly how the reaction worked. This lack of understanding hindered the search for more efficient catalysts.
In 1971, Chauvin explained metathesis in detail. He showed that the reaction involves two double bonds. One of the double bonds connects two parts of an organic molecule. The other double bond connects a metal-based catalyst to a fragment of an organic molecule. In metathesis, these two double bonds combine and split to make four single bonds. The single bonds form a ring that connects the metal catalyst, the organic fragment, and the two parts of the organic molecule. The metal catalyst then breaks off from the ring, carrying away part of the organic molecule. This process leaves the fragment attached to the remainder of the organic molecule with a double bond, forming a new organic compound. Scholars have compared this reaction to a dance in which two sets of partners join hands to form a ring and then split apart again to form two new partnerships.
Chauvin’s description of metathesis led Grubbs and Schrock to develop catalysts that carried out the reaction more efficiently. The three chemists’ work has enabled manufacturers to make organic compounds, including some plastics and medicines, using fewer harmful and expensive chemicals.
Chauvin was born October 10, 1930, in France. In 1954, he earned a master’s degree from the Lyon School of Industrial Chemistry (now known as the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics, and Electronics). In 1960, Chauvin began working for the French Petroleum Institute in Rueil-Malmaison. He became honorary director of research there following his retirement from the institute in 1995. Chauvin also serves as an emeritus (retired) director of research at the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics, and Electronics.
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
chemist
Chemist
A chemist is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties such as density and acidity. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms...
and Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
laureate. He is honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole
Institut français du pétrole
The French Institute of Petroleum is a public research organisation in France founded in 1944 as Institute of Oil, Fuels and Lubricants ....
and a member of the French Academy of Science. Chauvin received his degree from the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics
CPE Lyon
École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon or CPE Lyon is a french engineering school.It is located in Villeurbanne, near Lyon.CPE Lyon offers a high level of teaching in two different disciplines :...
in 1954.
He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature,...
, along with Robert H. Grubbs
Robert H. Grubbs
Robert Howard Grubbs is an American chemist and Nobel laureate.As he noted in his official Nobel Prize autobiography, "In some places, my birthplace is listed as Calvert City and in others Possum Trot [NB: both in Marshall County]...
and Richard R. Schrock
Richard R. Schrock
Richard Royce Schrock is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry.-Biography:...
, for his work from the early 1970s in the area of olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis or transalkylidenation is an organic reaction that entails redistribution of alkylene fragments by the scission of carbon - carbon double bonds in olefins . Its advantages include the creation of fewer sideproducts and hazardous wastes. Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R...
. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his award and initially indicated that he may not accept it. He did however receive his award from the King of Sweden and deliver his Nobel lecture.
Metathesis
Metathesis
Metathesis may refer to:* Metathesis , in phonology, a sound change that alters the order of phonemes in a word...
involves organic (carbon-based) compounds. Nearly all organic molecules consist of chains, rings, or more complex frameworks of carbon atoms to which atoms of other elements can be attached. Single, double, or triple chemical bonds connect the atoms in these molecules. Double bonds are much stronger than single bonds, making it difficult for chemists to break double bonds to form new compounds. In metathesis, chemists break double bonds more easily by introducing a catalyst—that is, a substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction. Chemists began performing metathesis in the 1950s without knowing exactly how the reaction worked. This lack of understanding hindered the search for more efficient catalysts.
In 1971, Chauvin explained metathesis in detail. He showed that the reaction involves two double bonds. One of the double bonds connects two parts of an organic molecule. The other double bond connects a metal-based catalyst to a fragment of an organic molecule. In metathesis, these two double bonds combine and split to make four single bonds. The single bonds form a ring that connects the metal catalyst, the organic fragment, and the two parts of the organic molecule. The metal catalyst then breaks off from the ring, carrying away part of the organic molecule. This process leaves the fragment attached to the remainder of the organic molecule with a double bond, forming a new organic compound. Scholars have compared this reaction to a dance in which two sets of partners join hands to form a ring and then split apart again to form two new partnerships.
Chauvin’s description of metathesis led Grubbs and Schrock to develop catalysts that carried out the reaction more efficiently. The three chemists’ work has enabled manufacturers to make organic compounds, including some plastics and medicines, using fewer harmful and expensive chemicals.
Chauvin was born October 10, 1930, in France. In 1954, he earned a master’s degree from the Lyon School of Industrial Chemistry (now known as the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics, and Electronics). In 1960, Chauvin began working for the French Petroleum Institute in Rueil-Malmaison. He became honorary director of research there following his retirement from the institute in 1995. Chauvin also serves as an emeritus (retired) director of research at the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics, and Electronics.
Publications
- A. Martinato, Y. Chauvin, G. Lefebvre, Kinetic aspects of the "period of adjustment" during polymerization (of propylene) with titanium trichloride-triethylaluminium, Compt. Rend. 1964, 258(17), 4271-4273.
- M. Uchino, Y. Chauvin, G. Lefebvre, Dimerization of propylene by nickel complexes, Compt. Rend. C 1967, 265(2), 103-106.
- J. L. Herisson, Y. Chauvin, Catalysis of olefin transformations by tungsten complexes. II. Telomerization of cyclic olefins in the presence of acyclic olefins, Makromol. Chem. 1971, 141, 161-176. (Dieser Artikel wird aufgrund eines typographischen Fehlers in der Orginalpublikation gelegentlich mit 1970 als Jahr der Veröffentlichung zitiert.)
- Y. Chauvin, B. Gilbert, I. Guibard, Catalytic dimerization of alkenes by nickel complexes in organochloroaluminate molten salts, Chem. Comm. 1990, 23, 1715-1716.
- L. Magna, G. P. Niccolai, Y. Chauvin, J.-M. Basset, The importance of imidazolium substituents in the use of imidazolium based room temperature ionic liquids as solvents for palladium catalyzed telomerization of butadiene with methanol, Organometallics 2003, 22(22), 4418 – 4425.