École Centrale Paris
Encyclopedia
École Centrale Paris is a French university-level institution (grande école
Grandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...

) in the field of engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...

. It is also known by its original name École centrale des arts et manufactures, or ECP. Founded in 1829, it is one of the oldest and most prestigious engineering schools in France and has the special status of Grand établissement. École Centrale Paris offers graduate degree programs as well as PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...

 opportunities.

École Centrale Paris is one of the Centrale Graduate Schools associated as the Groupe Centrale network with its sister institutions (Lille
École Centrale de Lille
Located in the campus of the University of Lille in France, École Centrale de Lille is a renowned Graduate Engineering school, with roots back to 1854 as the École des arts industriels et des mines de Lille, re-organised in 1872 as Institut industriel du Nord.It is one of the Centrale Graduate...

, Lyon
École Centrale de Lyon
The École Centrale de Lyon, founded in 1857, is one of the oldest universities in France. It is considered as one of the most prestigious French Grandes écoles of engineering continuously ranking as one of the Top 6 French Engineering research institutions for the post Bachelor study...

, Marseille
École centrale de Marseille
The École centrale de Marseille is a Grande école of engineering in Marseille, France, that was created in 2006 by the merging of different previous institutions established in the late 19th century in Marseille, and that implements a Centralien educational Programme for engineers, similar to the...

, Nantes
École Centrale de Nantes
École Centrale de Nantes is one of the French Grandes écoles of engineering.-Location:The Ecole Centrale de Nantes is located in Nantes, France . Nantes is only at two hours by train from Paris...

 and Beijing
École centrale de Pékin
In 2005, Centrale Graduate School, as a French University-grade Grandes écoles of engineering, helped to open École centrale de Pékin, a new educational partner of their network supporting the Centralien engineering curriculum, at Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in...

).

It was the founding party in 1988 of the TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe
Top Industrial Managers for Europe
Top Industrial Managers for Europe is a network of more than fifty engineering schools and faculties and technical universities....

) network, that enables student exchanges among leading European engineering schools. It is also a member of the UniverSud Paris
UniverSud Paris
UniverSud Paris is one of the PRES ) in France. It gathers 21 Public universities, Grandes Écoles and National Research Center, covering nearly the whole spectrum of sciences .-History:...

 and the CESAER
CESAER Association
The Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research is a non-profit association of leading engineering universities in Europe. CESAER was set up on May 10, 1990, with headquarters in Leuven, Belgium...

 association of European engineering schools.

Location

École Centrale Paris is located in Châtenay-Malabry
Châtenay-Malabry
Châtenay-Malabry is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.8 km from the center of Paris.The commune includes the valley la vallée aux loups with green forests and pretty houses including the estate of French writer Chateaubriand. It also includes the Butte...

, Hauts-de-Seine
Hauts-de-Seine
Hauts-de-Seine is designated number 92 of the 101 départements in France. It is part of the Île-de-France region, and covers the western inner suburbs of Paris...

, a southern suburb of Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 (in the Île-de-France
Île-de-France (région)
Île-de-France is the wealthiest and most populated of the twenty-two administrative regions of France, composed mostly of the Paris metropolitan area....

 region), next to the Parc de Sceaux
Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
Sceaux is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris.-Wealth:Sceaux is famous for the Château of Sceaux, set in its large park , designed by André Le Nôtre, measuring...

 and its Château de Sceaux
Château de Sceaux
The Château de Sceaux is a grand country house in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, not far from Paris, France. Located in a park laid out by André Le Nôtre, it houses the Musée de l’Île-de-France, a museum of local history. The former château was built for Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's minister of...

.

History

The École was founded in 1829 on a private initiative by Alphonse Lavallée
Alphonse Lavallée
Alphonse Lavallée is the founder of the École Centrale Paris, a French Grande École.He was born in 1791 in Savigné-l'Évêque . He became a businessman in the region of Nantes...

, who became its first president, and three scientist associates: Eugène Peclet
Jean Claude Eugène Péclet
Jean Claude Eugène Péclet was a French physicist.He was born in Besançon, France.Péclet became, in 1812, one of the first students of the École Normale in Paris with Gay-Lussac and Dulong being his professors. In 1816, he was elected professor at the Collège de Marseille and taught physical...

, Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Jean Baptiste André Dumas was a French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities...

, and Théodore Olivier. The founding vision was to educate multidisciplinary engineers for the emerging industrial sector. The institution was offered to the French state
Sovereign state
A sovereign state, or simply, state, is a state with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is neither...

 in 1857 by its creator, Alphonse Lavallée
Alphonse Lavallée
Alphonse Lavallée is the founder of the École Centrale Paris, a French Grande École.He was born in 1791 in Savigné-l'Évêque . He became a businessman in the region of Nantes...

.

Initially located in the Hôtel de Juigné (now Hôtel Salé and home to the Musée Picasso
Musée Picasso
The Musée Picasso is an art gallery located in the Hôtel Salé in rue de Thorigny, in the Marais district of Paris dedicated to the work of the artist Pablo Picasso .-Building:...

), it was transferred to rue Montgolfier in 1884, where it stayed until 1969. Its current location neighbours the Parc de Sceaux.

Former location of the École centrale, rue Montgolfier in Paris (3rd arrondissement
Arrondissements of Paris
The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux administrative districts, more simply referred to as arrondissements . These are not to be confused with departmental arrondissements, which subdivide the 101 French départements...

)


The Centralien Programme

The centralien Program is the original and main programme offered by the École. It is quite different from typical university or college studies; and specific to the French system of grandes écoles. Studies go beyond the undergraduate level and the engineering degree of École centrale Paris (Ingénieur centralien or “centralien engineer”) is equivalent to a Master of Science
Master of Science
A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences including the social sciences.-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay:...

. The curriculum is similar to those offered at other French grandes écoles
Grandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...

, such as École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique
The École Polytechnique is a state-run institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, Essonne, France, near Paris. Polytechnique is renowned for its four year undergraduate/graduate Master's program...

, École des Mines de Paris, École Supérieure d'Électricité (Supélec), or École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées.

According to the magazine L'Etudiant, the ECP is ranked 2nd in the top-list of French engineering schools, ahead of more than 200.

The class of 2008 is about 450 students.

Admission

Most of the students are admitted after two to three years of classes préparatoires
Classe Préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles
The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles , commonly called classes prépas or prépas, are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist in two very selective years , acting as a prep course with the main goal of training undergraduate students for enrolment in one of the...

, which correspond to two years of post high-school education with heavy emphasis on Math and Physics (freshman
Freshman
A freshman or fresher is a first-year student in secondary school, high school, or college. The term first year can also be used as a noun, to describe the students themselves A freshman (US) or fresher (UK, India) (or sometimes fish, freshie, fresher; slang plural frosh or freshmeat) is a...

 and sophomore years at US universities). At the end of the second year (“Mathématiques spéciales”) students can take a nation-wide competitive entrance examination for the grandes écoles
Grandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...

, including École centrale Paris. The ECP recruits among the top 6% of the students in classes préparatoires, who represent 4% of higher education students, which makes it a selective and prestigious institution.
A few students come from French top universities after completing three years of post high-school education.
A significative contingent of students also comes from leading international universities which belong to the TIME network
Top Industrial Managers for Europe
Top Industrial Managers for Europe is a network of more than fifty engineering schools and faculties and technical universities....

 (Top Industrial Managers for Europe).

Curriculum

Education at the ECP is multidisciplinary and typically lasts three to four years. During the first year (Tronc Commun, or “Common Trunk”), students are required to take classes in science (Mathematics, Physics, Biology); in engineering (Continuum Mechanics, Heat transfer, Digital image processing, Computer programming,…) and in social sciences (Economics, Management, foreign languages,…). After this year of “Tronc commun”, students choose all their course in a list respecting expectations from the administration. An excellent level in sciences is required. Then in the third year, students chose a major in a particular field which they study for one year and a half to two years. After completing these 3 years and a half to four years of education, they receive the degree of “Ingénieur des arts et manufactures”, more commonly called “ingénieur centralien”.

National and international ties

The École centrale Paris belongs to the French intergroupe des écoles centrales, together with École centrale de Lyon
École Centrale de Lyon
The École Centrale de Lyon, founded in 1857, is one of the oldest universities in France. It is considered as one of the most prestigious French Grandes écoles of engineering continuously ranking as one of the Top 6 French Engineering research institutions for the post Bachelor study...

, École centrale de Lille
École Centrale de Lille
Located in the campus of the University of Lille in France, École Centrale de Lille is a renowned Graduate Engineering school, with roots back to 1854 as the École des arts industriels et des mines de Lille, re-organised in 1872 as Institut industriel du Nord.It is one of the Centrale Graduate...

, École centrale de Nantes
École Centrale de Nantes
École Centrale de Nantes is one of the French Grandes écoles of engineering.-Location:The Ecole Centrale de Nantes is located in Nantes, France . Nantes is only at two hours by train from Paris...

, École centrale de Marseille
École centrale de Marseille
The École centrale de Marseille is a Grande école of engineering in Marseille, France, that was created in 2006 by the merging of different previous institutions established in the late 19th century in Marseille, and that implements a Centralien educational Programme for engineers, similar to the...

 and École centrale de Pékin
École centrale de Pékin
In 2005, Centrale Graduate School, as a French University-grade Grandes écoles of engineering, helped to open École centrale de Pékin, a new educational partner of their network supporting the Centralien engineering curriculum, at Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in...

 (Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...

).

Since 1837, the school has built important international ties with several world-renowned universities.

Students come from around the world to study for several years on the school campus. École Centrale students may also obtain a “double degree” at one of the partner schools, depending on the school, field of study, and degree type.

Furthermore, the École is one of the founding members of the TIME
Top Industrial Managers for Europe
Top Industrial Managers for Europe is a network of more than fifty engineering schools and faculties and technical universities....

 (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) network.

Research

The ECP hosts eight laboratories:

The graduate school

In addition to the centralien training, the École centrale Paris offers a broad range of master's programs in science and engineering (1 year- or 2 year-programs). These programmes are open to applicants having completed their undergraduate studies at other institutions.

The ECP also has a Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...

 programme for students with a master's level. More than 200 doctoral candidates work in one of the 8 laboratories of the school.

Alumni


They include:
  • Gustave Eiffel
    Gustave Eiffel
    Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French structural engineer from the École Centrale Paris, an architect, an entrepreneur and a specialist of metallic structures...

     (1855), designer of the Eiffel Tower
    Eiffel Tower
    The Eiffel Tower is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world...

     and the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty
    Statue of Liberty
    The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886...

  • William Le Baron Jenney
    William Le Baron Jenney
    William Le Baron Jenney was an American architect and engineer who became known as the Father of the American skyscraper.- Life and career :...

     (1856), architect of the first Chicago
    Chicago
    Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...

     building
  • Georges Leclanché
    Georges Leclanché
    Georges Leclanché was a French electrical engineer chiefly remembered for his invention of the Leclanché cell, one of the first modern electrical batteries and the forerunner of the modern dry cell battery.-Biography:...

     (1860), created the Leclanché cell
    Leclanché cell
    Georges Leclanché invented and patented his battery, the Leclanché cell, in 1866. The battery contained a conducting solution of ammonium chloride, a cathode of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide, and an anode of zinc...

  • Émile Levassor and René Panhard (1864), founders of the first automobile manufacturing company, Panhard et Levassor
    Panhard
    Panhard is currently a French manufacturer of light tactical and military vehicles. Its current incarnation was formed by the acquisition of Panhard by Auverland in 2005. Panhard had been under Citroën ownership, then PSA , for 40 years...

  • André Michelin
    André Michelin
    André Jules Michelin was aFrench industrialist who, with his brother Édouard , founded the Michelin Tyre Company in 1888 in the French city of Clermont-Ferrand.In 1900, André Michelin published the first Michelin Guide, the purpose of which was to promote tourism by car,...

     (1877), founder of Michelin
    Michelin
    Michelin is a tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France. It is one of the two largest tyre manufacturers in the world along with Bridgestone. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal tyre brands...

  • Louis Blériot
    Louis Blériot
    Louis Charles Joseph Blériot was a French aviator, inventor and engineer. In 1909 he completed the first flight across a large body of water in a heavier-than-air craft, when he crossed the English Channel. For this achievement, he received a prize of £1,000...

     (1895), aviation pioneer, first pilot to cross the Channel
  • Armand Peugeot
    Armand Peugeot
    Armand Peugeot was a French industrialist, pioneer of the automobile industry and the founder of the French firm Peugeot.-Family:...

     (1895), founder of automobile maker Peugeot (Peugeot PSA
    Peugeot
    Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën, the second largest carmaker based in Europe.The family business that precedes the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Emile Peugeot applied for the lion...

    )
  • Solomon Lefschetz
    Solomon Lefschetz
    Solomon Lefschetz was an American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.-Life:...

    , American mathematician (1905)
  • Pierre-Georges Latécoère
    Pierre-Georges Latécoère
    Pierre-Georges Latécoère was a pioneer of aeronautics. Born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, he studied in the École Centrale Paris and, after the First World War, started a business in aeronautics. He directed plants that made planes and opened the first airlines that operated from France to Africa and...

     (1906), aeronautics pioneer, founder of Latécoère and L'Aéropostale
    Aéropostale (aviation)
    Aéropostale was a pioneering aviation company. It was founded in 1918 in Toulouse, France, as Société des lignes Latécoère, also known as Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère or simply "The Line" .- History :Aéropostale founder Pierre-Georges Latécoère envisioned an air route connecting France to the...

     (one of the founding companies of Air France
    Air France
    Air France , stylised as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France, , and is one of the world's largest airlines. It is a subsidiary of the Air France-KLM Group and a founding member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance...

    )
  • Marcel Schlumberger
    Schlumberger brothers
    Conrad Schlumberger and Marcel Schlumberger were brothers from the Alsace region in France...

     (1907), co-founder of Schlumberger Limited
  • Etienne Oehmichen
    Etienne Oehmichen
    Étienne Oehmichen was a French engineer and helicopter designer....

    , pioneer of helicopters (1908)
  • Boris Vian
    Boris Vian
    Boris Vian was a French polymath: writer, poet, musician, singer, translator, critic, actor, inventor and engineer. He is best remembered today for his novels. Those published under the pseudonym Vernon Sullivan were bizarre parodies of criminal fiction, highly controversial at the time of their...

     (1942), writer
  • Mehdi Bazargan
    Mehdi Bazargan
    Mehdi Bazargan was a prominent Iranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Iran's interim government, making him Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. He was the head of the first engineering department of Tehran University...

    , former Iran
    Iran
    Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

    ian Prime Minister
    Prime minister
    A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...

  • Francis Bouygues (1947), founder of Bouygues
    Bouygues
    Bouygues S.A. is a French industrial group headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Bouygues is listed on Euronext Paris exchange and is a blue chip in the CAC 40 stock market index. The company was founded in 1952 by Francis Bouygues and since 1989 has been led by his son Martin...

  • Gérard Pélisson (1955), founder of the Accor
    Accor
    Accor is Europe's leading hotel group , part of the CAC 40 index , and operates in over 90 countries. Headquartered in Courcouronnes, Essonne, France, near Évry, France, the group owns, operates and franchises 4,229 hotels ranging from economy to luxury on five continents .Previously, the group...

     group (Novotel, Sofitel, Mercure, and All Seasons hotels)
  • Guy Lebègue
    Guy Lebègue
    Guy Lebègue, is a French engineer in the space domain, graduated from École centrale Paris, alumni 1962.He is the inventor of the name Spacebus, the largest series of European communications satellite sold all over the world, with a total business revenue over 8 G€ .-Short Biography:During his 18...

     (1962), inventor of the Spacebus
    Spacebus
    Spacebus is a satellite bus produced at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center in France by Thales Alenia Space. Spacebuses are typically used for geostationary communications satellites, and fifty-two have been launched since development started in the 1980s. Spacebus was originally produced by...

     name
  • Robert Peugeot
    Peugeot
    Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën, the second largest carmaker based in Europe.The family business that precedes the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Emile Peugeot applied for the lion...

    , Peugeot
    Peugeot
    Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën, the second largest carmaker based in Europe.The family business that precedes the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Emile Peugeot applied for the lion...

     holding president
  • Antoine (1966), singer
  • Henri Gouraud
    Henri Gouraud
    Henri Gouraud may refer to:*Henri Gouraud *Henri Gouraud...

     (1967), computer scientist
  • Benoît Potier
    Benoît Potier
    Benoît Potier is a French businessman and economist. Potier is a graduate of the École Centrale Paris, a prominent engineering school, has been CEO of the French multinational industrial gas company Air Liquide since 2001. Potier also holds an MBA from INSEAD....

     (1979), CEO of Air Liquide
    Air Liquide
    L'Air Liquide S.A., or Air Liquide , is a major French company supplying industrial gases and services to various industries including medical, chemical and electronic manufacturers. Founded in 1902, it is first in the world market in its field, now operating in over 80 countries. It is...

  • Bernard Liautaud (1984), founder of Business Objects
  • Édouard Michelin (born 1963)
    Édouard Michelin (born 1963)
    Édouard Michelin , was managing partner and co-chief executive of the Michelin Group. He was the great-grandson of Édouard Michelin , a co-founder of the company....

     (1987), former CEO of Michelin
    Michelin
    Michelin is a tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France. It is one of the two largest tyre manufacturers in the world along with Bridgestone. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal tyre brands...

  • Driss Ben-Brahim
    Driss Ben-Brahim
    Driss Ben-Brahim is a Moroccan-Austrian proprietary trader, employed by London-based GLG Partners, since 2008.-Career:Ben-Brahim was educated at the École centrale Paris and INSEAD....

     (1987), trader in London
    London
    London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

     expected to have received the largest bonus in the City's history
  • Charles Beigbeder (1988), CEO of Poweo
  • François Goulard
    François Goulard
    François Goulard is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Morbihan department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.-References:...

     (1976), French delegate minister for research (2005–2007)

Notable faculty

They include:
  • Eugène Péclet, physicist, gave his name to the Péclet number
    Péclet number
    The Péclet number is a dimensionless number relevant in the study of transport phenomena in fluid flows. It is named after the French physicist Jean Claude Eugène Péclet. It is defined to be the ratio of the rate of advection of a physical quantity by the flow to the rate of diffusion of the same...

  • Jean Baptiste Dumas, chemist
  • Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis, gave his name to the Coriolis effect
    Coriolis effect
    In physics, the Coriolis effect is a deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the right...

  • Jean-Daniel Colladon
    Jean-Daniel Colladon
    Jean-Daniel Colladon was a Swiss physicist.- Life and work :Colladon studied law but then worked in the laboratories of Ampère and Fourier. He received an Académie des Sciences award with his friend Charles Sturm for their measurement of the speed of sound and the breaking up of water jets...

    , Swiss engineer and physicist
  • Anselme Payen
    Anselme Payen
    Anselme Payen was a French chemist known for discovering the enzyme diastase, and the carbohydrate cellulose.Payen was born in Paris...

    , chemist, discovered the first enzyme
    Enzyme
    Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...

  • Mathematicians Joseph Liouville
    Joseph Liouville
    - Life and work :Liouville graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1827. After some years as an assistant at various institutions including the Ecole Centrale Paris, he was appointed as professor at the École Polytechnique in 1838...

    , Émile Picard, Paul Appell and Jacques Hadamard
    Jacques Hadamard
    Jacques Salomon Hadamard FRS was a French mathematician who made major contributions in number theory, complex function theory, differential geometry and partial differential equations.-Biography:...

  • Raymond Barre
    Raymond Barre
    Raymond Octave Joseph Barre was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs under three Presidents and later served as Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981...

     (Vice-president of the European Commission
    European Commission
    The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union....

     in the 1960s and French prime minister in the 1970s) was professor of economics in the 1960s
  • Sébastien Candel, foreign member of the American National Academy of Engineering
    National Academy of Engineering
    The National Academy of Engineering is a government-created non-profit institution in the United States, that was founded in 1964 under the same congressional act that led to the founding of the National Academy of Sciences...

     and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
    American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
    The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics is the professional society for the field of aerospace engineering. The AIAA was founded in 1963 from the merger of two earlier societies: the American Rocket Society , founded in 1930 as the American Interplanetary Society , and the Institute...

     fellow

External links


See also

  • Grands établissements
    Grands établissements
    The grands établissements are French public institutions under ministerial charter under the administrative category referred to as Établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel...

  • Education in France
    Education in France
    The French educational system is highly centralized, organized, and ramified. It is divided into three different stages:* the primary education ;* secondary education ;...

  • Grandes écoles
    Grandes écoles
    The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK