Albanian Party of Labour
Encyclopedia
The Party of Labour of Albania (Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSh in Albanian, sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party or Albanian Communist Party) was the sole legal
political party
in Albania during communist rule (1945–1991). It was founded on November 8, 1941 as the Communist Party of Albania (Partia Komuniste e Shqipërisë), but its name was changed in 1948. In 1991, the party was succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania
.
. Once in Moscow, they formed the National Revolutionary Committee and became affiliated to the Comintern
. In August 1928, the first Albanian Communist Party was formed in the Soviet Union. The most prominent figure of the party was Ali Kelmendi who later fled Albania in 1936 to fight in the Spanish Civil War
. He was later regarded as the leader of a small group of Albanian Communists in France. However, no unified organization existed in Albania until 1941. Following the German attack on Russia, Yugoslav leader Joseph Broz Tito under Comintern directives sent two Yugoslav delegates Miladin Popovic and Dushan Mugosa to Albania. After intensive work, the Albanian Communist Party was formed in November 8, 1941 by the two Yugoslav delegates with Enver Hoxha from the Korca
branch as its leader.
Marxism-Leninism
. The party organisation was built up following democratic centralist
principles, with Enver Hoxha
as its First Secretary. Article 3 of Albania's 1976 Constitution identified the Party as the "leading political force of the state and of the society." To help carry out its ideological activities it had an associated mass organization known as the Democratic Front
. Its daily publication was Zëri i Popullit
(Voice of the People) and its monthly theoretical journal was Rruga e Partisë (Road of the Party).
The highest organ of the Party, according to the Party statutes, was the Party Congress, which met for a few days every five years. Delegates to the Congress were elected at conferences held at the regional, district, and city levels. The Congress examined and approved reports submitted by the Central Committee, discussed general Party policies, and elected the Central Committee. The latter was the next-highest level in the Party hierarchy and generally included all key officials in the government, as well as prominent members of the intelligentsia
. The Central Committee directed Party activities between Party Congresses and met approximately three times a year.
As in the Soviet Union
, the Central Committee elected a Politburo
and a Secretariat. The Politburo, which usually included key government ministers and Central Committee secretaries, was the main administrative and policy-making body and convened on a weekly basis. Generally, the Central Committee approved Politburo reports and policy decisions. The Secretariat was responsible for guiding the day-to-day affairs of the Party, in particular for organising the execution of Politburo decisions and for selecting Party and government cadres.
In 1991, the PPSh reformed and became the social-democratic Socialist Party of Albania
, one of the two major political parties in Albania. A group called "Volunteers of Enver", led by Hysni Milloshi
, laid claim to the identity of the PPSh as the Communist Party of Albania (1991)
.
attitude in the late 1970s. A large number of parties declared themselves to be in the "PPSh line", especially during the period 1978-1980. However, many of them abandoned this certain affiliation after the fall of the communist regime in Albania. Today, many of the political parties upholding the political line of the PPSh are grouped around the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organisations.
Below is a partial list of parties adhering to the political line of the PPSh during its existence:
Before the Sino-Albanian Split
, two anti-revisionist
parties conducted their operations more closely with the Albanian Party than the Chinese
:
Single-party state
A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system government in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election...
political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
in Albania during communist rule (1945–1991). It was founded on November 8, 1941 as the Communist Party of Albania (Partia Komuniste e Shqipërisë), but its name was changed in 1948. In 1991, the party was succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania
Socialist Party of Albania
The Socialist Party of Albania , is a centre-left, social democraticand socially liberal political party in Albania, it is currently the leading opposition party in Albania. It seats 66 MPs in the 2009 Albanian parliament . It achieved power in 1997 after a political crisis and governmental...
.
History
Contrary to most Balkan countries in the 1920s, Albania was the only country without a Communist Party. The first Albanian communists emerged from the followers of Albanian clergyman and politican Fan S. NoliFan S. Noli
Theofan Stilian Noli, better known as Fan Noli was an Albanian-American writer, scholar, diplomat, politician, historian, orator, and founder of the Albanian Orthodox Church, who served as prime minister and regent of Albania in 1924.Fan Noli is venerated in Albania as a champion of literature,...
. Once in Moscow, they formed the National Revolutionary Committee and became affiliated to the Comintern
Comintern
The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern, also known as the Third International, was an international communist organization initiated in Moscow during March 1919...
. In August 1928, the first Albanian Communist Party was formed in the Soviet Union. The most prominent figure of the party was Ali Kelmendi who later fled Albania in 1936 to fight in the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
. He was later regarded as the leader of a small group of Albanian Communists in France. However, no unified organization existed in Albania until 1941. Following the German attack on Russia, Yugoslav leader Joseph Broz Tito under Comintern directives sent two Yugoslav delegates Miladin Popovic and Dushan Mugosa to Albania. After intensive work, the Albanian Communist Party was formed in November 8, 1941 by the two Yugoslav delegates with Enver Hoxha from the Korca
Korča
Korča is a village in the municipality of Hadžići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
branch as its leader.
Structure
The ideology of the PPSh was Anti-RevisionistAnti-Revisionist
In the Marxist–Leninist movement, anti-revisionism refers to a doctrine which upholds the line of theory and practice associated with Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, and usually either Mao Zedong or Enver Hoxha as well...
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Marxism and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of a international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship...
. The party organisation was built up following democratic centralist
Democratic centralism
Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties, and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist policy inside a political party...
principles, with Enver Hoxha
Enver Hoxha
Enver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
as its First Secretary. Article 3 of Albania's 1976 Constitution identified the Party as the "leading political force of the state and of the society." To help carry out its ideological activities it had an associated mass organization known as the Democratic Front
Democratic Front (Albania)
The Democratic Front was an Albanian political mass organization formed on August 5, 1945 to succeed the National Liberation Front as the leading political movement for recently liberated Albania under the leadership of Enver Hoxha. It was administered by the Party of Labour of Albania...
. Its daily publication was Zëri i Popullit
Zëri i Popullit
Zëri i Popullit is an Albanian daily newspaper that was originally founded on August 25, 1942 as the official newspaper of Albania and was the news and propaganda organ of the Party of Labour. After the Socialist People's Republic of Albania was disbanded in 1992, the paper continued to get...
(Voice of the People) and its monthly theoretical journal was Rruga e Partisë (Road of the Party).
The highest organ of the Party, according to the Party statutes, was the Party Congress, which met for a few days every five years. Delegates to the Congress were elected at conferences held at the regional, district, and city levels. The Congress examined and approved reports submitted by the Central Committee, discussed general Party policies, and elected the Central Committee. The latter was the next-highest level in the Party hierarchy and generally included all key officials in the government, as well as prominent members of the intelligentsia
Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a social class of people engaged in complex, mental and creative labor directed to the development and dissemination of culture, encompassing intellectuals and social groups close to them...
. The Central Committee directed Party activities between Party Congresses and met approximately three times a year.
As in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
, the Central Committee elected a Politburo
Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania
The Politburo was the leading organ of the Party of Labour of Albania. The following is the composition of the Politburo that would be formed after every Congress of the Party. The politburo for the 1941-1948 period is not included....
and a Secretariat. The Politburo, which usually included key government ministers and Central Committee secretaries, was the main administrative and policy-making body and convened on a weekly basis. Generally, the Central Committee approved Politburo reports and policy decisions. The Secretariat was responsible for guiding the day-to-day affairs of the Party, in particular for organising the execution of Politburo decisions and for selecting Party and government cadres.
In 1991, the PPSh reformed and became the social-democratic Socialist Party of Albania
Socialist Party of Albania
The Socialist Party of Albania , is a centre-left, social democraticand socially liberal political party in Albania, it is currently the leading opposition party in Albania. It seats 66 MPs in the 2009 Albanian parliament . It achieved power in 1997 after a political crisis and governmental...
, one of the two major political parties in Albania. A group called "Volunteers of Enver", led by Hysni Milloshi
Hysni Milloshi
Hysni Milloshi is the founder and incumbent First Secretary of the Communist Party of Albania, successor to the Party of Labor of Albania.During communist rule, Milloshi, who was a member of the Party of Labour, was a writer and a somewhat obscure figure...
, laid claim to the identity of the PPSh as the Communist Party of Albania (1991)
Communist Party of Albania (1991)
The Communist Party of Albania is a communist, and anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist, political party in Albania. It is led by Hysni Milloshi. The party was formed in 1991, as a split from the Albanian Party of Labour which converted itself into the Socialist Party of Albania...
.
First Secretaries of the Party of Labour of Albania
- Enver HoxhaEnver HoxhaEnver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
(Secretary of the Central Committee to February, 1943) November 8, 1941 - April 11, 1985 - Ramiz AliaRamiz Aliawas the second and last communist leader of Albania from 1985-91, and the President of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1991 to 1992, and also the first President of the post communist Albania elected in 1991-92. He had been designated as successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after...
April 13, 1985–May 4, 1991
External following
The staunchly orthodox stand of the PPSh attracted many political groupings around the world, particularly among Maoists who were not content with the CPCCommunist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
attitude in the late 1970s. A large number of parties declared themselves to be in the "PPSh line", especially during the period 1978-1980. However, many of them abandoned this certain affiliation after the fall of the communist regime in Albania. Today, many of the political parties upholding the political line of the PPSh are grouped around the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organisations.
Below is a partial list of parties adhering to the political line of the PPSh during its existence:
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Before the Sino-Albanian Split
Sino-Albanian split
The Sino-Albanian split in 1978 saw the parting of the People's Republic of China and People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which was the only Eastern European nation to side with the PRC in the Sino–Soviet split of the early 1960s.-History:...
, two anti-revisionist
Anti-Revisionist
In the Marxist–Leninist movement, anti-revisionism refers to a doctrine which upholds the line of theory and practice associated with Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, and usually either Mao Zedong or Enver Hoxha as well...
parties conducted their operations more closely with the Albanian Party than the Chinese
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
:
- Soviet UnionSoviet UnionThe Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
: Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks)Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks)Soviet Revolutionary Communists was an early anti-revisionist movement claimed to be an underground political outfit in the Soviet Union which criticized the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev as revisionist. It upheld the legacy of Joseph Stalin and accused the post-Stalin Soviet leadership of... - Poland: Communist Party of PolandCommunist Party of Poland (Mijal)The Communist Party of Poland was an illegal anti-revisionist political party founded in 1965 in Albania by Kazimierz Mijal. It was opposed to the Polish United Workers' Party and specifically its leader Władysław Gomułka...
Friendship Associations
Various friendship associations were also formed by international Communist sympathisers who supported the Party:- China–Albania Friendship Association
- Soviet–Albanian Friendship Society
- USA-Albania Friendship Association
- India–Albania Friendship Association
- Friendship Association Norway–AlbaniaFriendship Association Norway–AlbaniaFriendship Association Norway–Albania or VNA was an organization in Norway, supporting political and cultural relations with Albania.VNA arranged seminars and study trips to Albania. Initially, VNA was dominated by the Socialist Youth League....
- Spain–Albania Friendship Association
See also
- Fall of communism in AlbaniaFall of communism in AlbaniaThe Fall of communism in Albania started on December 1990 with the students demonstrations. March 1991 elections left the former Communists in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a coalition cabinet including non-Communists...
- Eastern Bloc politicsEastern Bloc politicsEastern Bloc politics followed the Red Army's occupation of much of eastern Europe at the end of World War II and the Soviet Union's installation of Soviet-controlled communist governments in the Eastern Bloc through a process of bloc politics and repression...
- Politburo of the Party of Labour of AlbaniaPolitburo of the Party of Labour of AlbaniaThe Politburo was the leading organ of the Party of Labour of Albania. The following is the composition of the Politburo that would be formed after every Congress of the Party. The politburo for the 1941-1948 period is not included....
External links
- Documents of the Party of Labour of Albania
- A speech delivered by E. Hoxha commemorating the 20th anniversary of the founding of the PPSh
See also
- History of AlbaniaHistory of AlbaniaThe history of Albania emerges from the prehistoric stage from the 4th century BC, with early records of Illyria in Greco-Roman historiography. The modern territory of Albania has no counterpart in antiquity, comprising parts of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia , Macedonia , and Moesia Superior...
- Eastern Bloc politicsEastern Bloc politicsEastern Bloc politics followed the Red Army's occupation of much of eastern Europe at the end of World War II and the Soviet Union's installation of Soviet-controlled communist governments in the Eastern Bloc through a process of bloc politics and repression...