Alternate air source - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Underwater diving

Underwater diving is the practice of going underwater, either with breathing apparatus or by breath-holding .Recreational diving is a popular activity...

, an alternative air source, or more generally alternative breathing gas source, is a secondary supply of air or other breathing gas used by the diver in an emergency. Examples include an auxiliary demand valve, a pony bottle

Pony bottle

A pony bottle is a small independently filled diving cylinder, often of only a few litres capacity, which forms an extended scuba set and which is fitted with its own independent regulator. In an emergency, such as exhaustion of the diver's main air supply, it can be used as an alternate air...

and bailout bottle

Bailout bottle

The term Bailout bottle or Bailout cylinder refers to a scuba cylinder carried by an underwater diver for use as an emergency supply of breathing gas in the event of a primary gas supply failure. A Bailout cylinder may be carried by a scuba diver in addition to the primary scuba set, or by a...

.

An alternative air source may be fully redundant (completely independent of any part of the main air supply system) or non-redundant, if it can be compromised by any failure of the main air supply. From the diver's point of view, air supplied by a buddy or rescue diver is fully redundant, as it is unaffected by the diver's own air supply in any way, but a second regulator on a double cylinder valve or a secondary demabd valve (octopus) is not redundant to the diver carrying it, as it is attached to his or her main air supply. Decompression gas can be considered a redundant gas supply only when the risk of breathing it at the current depth is acceptable.

Fully redundant alternative air sources

These are alternative sources of breathing gas which are independent of the main gas supply used by the diver. The main gas supply in the case of scuba is usually the back gas set (open circuit scuba cylinders or rebreather

Rebreather

A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycled exhaled gas. This recycling reduces the volume of breathing gas used, making a rebreather lighter and more compact than an open-circuit breathing set for the same duration in environments where...

), and in surface supplied diving

Surface supplied diving

Surface supplied diving refers to divers using equipment supplied with breathing gas using a diver's umbilical from the surface, either from the shore or from a diving support vessel sometimes indirectly via a diving bell...

, the surface gas supplied via the diver's umbilical.

Bailout bottle

The term Bailout bottle or Bailout cylinder refers to a scuba cylinder carried by an underwater diver for use as an emergency supply of breathing gas in the event of a primary gas supply failure. A Bailout cylinder may be carried by a scuba diver in addition to the primary scuba set, or by a surface supplied diver using either free-flow or demand systems. The bailout gas is not intended for use during the dive except in an emergency.

The term bailout bottle is generally applied by surface supplied divers to the scuba set carried as an alternative breathing gas supply in case of a failure of the surface supplied breathing gas. The capacity of these back-mounted bailout cylinders must be sufficient to get the diver from the underwater worksite to a place of safety where more breathing gas is available, either the surface, or a diving bell

Diving bell

A diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers to depth in the ocean. The most common types are the wet bell and the closed bell....

or lockout submersible. and can be fairly small (7 L) or quite large (twin 12 L set), depending on the depth and duration of the dive.

Scuba divers often refer to their bailout bottle as a Pony bottle, and it is mounted differently, as the main gas supply is usually carried on the back, and referred to as "back gas" by technical divers.

Bailout cylinders for use with Surface supplied equipment

For commercial diving using surface supplied breathing gas, the bailout cylinder is in many cases required by health and safety legislation and approved codes of practice as an obligatory component of the diving system.
In this application the intention is that the bailout cylinder should hold sufficient breathing gas for the diver to be able to reach a place of safety where more breathing gas is available, such as the surface or a diving bell. To achieve this the cylinder must contain enough gas to allow decompression if that is included in the planned dive profile. Cylinder volumes are generally at least 7 litres, and may in some cases be as much as twin 12 litre sets.

Bailout cylinders for use with scuba

For scuba, a "bailout bottle" or "self-contained ascent bottle" is a small diving cylinder

Diving cylinder

A diving cylinder, scuba tank or diving tank is a gas cylinder used to store and transport high pressure breathing gas as a component of a scuba set. It provides gas to the scuba diver through the demand valve of a diving regulator....

meant to be used as an alternate air source

Alternate air source

In underwater diving, an alternative air source, or more generally alternative breathing gas source, is a secondary supply of air or other breathing gas used by the diver in an emergency...

to allow a controlled ascent with any required decompression, in place of a controlled emergency swimming ascent

Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent

Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent is a technique used by scuba divers as a safety measure when a diver has run out of breathing gas in shallow water and must return to the surface....

, which will not allow required decompression. A pony bottle

Pony bottle

is an example of a bailout cylinder which has a standard diving regulator

Diving regulator

A diving regulator is a pressure regulator used in scuba or surface supplied diving equipment that reduces pressurized breathing gas to ambient pressure and delivers it to the diver. The gas may be air or one of a variety of specially blended breathing gases...

with first and second stages. There are also significantly smaller cylinders which have the first stage — and in the smallest models also the second stage — integrated into the cylinder valve itself. A well known example of this class of bailout bottle is the Spare Air set, which can supply a few breaths to allow the diver to ascend at a safe rate, but not enough to do a decompression stop. This type of bailout bottle is typically placed in a holster that is attached to the diver.

Since their introduction in the 1980s, "Spare Air" bailout bottles have been the subject of debate within the diving community. The argument against them is that they do not have sufficient capacity to get a diver in many emergency situations back to the surface safely, and thus cause divers to feel a false sense of safety. The argument in favour is that "Spare Air" bottles are both less bulky and less complicated than pony bottles and that some air is better than none if a diver is in an emergency.

A review carried out by Scuba Diving magazine attempted to give a sense of from what depth bailout bottles of various capacities could get divers to the surface under maximum safe ascent rates, though the review cautioned that the reviewers were in controlled conditions and thus could not replicate the circumstances of an actual panicked diver. The review found that a 1.7-cubic-foot (0.24 L) bottle had sufficient air to get the reviewing diver from 45 feet (13.7 m) to the surface; a 3-cubic-foot (0.4 L) bottle from a depth of 70 feet (21.3 m); and a 6-cubic-foot (0.8 L) bottle from the maximum reviewed depth of 132 feet (40.2 m), which is the maximum depth recommended for recreational dives in some parts of the world.

Pony bottle

A pony bottle is a small independently filled diving cylinder

Diving cylinder

, often of only a few litres capacity, which forms part of an extended scuba set

Scuba set

A scuba set is an independent breathing set that provides a scuba diver with the breathing gas necessary to breathe underwater during scuba diving. It is much used for sport diving and some sorts of work diving....

and which is fitted with its own independent regulator

Diving regulator

. In an emergency, such as exhaustion of the diver's main air supply, it can be used as an alternate air source

Alternate air source

In underwater diving, an alternative air source, or more generally alternative breathing gas source, is a secondary supply of air or other breathing gas used by the diver in an emergency...

in place of a controlled emergency swimming ascent

Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent

Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent is a technique used by scuba divers as a safety measure when a diver has run out of breathing gas in shallow water and must return to the surface....

. The key attribute of a pony bottle is that it provides a totally independent and redundant source of breathing gas for the diver. A pony bottle is a specific configuration of bailout cylinder.

Configuration — In a pony bottle system the the back-up regulator is a complete diving regulator (first and second stages, and often a submersible pressure gauge) on a separate cylinder which is not intended for use as primary breathing gas during the dive. It provides a totally redundant emergency air supply. The size of the pony bottle cylinder is usually smaller than that of the primary scuba cylinder. It should however provide enough breathing gas to make a totally controlled return to the surface, including any required decompression stop or safety stop required along the way. The required pony cylinder capacity will depend on the profile for safe ascent to the surface required for a particular dive plan. A pony bottle used for sport diving may be 6, 13 or 19 cu ft in the USA, while 2 litre and 3 litre are common sizes in Europe. For deep or deep technical diving or wreck diving 30 and 40 cu ft (5 litre and 7 litre) cylinders are often used. The pony bottle is a minimum requirement for someone doing solo diving

Solo diving

Solo diving is the practice of scuba diving alone without a "dive buddy". Solo diving, once discouraged, is now beginning to gain acceptance among experienced divers who have skills in self-sufficiency and redundant backup equipment....

, who has no alternative source of air in the form of a buddy's available tank and octopus regulator if the dive is to a depth where the diver is not able to do a safe free ascent. In scientific diving operations, pony bottles can be a standard part of tethered scuba diving operations where the diver is often solo but connected to the surface by communications equipment.

There are several options for the mounting of a pony bottle. The most common way pony a bottle is carried is by fixing it to the side of the primary (back gas) scuba cylinder by straps or clamps, which may include a quick-release system (as in the above picture). The most common alternative is "slinging" it between two D-rings on the diver's scuba harness or buoyancy compensator.

Choice of Pony Bottle Size — Given that the single function of the pony bottle is to provide a source of breathing gas for a controlled and prudent ascent to the surface in an emergency situation, it is most important that the pony bottle size is chosen to be sufficient for that purpose. Even when doing no decompression diving, the total reserves of breathing gas must still be sufficient to supply three phases of the ascent:

enough gas to allow for a short period at depth to quickly sort out any problems, if necessary, before returning to the surface
enough gas to make a safe gradual ascent to safety stop depth and
enough gas to do a complete safety stop.

At the end of this time the pony bottle should still hold enough gas to provide sufficient pressure for smooth flow from the regulator first stage.

Pony bottle gas consumption versus various dive depth	Litres consumed	Litres consumed	Litres consumed
	Max depth 15 m	Max depth 20 m	Max depth 30 m
Safety Stop (3 minute at 5 m)	135.0	135.0	135.0
Transition from depth (ascending at 9 m/min)	35.0	63.4	145.0
"Sort out" at Max Depth (2 minutes at max depth)	150.0	180.0	240.0

Total	320.0	378.4	520.0

Tank capacity at 150 bar (15 MPa)
	Pony bottle 3 litre	450 litre available
	Pony bottle 6 litre	900 litre available

The table above is constructed to show gas consumed in just such a scenario – 2 minutes at depth for “sort-out”, a safe rate of ascent to 5 meters followed by a 3 minute safety stop. Calculations are based on a heavy breathing rate of 30 L/min and an initial tank pressure of 150 bar (2,175.6 psi). In this particular scenario the 3 litre pony is sufficient for diving at 20 meters but not 30 meters. It is important that anyone selecting a pony bottle should do such an analysis for his/her own breathing rates, cylinder pressure to be used, and required ascent profile, or take professional advice in the selection. Also it is important to note that since monitoring of remaining air is a key issue in ascent, a submersible pressure gauge readable at all times also needs to be attached to any pony bottle system.

Independent Twins

Independent twin cylinders, (Two cylinders of about the same capacity mounted together on the back of the diver, each with its own regulator) are unquestionably a redundant gas supply configuration, as there is no possibility of flow from one to the other during the dive. Use of independent twins for bailout requres the diver to ensure that at all times during the dive both cylinders have sufficient gas remaining to ensure a safe ascent, including any decompression that may be required. This requirement is based on the possibility that either of the cylinders may become unusable without warning. This requirement means that the cylinders are usually breathed in turn, and changed before the pressure drops to the critical pressure for that stage of the dive. This system is economical on gas, and highly reliable when done correctly, but relatively heavy on task loading.

Manifolded twins

A manifolded twin set with isolation valve is a special case. It is a redundant air supply when the isolation valve is closed, as the cylinders are then for most practical purposes independent, but not when it is open, as a leak will eventually drain both cylinders. Divers who intend to rely on a manifolded twin for bailout should make sure that they are able to isolate the cylinders quickly, as a major leak can drain a set in quite a short time. The playoff here is that in comparison with independent twins, the manifolded set is less task loading through the most of the dive, but requires skilled and immediate reaction in the event of a catastrophic failure. If diving as part of a team, the risk is mitigated by the presence of buddies who can help.

Spare Air

The smaller cylinders which have a combined first and second stage regulator directly mounted into the cylinder neck thread are generally known as "Spare Air" after the commercially supplied unit of that name. These can only provide a few breaths and are only suited for bailout from relatively shallow depths and where no decompession stops will be required. For some dive profiles this is adequate, and the small size and weight of these units makes them very convenient and easy to carry, and very little training is required in their use. The have the added convenience of being very portable, and can be handed off to another diver in need of air in an emergency. They are also unfortunately, easy to lose, as they are hand held when in use, and if dropped are unlikely to be seen again.

Recharging is done through a connection which is supplied with the unit for this purpose, and which connects to the main cylinder valve to decant air for a top-up. This is usually done by the diver before the dive. A button gauge is provided to allow the diver to check the pressure. The spare air unit is commonly carried in a small pouch which can be attached to the diver's harness or buoyancy compensator.

Non-redundant alternative gas sources

These include a secondary regulator on a manifolded twin set without isolation valve, a secondary regulator on a double cylinder valve on a single cylinder, an auxiliary second stage on a single regulator, and the pneumofathometer line for surface suppled divers.

The use of two independent regulators on independent cylinder valves supplied from the same cylinder is a system most applicable to cold-water diving, where a regulator can ice up and free flow, so the diver needs to be able to close the cylinder valve for that regulator, and fall back on a second regulator.

The pneumofathometer line on a surface supplied umbilical is a valuable backup supply in case of damage to the main supply hose, or if a diver needs to supply air to another diver on surface supply, as the usual configurations of helmet and full face mask do not allow buddy breathing of the conventional kind. The Pneumo line can be tucked into the neck dam or under the skirt of a full face mask, and provided the helmet or mask is not leaking heavily, will supply adequate air for an assisted ascent.

Fully redundant alternative air sources

Bailout bottle

Bailout cylinders for use with Surface supplied equipment

Bailout cylinders for use with scuba

Pony bottle

Independent Twins

Manifolded twins

Spare Air

Non-redundant alternative gas sources

See also