Ambient intelligence
Encyclopedia
Computing
Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...
, ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people. Ambient intelligence is a vision on the future of consumer electronics
Consumer electronics
Consumer electronics are electronic equipment intended for everyday use, most often in entertainment, communications and office productivity. Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the broadcast receiver...
, telecommunications and computing
Computing
Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...
that was originally developed in the late 1990s for the time frame 2010–2020. In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities, tasks and rituals in easy, natural way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices (see Internet of Things
Internet of Things
The Internet of Things refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure. The term Internet of Things was first used by Kevin Ashton in 1999. The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular through the Auto-ID Center and related...
). As these devices grow smaller, more connected and more integrated into our environment, the technology disappears into our surroundings until only the user interface remains perceivable by users.
The ambient intelligence paradigm builds upon pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing is a post-desktop model of human-computer interaction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into everyday objects and activities. In the course of ordinary activities, someone "using" ubiquitous computing engages many computational devices and systems...
, profiling practices
Profiling practices
Profiling refers to the whole process of construction and application of profiles generated by computerized profiling technologies. What characterizes profiling technologies is the use of algorithms or other mathematical techniques that allow one to discover patterns or correlations in large...
, context awareness
Context awareness
Context awareness is defined complementary to location awareness. Whereas location may serve as a determinant for resident processes, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile computing with any moving entities, especially with bearers of smart communicators...
, and human-centric computer interaction design and is characterized by systems and technologies that are :
- embeddedEmbedded systemAn embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system. often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal...
: many networked devices are integrated into the environment - context awareContext awarenessContext awareness is defined complementary to location awareness. Whereas location may serve as a determinant for resident processes, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile computing with any moving entities, especially with bearers of smart communicators...
: these devices can recognize you and your situational context - personalizedPersonalizationPersonalization involves using technology to accommodate the differences between individuals. Once confined mainly to the Web, it is increasingly becoming a factor in education, health care Personalization involves using technology to accommodate the differences between individuals. Once confined...
: they can be tailored to your needs - adaptiveAdaptive behaviorAdaptive behavior is a type of behavior that is used to adjust to another type of behavior or situation. This is often characterized by a kind of behavior that allows an individual to change an unconstructive or disruptive behavior to something more constructive. These behaviors are most often...
: they can change in response to you - anticipatoryAnticipation (artificial intelligence)In artificial intelligence , anticipation is the concept of an agent making decisions based on predictions, expectations, or beliefs about the future. It is widely considered that anticipation is a vital component of complex natural cognitive systems...
: they can anticipate your desires without conscious mediation.
Ambient intelligence is closely related to the long term vision of an intelligent service system
Service system
A service system is a configuration of technology and organizational networks designed to deliver services that satisfy the needs, wants, or aspirations of customers.- Scope of the term :...
in which technologies are able to automate a platform embedding the required devices for powering context aware, personalized, adaptive and anticipatory services.
A typical context of ambient intelligence environment is a Home environment .
Overview
More and more people make decisions based on the effect their actions will have on their own inner, mental world. This experience-driven way of acting is a change from the past when people were primarily concerned about the use value of products and services, and is the basis for the experience economy. Ambient intelligence addresses this shift in existential view by emphasizing people and user experience.The interest in user experience also grew in importance in the late 1990s because of the overload of products and services in the information society that were difficult to understand and hard to use. A strong call emerged to design things from a user's point of view. Ambient intelligence is influenced by user-centered design
User-centered design
In broad terms, user-centered design or pervasive usability is a design philosophy and a process in which the needs, wants, and limitations of end users of a product are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process...
where the user is placed in the center of the design activity and asked to give feedback through specific user evaluations and tests to improve the design or even co-create the design together with the designer (participatory design
Participatory design
Participatory design is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders in the design process in order to help ensure the product designed meets their needs and is usable. The term is used in a variety of fields e.g...
) or with other users (end-user development).
In order for AmI to become a reality a number of key technologies are required:
- Unobtrusive hardware (MiniaturizationMiniaturizationMiniaturization is the creation of ever-smaller scales for mechanical, optical, and electronic products and devices...
, NanotechnologyNanotechnologyNanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
, smart devices, sensors etc.) - Seamless mobile/fixed communication and computing infrastructure (interoperabilityInteroperabilityInteroperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together . The term is often used in a technical systems engineering sense, or alternatively in a broad sense, taking into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system to...
, wired and wirelessWirelessWireless telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications...
networks, service-oriented architectureService-oriented architectureIn software engineering, a Service-Oriented Architecture is a set of principles and methodologies for designing and developing software in the form of interoperable services. These services are well-defined business functionalities that are built as software components that can be reused for...
, semantic webSemantic WebThe Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by the World Wide Web Consortium that promotes common formats for data on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web of unstructured documents into a "web of...
etc.) - Dynamic and massively distributed device networks, which are easy to control and program (e.g. service discoveryService discoveryService discovery protocols are network protocols which allow automatic detection of devices and services offered by these devices on a computer network....
, auto-configurationAuto-configurationAuto-configuration is the automatic configuration of devices without manual intervention, without any need for software configuration programs or jumpers. Ideally, auto-configuring devices should just "plug and play"...
, end-user programmable devices and systems etc.). - Human-centric computer interfaces (intelligent agents, multimodal interactionMultimodal interactionMultimodal interaction provides the user with multiple modes of interfacing with a system. A multimodal interface provides several distinct tools for input and output of data.- Multimodal input :...
, context awarenessContext awarenessContext awareness is defined complementary to location awareness. Whereas location may serve as a determinant for resident processes, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile computing with any moving entities, especially with bearers of smart communicators...
etc.) - Dependable and secure systems and devices (self-testing and self repairing software, privacyPrivacyPrivacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively...
ensuring technology etc.)
History
In 1998, the board of management of Philips commissioned a series of presentations and internal workshops, organized by Eli Zelkha and Brian Epstein http://epstein.org/brian of Palo Alto Ventures (who, with Simon Birrell, coined the name 'Ambient Intelligence') to investigate different scenarios that would transform the high-volume consumer electronic industry from the current “fragmented with features” world into a world in 2020 where user-friendly devices support ubiquitous information, communication and entertainment. While developing the Ambient Intelligence concept, Palo Alto Ventures created the keynote address for Roel Pieper of Philips for the Digital Living Room Conference, 1998. The group included Eli Zelkha, Brian Epstein, Simon Birrell, Doug Randall, and Clark Dodsworth. In the years after, these developments grew more mature. In 1999, Philips joined the Oxygen alliance, an international consortium of industrial partners within the context of the MIT Oxygen project http://www.oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/, aimed at developing technology for the computer of the 21st century. In 2000, plans were made to construct a feasibility and usability facility dedicated to Ambient Intelligence. This HomeLab http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/misc/homelab/ officially opened on 24 April 2002.Along with the development of the vision at Philips, a number of parallel initiatives started to explore ambient intelligence in more detail. Following the advice of the Information Society and Technology Advisory Group (ISTAG), the European Commission
European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
used the vision for the launch of their sixth framework (FP6) in Information, Society and Technology (IST), with a subsidiary budget of 3.7 billion euros. The European Commission played a crucial role in the further development of the AmI vision. As a result of many initiatives the AmI vision gained traction. During the past few years several major initiatives have been started. Fraunhofer Society
Fraunhofer Society
The Fraunhofer Society is a German research organization with 60 institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of applied science . It employs around 18,000, mainly scientists and engineers, with an annual research budget of about €1.65 billion...
started several activities in a variety of domains including multimedia, microsystems design and augmented spaces. MIT started an Ambient Intelligence research group at their Media Lab http://ambient.media.mit.edu/. Several more research projects started in a variety of countries such as USA, Canada, Spain, France and the Netherlands. In 2004, the first European symposium on Ambient Intelligence (EUSAI) was held and many other conferences have been held that address special topics in AmI.
Example scenario
Ellen returns home after a long day's work. At the front door she is recognized by an intelligent surveillance camera, the door alarm is switched off, and the door unlocks and opens. When she enters the hall the house map indicates that her husband Peter is at an art fair in Paris, and that her daughter Charlotte is in the children's playroom, where she is playing with an interactive screen. The remote children surveillance service is notified that she is at home, and subsequently the on-line connection is switched off. When she enters the kitchen the family memo frame lights up to indicate that there are new messages. The shopping list that has been composed needs confirmation before it is sent to the supermarket for delivery. There is also a message notifying that the home information system has found new information on the semantic Web about economic holiday cottages with sea sight in Spain. She briefly connects to the playroom to say hello to Charlotte, and her video picture automatically appears on the flat screen that is currently used by Charlotte. Next, she connects to Peter at the art fair in Paris. He shows her through his contact lens camera some of the sculptures he intends to buy, and she confirms his choice. In the mean time she selects one of the displayed menus that indicate what can be prepared with the food that is currently available from the pantry and the refrigerator. Next, she switches to the video on demand channel to watch the latest news program. Through the follow me she switches over to the flat screen in the bedroom where she is going to have her personalized workout session. Later that evening, after Peter has returned home, they are chatting with a friend in the living room with their personalized ambient lighting switched on. They watch the virtual presenter that informs them about the programs and the information that have been recorded by the home storage server earlier that day.Criticism
As far as dissemination of information on personal presence is out of control, ambient intelligence vision is subject of criticism [e.g. David Wright, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald et al., Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008].Any immersive, personalized, context-aware and anticipatory characteristics brings up societal, political and cultural concerns about the loss of privacy
Privacy
Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively...
, as soon as any third party gets control over the respective information and status data.
However, any disabled person may welcome the implicit information presentation and access to improve support and individual assistance. Hence there must be a distinction between solutions for personal improvement and any other purpose.
Power concentration in large organizations, a decreasingly private, fragmented society and hyperreal environments where the virtual is indistinguishable from the real (hyperreality
Hyperreality
Hyperreality is used in semiotics and postmodern philosophy to describe a hypothetical inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from fantasy, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies...
) are the main topics of critics. Several research groups and communities are investigating the social-economical, political and cultural aspects of ambient intelligence. New thinking on Ambient Intelligence distances itself therefore from some of the original characteristics such as adaptive and anticipatory behaviour and emphasizes empowerment and participation to place control in the hands of people instead of organizations.
As long as there is no legal obligation to open one's individual status data to any access by third party, the degree of freedom
Social and political aspects
The ISTAG advisory group suggests that the following characteristics will permit the societal acceptance of ambient intelligence:- AmI should facilitate human contact.
- AmI should be oriented towards community and cultural enhancement.
- AmI should help to build knowledge and skills for work, better quality of work, citizenship and consumer choice.
- AmI should inspire trust and confidence.
- AmI should be consistent with long term sustainability — personal, societal and environmental — and with life-long learning.
- AmI should be made easy to live with and controllable by ordinary people.
Business models
The ISTAG group acknowledges the following entry points to AmI business landscape:- Initial premium value niche markets in industrial, commercial or public applications where enhanced interfaces are needed to support human performance in fast moving or delicate situations.
- Start-up and spin-off opportunities from identifying potential service requirements and putting the services together that meet these new needs.
- High access-low entry cost based on a loss leadership model in order to create economies of scale (mass customization).
- Audience or customer’s attention economy as a basis for ‘free’ end-user services paid for by advertising or complementary services or goods.
- Self-provision – based upon the network economies of very large user communities providing information as a gift or at near zero cost (e.g. social networking applications).
Technologies
A variety of technologies can be used to enable Ambient intelligence environments such as :- RFID
- Ict implant
- SensorSensorA sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated...
s - Software agents
- Affective computingAffective computingAffective computing is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science...
- NanotechnologyNanotechnologyNanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
- BiometricsBiometricsBiometrics As Jain & Ross point out, "the term biometric authentication is perhaps more appropriate than biometrics since the latter has been historically used in the field of statistics to refer to the analysis of biological data [36]" . consists of methods...
Uses in fiction
- Minority Report (film)Minority Report (film)Minority Report is a 2002 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg and loosely based on the short story "The Minority Report" by Philip K. Dick. It is set primarily in Washington, D.C...
(2002). One scene illustrates adaptive advertisingAdvertisingAdvertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...
in the future: consumers are identified via retinal scans, and receive targeted ads . - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series created by Douglas Adams. Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978, it was later adapted to other formats, and over several years it gradually became an international multi-media phenomenon...
by Douglas AdamsDouglas AdamsDouglas Noel Adams was an English writer and dramatist. He is best known as the author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which started life in 1978 as a BBC radio comedy before developing into a "trilogy" of five books that sold over 15 million copies in his lifetime, a television...
. The doors have emotion, and express this when people use them.- See also: Technology in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyTechnology in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyThe fictional universe of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series by Douglas Adams is a galaxy-spanning society of interacting extraterrestrial cultures, so the technological level in the series is highly advanced, though often unreliable...
- See also: Technology in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
- The Diamond AgeThe Diamond AgeThe Diamond Age: Or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer is a postcyberpunk novel by Neal Stephenson. It is to some extent a science fiction bildungsroman, focused on a young girl named Nell, and set in a future world in which nanotechnology affects all aspects of life. The novel deals with themes of...
by Neal StephensonNeal StephensonNeal Town Stephenson is an American writer known for his works of speculative fiction.Difficult to categorize, his novels have been variously referred to as science fiction, historical fiction, cyberpunk, and postcyberpunk...
. The Diamond Age depicts a world completely changed by the full development of nanotechnologyNanotechnologyNanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
that is present everywhere.
See also
- Augmented realityAugmented realityAugmented reality is a live, direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality, in which a view of reality is...
- Barber's pole
- CyborgCyborgA cyborg is a being with both biological and artificial parts. The term was coined in 1960 when Manfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline used it in an article about the advantages of self-regulating human-machine systems in outer space. D. S...
- Internet of ThingsInternet of ThingsThe Internet of Things refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure. The term Internet of Things was first used by Kevin Ashton in 1999. The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular through the Auto-ID Center and related...
- MobilityMobilityMobility may refer to:* Mobility * "Mobiliy" , a song by Moby* Mobility * Mobility , the ability of military units or weapon systems to move to an objective-See also:* Academic mobility* Apprentices mobility...
- RFID
- SensorSensorA sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated...
- Ubiquitous computingUbiquitous computingUbiquitous computing is a post-desktop model of human-computer interaction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into everyday objects and activities. In the course of ordinary activities, someone "using" ubiquitous computing engages many computational devices and systems...
Research groups
Several research groups have been founded to tackle the question of the manifestations of ambient intelligence — what can be done and what will the actions most probably result in:- Ambient Intelligence Laboratory, National University of Singapore. http://ami-lab.org
- AMBIT research group - e-lab , Artesis University College of Antwerp. http://www.artesis.be/iw/elab/
- Agent Systems Research Group. http://www.cs.vu.nl/en/sec/ai/asr/index.html
- Alcatel-Lucent Research&Innovation. Ambient Services Group. http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/
- AmIVital. Spanish project to develop intelligent services for elderly and disabled. http://www.amivital.es
- Autonomous University of Barcelona – CAIAC. http://centresderecerca.uab.cat/caiac/
- Autonomous University of Madrid – AmiLab. http://amilab.ii.uam.es/
- Carlos III University of Madrid – Applied Artificial Intelligence Group (GIAA). http://www.giaa.inf.uc3m.es
- Carnegie Mellon University. CyLab – Ambient Intelligence Lab. http://www.cmu.edu/vis/
- DAI – Domotics and Ambient Intelligence, University of Alicante (Spain). http://web.ua.es/dai
- University of Deusto, MoreLab – Mobility Research Lab. http://www.morelab.deusto.es
- Fraunhofer Institute. Ambient Assisted Living, http://www.iese.fraunhofer.de/fhg/iese/research/ami/ami.jsp
- Fraunhofer Institute. IGD, http://www.igd.fhg.de/igd-a1/index.html
- Fraunhofer Institute. InHaus http://www.inhaus-zentrum.de/site_de/
- Hydra – European research project on ambient intelligence middleware http://www.hydramiddleware.eu/
- iHomeLab Living Lab, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences, http://www.iHomeLab.ch/
- Kingston University London, Ambient Intelligence Research Group. http://www.ambientintelligence.net/
- LIMSI-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur http://iroom.limsi.fr
- MAmI – Modeling Ambient Intelligence – UCLM, Spain. http://mami.uclm.es
- MIMOSA project – Microsystem Platform for Mobile Services & Application - http://www.mimosa-fp6.com
- MINAmI project – MIcro-Nano integrated platform for transverse Ambient Intelligence applications http://www.fp6-minami.org/
- MERL. Ambient Intelligence for Better Buildings. http://www.merl.com/projects/ulrs/
- MIT Media Lab. Ambient Intelligence group. http://ambient.media.mit.edu/
- e-Lite Research Group, Politecnico di Torino. http://elite.polito.it/
- University of Palermo. Department of Computer Engineering. Distributed Artificial Intelligence group. http://www.dinfo.unipa.it/en?0
- NTT Research. Ambient Intelligence Research Group http://www.brl.ntt.co.jp/cs/kikang/index.html
- Philips Research. Ambient Intelligence Research in ExperienceLab. http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/syst_softw/ami/
- University of Reading, Ambient & Pervasive Intelligence Research group. http://www.api.reading.ac.uk/
- SERENITY Security & Dependability in AmI, http://www.serenity-project.org/
- SWAMI: Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence. http://swami.jrc.es/pages/index.htm
- SERCO: Contextual Services Group in the Information Technologies and Communications Department, Technical University of Cartagena http://ait.upct.es/serco
- EMMi Lab., Tampere University of Technology, (formerly New AMbient Multimedia Research (NAMU) Lab.) http://namu.tut.fi/emmi
- GECAD – Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Center http://www.gecad.isep.ipp.pt/
- CETpD – Technical Research Center for Dependency Care and Autonomous LivingCETpDThe Technical Research Centre for Dependency Care and Autonomous Living is an applied research and technology transfer centre created for the Universitat Politèncica de Catalunya and the Fundació Hospital Comarcal Sant Antoni Abat on behalf of the Consorci de Servei a les Persones de Vilanova i la...
http://www.upc.edu/cetpd/ - GREC – Qualitative Reasoning and Learning Systems Research Group
- LST – Life Supporting Technologies http://www.lst.tfo.upm.es/
- Ajou University, CUSLAB – Well-Being Life Care Research http://www.cuslab.com/
- Artificial Intelligence Group in the Informatics Department, University of Minho http://gia1.di.uminho.pt/gia
- OSAmI-Commons. Open Ambient Intelligence http://www.osami-commons.org
- Vellore Institute of Technology – AMIR http://sites.google.com/site/netresearchforum/net-research-labs/projects/ambient-intelligence-and-advanced-networking
Sources and further reading
- AMEA – Ambient Media Association http://www.ambientmediaassociation.org - multidisciplinary association for developing an interdisciplinary viewpoint towards ambient media
- Eli Zelkha and Brian Epstein http://www.epstein.org/brian/ambient_intelligence.htm – first use and definition of ambient intelligence
- Malcolm McCullough, Digital Ground: Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing, MIT Press, 2005
- X. Wang, J. S. Dong, C. Chin, S. R. Hettiarachchi and D. Zhang. Semantic Space: A Semantic Web Infrastructure for Smart Spaces. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 3(3):32-39, July-September 2004
- B. Guo, D. Zhang, M.Imai. Towards a Cooperative Programming Framework for Context-Aware Applications. ACM/Springer Journal of Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 221-233, 2011.
- Artur Lugmayr http://www.tut.fi/emmi – first definition of ambient media
- Emile Aarts, Rick Harwig and Martin Schuurmans, chapter Ambient Intelligence in The Invisible Future: The Seamless Integration Of Technology Into Everyday Life, McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001
- Emile Aarts, Stefano Marzano (editors), The New Everyday: Visions of Ambient Intelligence, 010 Publishers, 2003
- Adam GreenfieldAdam GreenfieldAdam Greenfield is an American writer and designer, and is the founder and managing director of urban-systems design practice Urbanscale, based in New York. From 2008 to 2010 he was Nokia's head of design direction for user interface and services...
, Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing, New Riders Publishing, 2006 - Emile Aarts and José Encarnação, True Visions: The Emergence of Ambient Intelligence, Springer, 2006
- Peter Morville, Ambient Findability: What We Find Changes Who We Become, O'Reilly Media, 2005
- Nicholas NegroponteNicholas NegroponteNicholas Negroponte is an American architect best known as the founder and Chairman Emeritus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab, and also known as the founder of the One Laptop per Child Association ....
, Being Digital, Knopf, 1995 - Donald Norman, The Design of Everyday ThingsThe Design of Everyday ThingsThe Design of Everyday Things is a best-selling book by cognitive scientist and usability engineer Donald Norman about the design of simple objects, and why some objects please their users while others frustrate them....
, Basic Books, 2002 - Tom Igoe and Dan O’Sullivan. Physical Computing: Sensing and Controlling the Physical World with Computers, Course Technology PTR, 2004
- Joseph Pine and James Gillmore, The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre and Every Business a Stage, Harvard Business School Press, 1999
- Bryon Reeves and Clifford NassClifford NassClifford Nass is a professor of communication at Stanford University, co-creator of The Media Equation theory, and a renowned authority on human-computer interaction. He is also known for his work on individual differences associated with multitasking. Nass is the Thomas M. Storke Professor at...
, The Media EquationThe Media EquationThe Media Equation is a general communication theory that claims that people tend to treat computers and other media as if they were either real people or real places...
: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places, University of Chicago Press, 1996 - Mark Weiser, "The Computer for the Twenty-First Century," Scientific American, pp. 94-10, September 1991 http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html
- Giuseppe Riva et al. Ambient Intelligence: The Evolution of Technology, Communication and Cognition towards the Future of Human-Computer Interaction, IOS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005
- Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, Harper Collins, San Francisco CA, USA, 1999
- Yang Cai and Juli Abascal (eds.), Ambient Intelligence in Everyday Life" Springer Lectures Notes in Computer Science (LNAI 3864), 2006
- Yang Cai and Juli Abascal (eds.), Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery: Foundations, Theories, and Systems, Springer Lectures Notes in Computer Science (LNCS 3345)
- Juan C. Augusto and Daniel Shapiro (Eds.). http://www.iospress.nl/loadtop/load.php?isbn=9781586038007 Advances in Ambient Intelligence. Volume 164, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications (FAIA) series, IOS Press. 2007.
- Mehul Bhatt and Hans Guesgen (Eds.). http://www.cosy.informatik.uni-bremen.de/stami/stami-2009/proceedings/assets/STAMI-2009-Proceedings.pdf Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on: Space, Time and Ambient Intelligence (STAMI 2009). Co-located with the Conference on Spatial Information Theory, 2009 (France). Also published within: Report Series of the Transregional Collaborative Research Center SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition, University of Bremen Bremen/ University of Freiburg. SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition Report No. 020-08/2009, Bremen, Germany STAMI 2009.
- Jürgen Bohn e.a. Social, Economic and Ethical Implications of Ambient Intelligence and Ubiquitous Computing http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/socialambient.pdf.
- ISTAG Scenarios for Ambient Intelligence in 2010 [ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/ist/docs/istagscenarios2010.pdf]
- ISTAG Ambient Intelligence: from vision to reality [ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/ist/docs/istag-ist2003_draft_consolidated_report.pdf]
- JRC/IPTS-ESTO Healthcare Technologies Roadmapping http://esto.jrc.es/docs/HealthcareTechnologiesRoadmapping.pdf
- Ambient Intelligence blog http://ambientintelligence.wordpress.com/ - Blog about news on Ambient Intelligence, wireless sensor networks, and related topics (in Spanish)
- AmbientIntelligence.org http://www.ambientintelligence.org/ – Website for Ambient Intelligence, e-Health, virtual reality and future technologies in healthcare
- Architectradure http://architectradure.blogspot.com/ – Weblog on architecture and design
- awareIT http://awareit.com/blog– News blog about Ambient Intelligence, Ubiquitous Computing and intelligent devices.
- Digital Experience http://www.digitalexperience.dk/ – Blog on interaction and experience design.
- Information Aesthetics http://infosthetics.com/– Weblog on information visualization
- Pasta and Vinegar http://tecfa.unige.ch/perso/staf/nova/blog/ – Weblog about emerging technologies usage/research/ foresight
- Putting People First http://www.experientia.com/blog/ – News on user experience, experience design and people-centred innovation
- José Encarnação (Ed.) et al.: Ambient Intelligence – The New Paradigm for Computer Science and for Information Technology. Special Topic of Journal it – Information Technology, Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich. Vol.50(2008) Issue 1.
- Wright, David, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald et al., Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008.
- Carlos Ramos, Juan Augusto, and Daniel Shapiro (Eds.). http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/mags/ex/&toc=comp/mags/ex/2008/02/mex02toc.xml Special Issue on Ambient Intelligence. IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 15–18, Mar/Apr, 2008.
- Juan C. Augusto, Daniel Shapiro and Hamid Aghajan (Eds.). Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Ambient Intelligence (AITAmI2008), Patras, Greece. 21st–22nd of July 2008. Co-located event of ECAI 2008.
- Personal Environment Service http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4109853&isnumber=4109265 – Network architecture for AmI, IEEE Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference 2006, VTC-2006 Fall.
- The European ITEA 2 research project OSAMI (Open Source AMbient Intelligence)OSAMIThe European research project OSAMI targets open source common foundations for a dynamic service-oriented platform which is able to personalize itself in large diversity of cooperating Software Intensive Systems .According to the vision of this project the relationship between humans, computers...
External links
- SAME Series – Semantic Ambient Media Series Workshop
- STAMI Series – Space, Time and Ambient Intelligence (STAMI). International Workshop Series.
- UCAmI '10 – Symposium of Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence – UCAmI
- HAI'09 – International Workshop on Human Aspects in Ambient Intelligence
- AmI-07 – European Conference on Ambient Intelligence
- COSIT-Space-AmI-09 – Workshop on "Spatial and Temporal Reasoning for Ambient Intelligence Systems"
- Sensami – a congress on ambient intelligence.
- AITAmI – Workshop on "Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Ambient Intelligence"
- IJACI – The International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence
- JAISE – The International Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments.
- AISE – Book Series on Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments.
- I-o-T.org – Internet of Things : mainly based on Ambient intelligence
- IE'09 – Intelligent Environments Conference 2009
- AmI-11 – International Joint Conference on Ambient Intelligent 2011