Anisole
Encyclopedia
Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is the organic compound
with the formula
CH3OC6H5. It is a color
less liquid
with a smell
reminiscent of anise
seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances. The compound is mainly made synthetically and is a precursor
to other synthetic compounds.
reaction more quickly than does benzene
, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene
. The methoxy group is an ortho/para
directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs benzene
reflects the influence of the methoxy
group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud
of the ring, more so than the inductive effect
of the electronegative oxygen
.
Illustrative of its nucleophilicity, anisole reacts with acetic anhydride
to give 4-methoxyacetophenone:
Unlike most acetophenones, but reflecting the influence of the methoxy group, methoxyacetophenone undergoes a second acetylation
. Many related reactions have been demonstrated. For example, P4S10
converts anisole to Lawesson's reagent
, [(CH3O6H4)PS2]2.
The ether linkage is highly stable, but the methyl group
can be removed with hydroiodic acid:
, reacting sodium phenoxide with a methyl bromide and related methylating reagents:
s, insect pheromone
s, and pharmaceuticals. For example, synthetic anethole
is prepared from anisole.
Organic compound
An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon, and cyanides, as well as the...
with the formula
Chemical formula
A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound....
CH3OC6H5. It is a color
Color
Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors...
less liquid
Liquid
Liquid is one of the three classical states of matter . Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Some liquids resist compression, while others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly...
with a smell
Odor
An odor or odour is caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction. Odors are also commonly called scents, which can refer to both pleasant and unpleasant odors...
reminiscent of anise
Anise
Anise , Pimpinella anisum, also called aniseed, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia. Its flavor resembles that of liquorice, fennel, and tarragon.- Biology :...
seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances. The compound is mainly made synthetically and is a precursor
Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely inorganic compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has...
to other synthetic compounds.
Reactivity
Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitutionElectrophilic aromatic substitution
Electrophilic aromatic substitution EAS is an organic reaction in which an atom, usually hydrogen, appended to an aromatic system is replaced by an electrophile...
reaction more quickly than does benzene
Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6....
, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NO2. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond-like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to aniline. Although occasionally used as a flavoring or perfume...
. The methoxy group is an ortho/para
Arene substitution patterns
Arene substitution patterns are part of organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature and pinpoint the position of substituents other than hydrogen in relation to each other on an aromatic hydrocarbon.- Ortho, meta, and para substitution :...
directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs benzene
Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6....
reflects the influence of the methoxy
Methoxy
In chemistry , methoxy refers to the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula O–CH3.The word is used in organic nomenclature usually to describe an ether...
group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud
Pi bond
In chemistry, pi bonds are covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of one involved atomic orbital overlap two lobes of the other involved atomic orbital...
of the ring, more so than the inductive effect
Inductive effect
In chemistry and physics, the inductive effect is an experimentally observable effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule by electrostatic induction...
of the electronegative oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...
.
Illustrative of its nucleophilicity, anisole reacts with acetic anhydride
Acetic anhydride
Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula 2O. Commonly abbreviated Ac2O, it is the simplest isolatable acid anhydride and is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis...
to give 4-methoxyacetophenone:
- CH3OC6H5 + (CH3CO)2O → CH3OC6H4C(O)CH3 + CH3CO2H
Unlike most acetophenones, but reflecting the influence of the methoxy group, methoxyacetophenone undergoes a second acetylation
Acetylation
Acetylation describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound...
. Many related reactions have been demonstrated. For example, P4S10
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula P4S10. This yellow solid is the one of two phosphorus sulfides of commercial value...
converts anisole to Lawesson's reagent
Lawesson's reagent
Lawesson's reagent, or LR, is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. Lawesson's reagent was first made popular by Sven-Olov Lawesson, who did not, however, invent it. Lawesson's reagent was first made in 1956 during a systematic study of the reactions of arenes with...
, [(CH3O6H4)PS2]2.
The ether linkage is highly stable, but the methyl group
Methyl group
Methyl group is a functional group derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms —CH3. The group is often abbreviated Me. Such hydrocarbon groups occur in many organic compounds. The methyl group can be found in three forms: anion, cation and radical. The anion...
can be removed with hydroiodic acid:
- CH3OC6H5 + HI → HOC6H5 + CH3I
Preparation
Anisole is prepared by the Williamson ether synthesisWilliamson ether synthesis
The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and an alcohol. This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an SN2 reaction...
, reacting sodium phenoxide with a methyl bromide and related methylating reagents:
- C6H5O−Na+ + CH3Br → CH3OC6H5 + NaBr
Applications
Anisole is a precursor to perfumePerfume
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and/or aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces "a pleasant scent"...
s, insect pheromone
Pheromone
A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual...
s, and pharmaceuticals. For example, synthetic anethole
Anethole
Anethole is a phenylpropene, a type of aromatic compound that occurs widely in nature, in essential oils...
is prepared from anisole.
See also
- AnetholeAnetholeAnethole is a phenylpropene, a type of aromatic compound that occurs widely in nature, in essential oils...
- BromoanisoleBromoanisoleBromoanisole, also known as para-bromoanisole or 1-bromo-4-methoxybenzene, is a clear liquid with a pleasant smell similar to that of anise seed....
- Butylated hydroxyanisoleButylated hydroxyanisoleButylated hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320...
- EtherEtherEthers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R–O–R'. A typical example is the solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as "ether"...
- Ethyl phenyl etherEthyl phenyl etherEthyl phenyl ether or phenetole is an organic compound that is an ether. Ethyl phenyl ether has the same properties as some other ethers, such as volatility, explosive vapors, and the ability to form peroxides....
- PhenolPhenolPhenol, also known as carbolic acid, phenic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid. The molecule consists of a phenyl , bonded to a hydroxyl group. It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds...
- 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole2,4,6-Trichloroanisole2,4,6-Trichloroanisole is a chemical compound that is a chlorinated derivative of anisole.Trichloroanisole is a fungal metabolite of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, which is used as a fungicide. It can be found in minute traces on packaging materials stored in the presence of fiberboard treated with...
(cork taint)
External links
- Pherobase pheromone database entry