Araceae
Encyclopedia
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
of monocotyledon
Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon , in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots...
ous flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s in which flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s are borne on a type of inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
called a spadix. The spadix
Spadix
In botany, a spadix is a type of spike inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem. Spadix are typical of the Family Araceae known as arums or aroids...
is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroid. This family of 107 genera and over 3700 species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and north temperate regions.
Notable aroid genera and species
AnthuriumAnthurium
Anthurium , is a large genus of about 600–800 species, belonging to the arum family . Anthurium can also be called "Flamingo Flower" or "Boy Flower", both referring to the structure of the spathe and spadix....
and Zantedeschia
Zantedeschia
Zantedeschia is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to southern Africa from South Africa north to Malawi. The name of the genus was given as a tribute to Italian botanist Giovanni Zantedeschi by the German botanist Kurt Sprengel . Common names include arum lily...
are two well-known members of this family, as are Colocasia esculenta
Taro
Taro is a common name for the corms and tubers of several plants in the family Araceae . Of these, Colocasia esculenta is the most widely cultivated, and is the subject of this article. More specifically, this article describes the 'dasheen' form of taro; another variety is called eddoe.Taro is...
(taro
Taro
Taro is a common name for the corms and tubers of several plants in the family Araceae . Of these, Colocasia esculenta is the most widely cultivated, and is the subject of this article. More specifically, this article describes the 'dasheen' form of taro; another variety is called eddoe.Taro is...
) and Xanthosoma roseum
Xanthosoma
Xanthosoma is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the flowering plant family, Araceae, all native to tropical America...
(Elephant ear or ‘ape). Among the largest inflorescence in the world is that of the arum Amorphophallus titanum
Titan arum
The titan arum or Amorphophallus titanum is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world...
(Titan arum). The family includes many ornamental plant
Ornamental plant
Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers and specimen display...
s: Dieffenbachia
Dieffenbachia
Dieffenbachia is a genus of tropical plants in the Family Araceae noted for their patterned leaves. Members of this genus are popular as houseplants because of their tolerance for shade. The common name is "dumb cane" due to its poisoning effect on the throat due to raphides...
, Aglaonema
Aglaonema
Aglaonema is a genus of about 40 species of foliage plants in the family Araceae, native to the tropical swamps and rainforests of southeastern Asia, from Bangladesh east to the Philippines, and north to southern China. No common name is widely used, though they are sometimes called "Chinese...
, Caladium
Caladium
Caladium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. They are often known by the common name elephant ear , Heart of Jesus, and Angel Wings...
, Nephthytis
Nephthytis
Nephthytis is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical western Africa, with one recently discovered disjunct species in Borneo....
, and Epipremnum
Epipremnum
Epipremnum is a genus of sub-tropical plants that is a perennial vine, that is often confused with other Monstereae such as Rhaphidophora aurea Birdsey. All parts of the plants are toxic, mostly due to trichosclereids and raphides. The species may have originated in Southeast Asia...
, to name a few. In the genus Cryptocoryne
Cryptocoryne
Cryptocoryne is a genus of about 50-60 species of aquatic monocot plants from the family Araceae . The genus is naturally distributed in tropical regions of Asia and New Guinea....
are many popular aquarium plants. Both Taro and Monstera deliciosa
Monstera deliciosa
Monstera deliciosa is a creeping vine native to tropical rainforests of southern Mexico south to Colombia.Common names include Ceriman, Swiss Cheese Plant , Fruit Salad Plant, Monster fruit, Monsterio Delicio, Monstereo, Mexican Breadfruit, Monstera, split-leaf philodendron, Locust and Wild Honey,...
provide food value (the fruit of Monstera deliciosa called "Mexican breadfruit"). Philodendron
Philodendron
Philodendron is a large genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family, consisting of close to 900 or more species according to TROPICOS . Other sources quote different numbers of species. According to S.J. Mayo there are about 350-400 formally recognized species whereas according to Croat there...
is an important plant in the ecosystems of the rainforest
Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with definitions based on a minimum normal annual rainfall of 1750-2000 mm...
s and is often used in home and interior decorating. Symplocarpus foetidus (skunk cabbage
Skunk Cabbage
Skunk Cabbage may refer to:* the genus Lysichiton* Asian Skunk Cabbage, Lysichiton camtschatcense, grows in eastern Asia* Eastern Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, grows in eastern North America...
) is a common North American species. An interesting peculiarity is that this family includes the largest unbranched inflorescence, that of the titan arum
Titan arum
The titan arum or Amorphophallus titanum is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world...
, often erroneously called the "largest flower" and the smallest flowering plant and smallest fruit, found in the duckweed, Wolffia. Recent genetic research by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies., three...
has shown that the duckweeds, previously treated in a separate family Lemnaceae, also belong in the Araceae family.
Description
Species in Araceae are often rhizomatous or tuberous and are often found to contain calcium oxalate crystalsCalcium oxalate
Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals, known in plants as raphides. A major constituent of human kidney stones, the chemical is also found in beerstone, a scale that forms on containers used in breweries...
or raphides
Raphides
Raphides are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate as the monohydrate or calcium carbonate as aragonite, found in more than 200 families of plants.Both ends are needle-like, but raphides tend to be more blunt at one end and more tapering at the other....
. The leaves can vary considerably from species to species. The inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
is composed of a spadix
Spadix
In botany, a spadix is a type of spike inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem. Spadix are typical of the Family Araceae known as arums or aroids...
, which is almost always surrounded by a modified leaf called a spathe.In monoecious
Plant sexuality
Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom. This article describes morphological aspects of sexual reproduction of plants....
aroids (possessing separate male and female flowers, but with both flowers present on one plant), the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top. In aroids with perfect flowers the stigma is no longer receptive when the pollen
Pollen
Pollen is a fine to coarse powder containing the microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce the male gametes . Pollen grains have a hard coat that protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement from the stamens to the pistil of flowering plants or from the male cone to the...
is released, thus preventing self-fertilization. There are also some dioecious
Plant sexuality
Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom. This article describes morphological aspects of sexual reproduction of plants....
species.
Many plants in this family are thermogenic
Thermogenic plants
Thermogenic plants have the ability to raise their temperature above that of the surrounding air. Heat is generated in the mitochondria, as a secondary process of cellular respiration called thermogenesis...
(heat-producing). Their flowers can reach up to 45 degrees Celsius even when the surrounding air temperature is much lower. One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects (usually beetles) to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy. Another reason is to prevent tissue damage in cold regions. Some examples of thermogenic Araceae are: Symplocarpus foetidus (eastern skunk cabbage), Amorphophallus titanum (Titan Arum), Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, the Elephant foot yam or Whitespot giant arum or Stink lily, is a tropical tuber crop that offers excellent scope for adoption in the tropical countries as a cash crop due to its production potential and popularity as a vegetable in various delicious cuisines.Elephant...
(elephant foot yam), Helicodiceros muscivorus
Helicodiceros muscivorus
Helicodiceros muscivorus is an ornamental plant native to the northwestern Mediterranean region...
(dead horse arum lily) and Sauromatum venosum
Sauromatum venosum
Sauromatum venosum syn. Sauromatum guttatum Schott, Arum cornutum , is an ornamental plant in the Araceae family.- Description :...
(voodoo lily). Species such as Titan Arum
Titan arum
The titan arum or Amorphophallus titanum is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world...
and the dead horse arum give off a very pungent smell, often resembling a rotten animal. This is to attract flies to pollinate the plant. The heat produced by the plant helps to convey the scent further.
History
One of the earliest observations of species in Araceae was conducted by TheophrastusTheophrastus
Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age, and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle bequeathed to Theophrastus his writings, and...
in his work Enquiry into Plants. It was not until the 16th century that Araceae was recognized as a distinct group of plants. In 1789 Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu was a French botanist, notable as the first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today.-Life:...
classified all climbing aroids as Pothos and all terrestrial aroids as either Arum or Dracontium in his book Families des Plantes. It wasn't until Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott was an Austrian botanist well known for his extensive work on the aroids ....
published Genera Aroidearum in 1858 and Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum in 1860 that major classification progress was made in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
. At the time of writing these books Schott
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott was an Austrian botanist well known for his extensive work on the aroids ....
was only aware of approximately 900 species that he subsequently classified into 12 tribes. These 12 tribes grew to become the primary framework from which all subsequent classification was based.
The largest collection of living Araceae is maintained at Missouri Botanical Gardens. Another large collection of living Araceae can be found at Munich Botanical Garden, thanks to the efforts of the researcher and aroid authority Josef Bogner.
Toxicity
Within the Aracae, genera such as AlocasiaAlocasia
Alocasia is a genus of broad-leaved rhizomatous or tuberous perennials from the Family Araceae. There are 78 species of Alocasia occurring in Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Eastern Australia and widely cultivated in Oceania and South America. The large cordate or sagittate leaves grow to a length...
, Arisaema
Arisaema
Arisaema is a genus of about 150 species in the flowering plant family Araceae, native to eastern and central Africa, Asia and eastern North America. Its species are often called Cobra lilies, particularly the Asiatic species...
, Caladium
Caladium
Caladium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. They are often known by the common name elephant ear , Heart of Jesus, and Angel Wings...
, Colocasia
Colocasia
Colocasia is a genus of 25 or more species of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical Polynesia and southeastern Asia. Common names include Elephant-ear, Taro, Cocoyam, Dasheen,Chembu, and Eddoe...
, Dieffenbachia
Dieffenbachia
Dieffenbachia is a genus of tropical plants in the Family Araceae noted for their patterned leaves. Members of this genus are popular as houseplants because of their tolerance for shade. The common name is "dumb cane" due to its poisoning effect on the throat due to raphides...
and Philodendron
Philodendron
Philodendron is a large genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family, consisting of close to 900 or more species according to TROPICOS . Other sources quote different numbers of species. According to S.J. Mayo there are about 350-400 formally recognized species whereas according to Croat there...
contain calcium oxalate
Calcium oxalate
Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals, known in plants as raphides. A major constituent of human kidney stones, the chemical is also found in beerstone, a scale that forms on containers used in breweries...
crystals in the form of raphides
Raphides
Raphides are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate as the monohydrate or calcium carbonate as aragonite, found in more than 200 families of plants.Both ends are needle-like, but raphides tend to be more blunt at one end and more tapering at the other....
. When consumed, these may cause edema
Edema
Edema or oedema ; both words from the Greek , oídēma "swelling"), formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body that produces swelling...
, vesicle formation and dysphagia
Dysphagia
Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing. Although classified under "symptoms and signs" in ICD-10, the term is sometimes used as a condition in its own right. Sufferers are sometimes unaware of their dysphagia....
accompanied by painful stinging and burning to the mouth and throat, the symptoms occurring for up to two weeks.
Subfamily AroideaeAroideaeAroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family. It is the largest subfamily in Araceae and consists of about 72 different genera. Plants in Aroideae are characteristic of having spiny pollen without a sporopollenin outer exine layer and an aperature.-References:*Bown, Deni ....
Subfamily LasioideaeLasioideaeLasioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family. It contain 10 genera: Anaphyllopsis, Anaphyllum, Cyrtosperma, Dracontioides, Dracontium, Lasia, Lasimorpha, Podolasia, Pycnospatha, and Urospatha....
- AnaphyllopsisAnaphyllopsisAnaphyllopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The genus was created in 1988 by Hay in order to account for the differences of Cyrtosperma americanum from other Cyrtosperma species. The decision was to create a genus named Anaphyllopsis and rename Cyrtosperma americanum as...
A. Hay - AnaphyllumAnaphyllumAnaphyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. It consists of two species that are both endemic to southern India. They are found in marshes, have leaves with some pinnation, and have a twisted spathe. The two species in this genus are similar in appearance to those in the genus...
Schott - CyrtospermaCyrtospermaCyrtosperma is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family that consists of approximately 12 species. The genus had gone through considerable taxonomic changes in the 1980s, and as a result is now considered to be endemic to only Asia and some Pacific islands...
Griff. - DracontioidesDracontioidesDracontioides is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The single species that makes up the genus is Dracontioides desciscens, which is native to swamps in eastern Brazil. This species was originally classified by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott as belonging to Urospatha, but it was...
Engl. - DracontiumDracontiumDracontium is a flowering plant similar to Amorphophallus. It can be distinguished on the basis of its inflorescence, which is smaller and unisexual. The tuber is large, similar to that of Amorphophallus but rounder, with no central and circular scar mark. When the plant begins to flower, the tuber...
L. - LasiaLasiaLasia is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The genus contains only two species both of which are native to Asia, Lasia spinosa and Lasia concinna. Lasia was believed to be a monotypic genus until 1997 when a wild population of Lasia concinna was discovered in a farmer's paddy field...
Lour. - LasimorphaLasimorphaLasimorpha is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The single species that makes up the genus is Lasimorpha senegalensis. This species is endemic to Africa.-References:...
Schott - PodolasiaPodolasiaPodolasia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The single species that is contained within the genus is Podolasia stipitata. This species has vegetative features that are similar to the genus Lasia and has floral features similar to the genus Cyrtosperma. Podolasia...
N. E. Br. - PycnospathaPycnospathaPycnospatha is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. It contains only two species both of which are tuberous.-References:*Bown, Demi . Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-485-7....
Thorel ex Gagnep. - UrospathaUrospathaUrospatha is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family that consists of approximately 10 species. They are found growing in South America and Central America in swamps, wet savannahs, and brackish water. The leaves of the species in this genus are upward pointing and sagittate...
Schott
Subfamily LemnoideaeLemnoideae"Duckweed" or "bayroot" are aquatic plants which float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving fresh water bodies. They arose from within the arum or aroid family, , and therefore, often are classified as the subfamily Lemnoideae within the Araceae...
- LemnaLemnaLemna is a genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family. These rapidly-growing plants have found uses as a model system for studies in community ecology, basic plant biology, in ecotoxicology, in production of biopharmaceuticals, and as a source of animal feeds for agriculture...
- SpirodelaSpirodelaSpirodela is a genus of aquatic plant. It is one of several genera containing plants commonly called duckweed. Spirodela species are members of the Araceae under the APG II system. They were formerly members of the Lemnaceae....
- WolffiaWolffiaWolffia is a genus of 9 to 11 species which include the smallest flowering plants on Earth. Commonly called watermeal or duckweed, these aquatic plants resemble specks of cornmeal floating on the water. Wolffia species are free-floating thalli, green or yellow-green, and without roots. The flower...
- WolffiellaWolffiellaWolffiella is a genus of aquatic plants commonly called duckweeds in the Araceae family. Common names for plants in this genus include bogmat and mud-midget. They are rootless and have a keel that allows them to maintain their orientation in the water...
Subfamily MonsteroideaeMonsteroideaeMonsteroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family. It contains 10 different genera: Alloschemone, Amydrium, Anadendrum, Epipremnum, Heteropsis, Holochlamys, Monstera, Rhaphidophora, Rhodospatha, Scindapsus, Spathiphyllum, and Stenospermation...
- AlloschemoneAlloschemoneAlloschemone is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family that is endemic to the Amazon region of Brazil. There are only two species in the genus and both are extremely rare. These two species are Alloschemone occidentalis and Alloschemone inopinata...
Schott - AmydriumAmydriumAmydrium is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is distinguished from other members of the tribe Monstereae by having two ovules in each ovary. The seeds tend to be heart shaped. The leaves of Amydrium often show fenestration.-References:*Bown,...
Schott - AnadendrumAnadendrumAnadendrum is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family.-References:*Bown, Deni . Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family [ILLUSTRATED]. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-485-7...
Schott - EpipremnumEpipremnumEpipremnum is a genus of sub-tropical plants that is a perennial vine, that is often confused with other Monstereae such as Rhaphidophora aurea Birdsey. All parts of the plants are toxic, mostly due to trichosclereids and raphides. The species may have originated in Southeast Asia...
Schott - HeteropsisHeteropsisHeteropsis is a genus of flowering plant, in the family Araceae. It includes these species:-* Heteropsis boliviana Rusby* Heteropsis ecuadorensis Sodiro* Heteropsis flexuosa G.S.Bunting* Heteropsis linearis A.C.Sm....
Kunth - HolochlamysHolochlamysHolochlamys is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. Holochlamys beccarii is the only species in the genus Holochlamys. It is endemic to New Guinea and is found growing in mud near lowland streams or rocky streambeds at high elevations. The species is primarily rheophytic and...
Engl. - MonsteraMonsteraMonstera is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas. The genus is named from the Latin word for "monstrous" or "abnormal", the members of the genus are distinguished by their unusual leaves with natural holes.They are herbs...
Adans. - RhaphidophoraRhaphidophoraRhaphidophora is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species.-Description:...
Hassk. - RhodospathaRhodospathaRhodospatha is a genus of plant in family Araceae.Species include:* Rhodospatha dammeri, Sodiro* Rhodospatha dissidens, Sodiro* Rhodospatha robusta, Sodiro* Rhodospatha statutii, Sodiro...
Poepp. - ScindapsusScindapsusScindapsus is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family consisting of close to 40 species. It is endemic to Asia, but can also be found in the Pacific islands. Scindapsus isn't easily distinguishable from Epipremnum. The main difference between the two genera is in the number of seeds they...
Schott - SpathiphyllumSpathiphyllumSpathiphyllum is a genus of about 40 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas and southeastern Asia. Certain species of Spathiphyllum are commonly known as Spath or Peace Lilies.They are evergreen herbaceous perennial plants with...
Schott - StenospermationStenospermationStenospermation is a genus of plant in family Araceae.Species include:* Stenospermation arborescens, Madison* Stenospermation brachypodum, Sodiro* Stenospermation gracile, Sodiro* Stenospermation hilligii, Sodiro...
Schott
Subfamily OrontioideaeOrontioideaeOrontioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The subfamily consists of three genera namely, Orontium , Lysichiton , and Symplocarpus...
- LysichitonLysichitonLysichiton is a genus in the family Araceae. These plants are known commonly as skunk cabbage or less often as swamp lantern. The spelling Lysichitum is also found...
Schott - OrontiumOrontiumOrontium is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The single species in the genus is Orontium aquaticum. This species is endemic to eastern North America and is found growing in ponds, streams, and shallow lakes. It prefers an acidic environment. The leaves are pointed and...
L. - SymplocarpusSymplocarpusSymplocarpus is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family native to North America and Asia. The genus is characterized by having large leaves and deep root systems with contractile roots used for changing the plant's level with the ground...
Salisb. ex W. P. C. Barton
Subfamily PothoideaePothoideaePothoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The subfamily consists of four genera namely, Anthurium, Pothos, Pedicellarum, and Pothoidium. It contains two tribes, Anthurieae and Pothoeae. The species in the subfamily are true aroids....
- AnthuriumAnthuriumAnthurium , is a large genus of about 600–800 species, belonging to the arum family . Anthurium can also be called "Flamingo Flower" or "Boy Flower", both referring to the structure of the spathe and spadix....
Schott - PedicellarumPedicellarumPedicellarum is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The single species that comprises the genus is Pedicellarum paiei. This species is endemic to Indomalaysia.-References:...
M. Hotta - PothoidiumPothoidiumPothoidium is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The single species that comprises the genus is Pothoidium lobbianum. This species is endemic to the Moluccas, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Taiwan.-References:...
Schott - PothosPothos (genus)Pothos is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family. The common houseplant Epipremnum aureum, also known as the "Pothos," was once classified under the genus Pothos.-Selected species:*Pothos armatus C.E.C.Fisch....
L.
Subfamily ZamioculcadoideaeZamioculcadoideaeZamioculcadoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family that consists of two genera, Zamioculcas and Gonatopus. It was proposed in 2005 by Bogner and Hesse after molecular studies indicated the need for the subfamily. There are also some genetic indications that Stylochaeton...
- GonatopusGonatopusGonatopus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, consisting of about five species. This genus is native to eastern and southeastern Africa and is closely related to the genus Zamioculcas. The plant generally only produces one leaf from its tuber when in growth. In G...
Hook. f. ex Engl. - ZamioculcasZamioculcasZamioculcas is a genus of flowering plant in the family Araceae, containing the single species Zamioculcas zamiifolia. It is a tropical perennial plant native to eastern Africa, from Kenya south to northeastern South Africa...
Schott
Subfamily incertae sedisIncertae sedis , is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
- †ExtinctionIn biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms , normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point...
PetrocardiumPetrocardiumPetrocardium is an extinct genus of monocot plant in the family Araceae. At present it contains only two species Petrocardium cerrejonense and Petrocardium wayuuorum, the type species...
Herrera et al (Paleocene, Cerrejón FormationCerrejón FormationThe Cerrejón Formation is a geologic formation in Colombia dating back to the Middle-Late Paleocene. It is found in the El Cerrejón subbasin of the Racheria basin of La Guajira. The formation consists of bituminous coal fields that are an important economic resource. Coal from the Cerrejón...
, Colombia)