Banksia dryandroides
Encyclopedia
Banksia dryandroides, the Dryandra-leaved Banksia, is a species of small shrub in the plant
genus
Banksia
. It occurs in shrubland, coastal heath and woodland on the south coast of Western Australia
between Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Bay. The species is placed alone in series B. ser. Dryandroideae
.
s appear from October to January and are 2–3 cm (1 in) high. They are pale brownish in colour with hooked pistils. The flowers remain on the ageing spikes as up to 25 follicles develop. These measure 1.5–3 cm (0.6-1.2 in) long, 0.5–1.2 cm (0.2-0.5 in) high, and 0.3–0.9 cm wide, covered in fine hairs below, and smooth above.
Specimens of B. dryandroides were first collected in 1823 from the vicinity of King George Sound
by William Baxter
, a private plant collector who collected plant specimens and seed on behalf of British nurseries. Baxter sent to Clapton Nursery
a package of Banksia seed labelled "Dryandroides", and this was successfully germinated. The species became part of "the collection of Mr Mackay
, at Clapton", before being procured for "the superb collection of the Comtesse de Vandes', at Bayswater
", where it flowered in cultivation for the first time. There it was seen by Robert Sweet
, who in 1826 listed it under the unpublished manuscript name "Banksia dryandroides" as having been in cultivation in British gardens since 1824. Two years later, Sweet published a formal description of the species in his Flora Australasica, accompanied by a hand-coloured engraving by Edwin Dalton Smith. Thus B. dryandroides became the first published of the 18 Banksia species discovered by Baxter; the remaining 17 would be published in Robert Brown
's 1830 Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae
, based on Baxter's specimen sheets.
Sweet attributed the specific epithet dryandroides to Baxter; hence the species' full name with author citation is "Banksia dryandroides Baxter ex Sweet". The etymology of dryandroides was not explicitly given, but Sweet offered the English common name
Dryandra-like Banksia. The specific epithet is now held to mean "Dryandra-like", from the genus Dryandra and the suffix -oides ("similar"), in reference to the similarity of the leaves to some species of B. ser. Dryandra (formerly given genus rank as Dryandra).
Sweet did not designate a type specimen for the species. Australian botanist Alex George
has since designated as neotype one of Baxter's specimen sheets located at the British Museum (Natural History), labelled "Banksia new Seeds marked Dryandroides".
The species has an uneventful taxonomic history. No subspecies or varieties have been identified; it has no taxonomic synonyms; and its only nomenclatural synonym is "Sirmuellera dryandroides (Sweet.) Kuntze", which arose from Otto Kuntze
's unsuccessful 1891 attempt to transfer Banksia into the new name Sirmuellera.
in his 1830 Supplementum, placing it between B. repens
(Creeping Banksia) and B. brownii
(Feather-leaved Banksia).
Banksia verae was renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher
in 1847. Carl Meissner
gave Eubanksia sectional rank in his 1856 arrangement
, and divided it into four series based on leaf characters, with B. dryandroides placed in series Dryandroideae
because its leaves are divided into lobes. When George Bentham
published a revised arrangement
in his 1870 Flora Australiensis
, he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named Oncostylis
. This arrangement would stand for over a century.
Alex George
published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his landmark 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)
. Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subg. Banksia
, and was divided into three sections, one of which was Oncostylis. Oncostylis was further divided into four series, with B. dryandroides placed alone in the resurrected B. ser. Dryandroideae. Though George did not accept Meissner's definition of the series, he argued that "Banksia dryandroides appears to provide a link between the Spicigerae
and the Abietinae
but is sufficiently distinct from both to be placed in its own series."
In 1996, Kevin Thiele
and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement
of Banksia, after cladistic
analyses yielded a cladogram
significantly different from George's arrangement. George's sections were discarded, but many of his series were retained. Thiele and Ladiges found B. dryandroides to be sister (that is, the next closest relative) to a clade containing B. ser. Abietinae and B. tricuspis
(Lesueur Banksia). Since this placement was consistent with the placement of B. dryandroides alone in a series, and on the stated principle that "[n]omenclatural changes from the currently accepted classification are minimised", Thiele and Ladiges retained the placement of B. dryandroides alone in series Dryandroideae.
George revised Banksia again in his 1999 monograph of the genus for the Flora of Australia
series. Questioning the emphasis on cladistics in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement, George published a slightly modified version of his 1981 arrangement. To date, this remains the most recent comprehensive arrangement of the genus. Under George's 1999 arrangement of Banksia
, B. dryandroides' s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows:
Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast
and coauthors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence
data for the Proteaceae subtribe Banksiinae, which includes Banksia. Their 2002 analysis inferred a tree in which B. dryandroides was sister to a clade containing B. pulchella
(Teasel Banksia) and B. meisneri var. adscendens. This clade was in turn part of a polytomy
with a clade containing series Grandes, and a clade containing the bulk of series Abietinae.
Further analyses published in 2005 yielded results largely consistent with this, except that B. tricuspis may be much more closely related to this species than previously thought. Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksiinae by combining Dryandra
, the only other genus besides it, and Banksia and publishing several new names, including subgenus Spathulatae
for the species of Banksia that have spoon-shaped cotyledon
s. They have not yet published a full arrangement, but if their nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. prionotes is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.
habitat.
It is moderately sensitive to Phytophthora cinnamomi
dieback.
An assessment of the potential impact of climate change
on this species found that its range is likely to contract by between 30% and 80% by 2080, depending on the severity of the change.
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
. It occurs in shrubland, coastal heath and woodland on the south coast of Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...
between Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Bay. The species is placed alone in series B. ser. Dryandroideae
Banksia ser. Dryandroideae
Banksia ser. Dryandroideae is a valid botanic name for a taxonomic series in the plant genus Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had two circumscriptions. As presently circumscribed it is monotypic, containing only B. dryandroides.-According to Meissner:B. ser...
.
Description
Banksia dryandroides is a much-branched spreading shrub to 1 metre (4 ft) high, and is nonlignotuberous. The stems are covered with a fine reddish hair, and the fernlike leaves are 5–17 cm (2–7 in) long and 0.7–1.5 cm in width. The squat cylindrical inflorescenceInflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
s appear from October to January and are 2–3 cm (1 in) high. They are pale brownish in colour with hooked pistils. The flowers remain on the ageing spikes as up to 25 follicles develop. These measure 1.5–3 cm (0.6-1.2 in) long, 0.5–1.2 cm (0.2-0.5 in) high, and 0.3–0.9 cm wide, covered in fine hairs below, and smooth above.
Discovery and naming
King George Sound
King George Sound is the name of a sound on the south coast of Western Australia. Located at , it is the site of the city of Albany.The sound covers an area of and varies in depth from to ....
by William Baxter
William Baxter (botanist)
William Baxter was an English gardener who collected in Australia on behalf of English nurserymen and private individuals. He had developed his horticultural reputation as gardener to the Comtesse de Vandes in Bayswater, London, many of the plants he had nurtured being used for illustrations in...
, a private plant collector who collected plant specimens and seed on behalf of British nurseries. Baxter sent to Clapton Nursery
Clapton Nursery
The Clapton Nursery also known as Mackay's Clapton Nursery and later Low's Clapton Nursery was a plant nursery established in the early 19th century by John Bain Mackay in Upper Clapton, London, and noted for its introductions of Australian and South American plants into cultivation.The nursery...
a package of Banksia seed labelled "Dryandroides", and this was successfully germinated. The species became part of "the collection of Mr Mackay
John Bain Mackay
John Bain Mackay was a nurseryman based in Clapton, London noted for his introductions of Australian and South American plants into cultivation....
, at Clapton", before being procured for "the superb collection of the Comtesse de Vandes', at Bayswater
Bayswater
Bayswater is an area of west London in the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea to the west . It is a built-up district located 3 miles west-north-west of Charing Cross, bordering the north of Hyde Park over Kensington Gardens and having a population density of...
", where it flowered in cultivation for the first time. There it was seen by Robert Sweet
Robert Sweet
Robert Sweet may refer to:* Robert Sweet , English botanist, horticulturist and ornithologist* Robert Sweet , American drummer* Robert W. Sweet, U.S. federal judge...
, who in 1826 listed it under the unpublished manuscript name "Banksia dryandroides" as having been in cultivation in British gardens since 1824. Two years later, Sweet published a formal description of the species in his Flora Australasica, accompanied by a hand-coloured engraving by Edwin Dalton Smith. Thus B. dryandroides became the first published of the 18 Banksia species discovered by Baxter; the remaining 17 would be published in Robert Brown
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...
's 1830 Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae
Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae
Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae is an 1830 supplement to Robert Brown's Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. It may be referred to by its standard botanical abbreviation Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Nov...
, based on Baxter's specimen sheets.
Sweet attributed the specific epithet dryandroides to Baxter; hence the species' full name with author citation is "Banksia dryandroides Baxter ex Sweet". The etymology of dryandroides was not explicitly given, but Sweet offered the English common name
Common name
A common name of a taxon or organism is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism...
Dryandra-like Banksia. The specific epithet is now held to mean "Dryandra-like", from the genus Dryandra and the suffix -oides ("similar"), in reference to the similarity of the leaves to some species of B. ser. Dryandra (formerly given genus rank as Dryandra).
Sweet did not designate a type specimen for the species. Australian botanist Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
has since designated as neotype one of Baxter's specimen sheets located at the British Museum (Natural History), labelled "Banksia new Seeds marked Dryandroides".
The species has an uneventful taxonomic history. No subspecies or varieties have been identified; it has no taxonomic synonyms; and its only nomenclatural synonym is "Sirmuellera dryandroides (Sweet.) Kuntze", which arose from Otto Kuntze
Otto Kuntze
Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze was a German botanist.-Biography:Otto Kuntze was born in Leipzig.An apothecary in his early career, he published an essay entitled Pocket Fauna of Leipzig. Between 1863 and...
's unsuccessful 1891 attempt to transfer Banksia into the new name Sirmuellera.
Infrageneric placement
Sweet placed B. dryandroides in Robert Brown's Banksia verae, an unranked subgroup of Banksia, defined as containing all species with an elongate flower spike. Brown endorsed this when he updated his arrangement of BanksiaBrown's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, and expanded in this 1830 supplement to that publication, Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae...
in his 1830 Supplementum, placing it between B. repens
Banksia repens
Banksia repens, the Creeping Banksia, is a species of shrub in the plant genus Banksia. It occurs on the south coast of Western Australia from D'Entrecasteaux National Park in the west to Mount Ragged in the east....
(Creeping Banksia) and B. brownii
Banksia brownii
Banksia brownii, commonly known as Feather-leaved Banksia or Brown's Banksia, is a species of shrub that occurs in southwest Western Australia. An attractive plant with fine feathery leaves and large red-brown flower spikes, it usually grows as an upright bush around two metres high, but can also...
(Feather-leaved Banksia).
Banksia verae was renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher was an Austrian botanist, numismatist and Sinologist. He was a director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna. He was born in Pressburg and died in Vienna....
in 1847. Carl Meissner
Carl Meissner
Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner was a Swiss botanist.Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 year career he was Professor of Botany at University of Basel...
gave Eubanksia sectional rank in his 1856 arrangement
Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
Carl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1856, as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. It was the first attempt to provide an infrageneric classification for the genus, aside from Robert Brown's...
, and divided it into four series based on leaf characters, with B. dryandroides placed in series Dryandroideae
Banksia ser. Dryandroideae
Banksia ser. Dryandroideae is a valid botanic name for a taxonomic series in the plant genus Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had two circumscriptions. As presently circumscribed it is monotypic, containing only B. dryandroides.-According to Meissner:B. ser...
because its leaves are divided into lobes. When George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
published a revised arrangement
Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis. A substantial improvement on the previous arrangement, it would stand for over a century. It was eventually replaced by Alex George's 1981 arrangement, published in his classic...
in his 1870 Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl. Austral., is a seven-volume flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham, with the assistance of...
, he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named Oncostylis
Banksia sect. Oncostylis
Banksia sect. Oncostylis is one of four sections of subgenus Banksia subg. Banksia. It contains those Banksia species with hooked pistils. All of the species in Oncostylis also exhibit a top-down sequence of flower anthesis, except for Banksia nutans which is bottom-up.Banksia sect...
. This arrangement would stand for over a century.
Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his landmark 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)
The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)
The genus Banksia L.f. is a 1981 monograph by Alex George on the taxonomy of the plant genus Banksia. Published by the Western Australian Herbarium as Nuytsia 3, it presented George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, the first major taxonomic revision of the genus since George Bentham published...
. Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subg. Banksia
Banksia subg. Banksia
Banksia subg. Banksia is a valid botanic name for a subgenus of Banksia. As an autonym, it necessarily contains the type species of Banksia, B. serrata . Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.-Banksia verae:B. subg...
, and was divided into three sections, one of which was Oncostylis. Oncostylis was further divided into four series, with B. dryandroides placed alone in the resurrected B. ser. Dryandroideae. Though George did not accept Meissner's definition of the series, he argued that "Banksia dryandroides appears to provide a link between the Spicigerae
Banksia ser. Spicigerae
Banksia ser. Spicigerae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of the seven species in section Oncostylis that have cylindrical inflorescences. These range in form from small shrubs to tall trees. The leaves grow in either an alternate or whorled pattern, with various shape forms...
and the Abietinae
Banksia ser. Abietinae
Banksia ser. Abietinae is avalid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.-According to Meissner:...
but is sufficiently distinct from both to be placed in its own series."
In 1996, Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement
Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, published in 1996, was a novel taxonomic arrangement that was intended to align the taxonomy of Banksia more closely with the phylogeny that they had inferred from their cladistic analysis of the genus...
of Banksia, after cladistic
Cladistics
Cladistics is a method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants . For example, birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor form a clade...
analyses yielded a cladogram
Cladogram
A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics which shows ancestral relations between organisms, to represent the evolutionary tree of life. Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters, DNA and RNA sequencing data and computational...
significantly different from George's arrangement. George's sections were discarded, but many of his series were retained. Thiele and Ladiges found B. dryandroides to be sister (that is, the next closest relative) to a clade containing B. ser. Abietinae and B. tricuspis
Banksia tricuspis
The Lesueur Banksia or Pine Banksia is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia. It occurs within a geographic range of just 15 square kilometres near Jurien, Western Australia.-External links:...
(Lesueur Banksia). Since this placement was consistent with the placement of B. dryandroides alone in a series, and on the stated principle that "[n]omenclatural changes from the currently accepted classification are minimised", Thiele and Ladiges retained the placement of B. dryandroides alone in series Dryandroideae.
George revised Banksia again in his 1999 monograph of the genus for the Flora of Australia
Flora of Australia (series)
The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens present in Australia and its external territories...
series. Questioning the emphasis on cladistics in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement, George published a slightly modified version of his 1981 arrangement. To date, this remains the most recent comprehensive arrangement of the genus. Under George's 1999 arrangement of Banksia
George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was the first modern-day arrangement for that genus. First published in 1981 in the classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. , it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years. It was overturned in 1996 by Kevin...
, B. dryandroides
- BanksiaBanksiaBanksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
- B. subg. BanksiaBanksia subg. BanksiaBanksia subg. Banksia is a valid botanic name for a subgenus of Banksia. As an autonym, it necessarily contains the type species of Banksia, B. serrata . Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.-Banksia verae:B. subg...
- B. sect. BanksiaBanksia sect. BanksiaBanksia sect. Banksia is one of four sections of Banksia subgenus Banksia. It contains those species of subgenus Banksia with straight or sometimes curved but not hooked styles. These species all have cylindrical inflorescences and usually exhibit a bottom-up sequence of flower anthesis...
(9 series, 50 species, 9 subspecies, 3 varieties) - B. sect. Coccinea (1 species)
- B. sect. OncostylisBanksia sect. OncostylisBanksia sect. Oncostylis is one of four sections of subgenus Banksia subg. Banksia. It contains those Banksia species with hooked pistils. All of the species in Oncostylis also exhibit a top-down sequence of flower anthesis, except for Banksia nutans which is bottom-up.Banksia sect...
- B. ser. SpicigeraeBanksia ser. SpicigeraeBanksia ser. Spicigerae is a taxonomic series in the genus Banksia. It consists of the seven species in section Oncostylis that have cylindrical inflorescences. These range in form from small shrubs to tall trees. The leaves grow in either an alternate or whorled pattern, with various shape forms...
(7 species, 2 subspecies, 4 varieties) - B. ser. Tricuspidae (1 species)
- B. ser. DryandroideaeBanksia ser. DryandroideaeBanksia ser. Dryandroideae is a valid botanic name for a taxonomic series in the plant genus Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had two circumscriptions. As presently circumscribed it is monotypic, containing only B. dryandroides.-According to Meissner:B. ser...
- B. dryandroides
- B. ser. AbietinaeBanksia ser. AbietinaeBanksia ser. Abietinae is avalid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.-According to Meissner:...
(13 species, 2 subspecies, 9 varieties)
- B. ser. Spicigerae
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. subg. IsostylisBanksia subg. IsostylisBanksia subg. Isostylis is a subgenus of Banksia. It contains three closely related species, all of which occur only in Southwest Western Australia. Members of subgenus Isostylis have dome-shaped flower heads that are superficially similar to those of B. ser...
(3 species)
- B. subg. Banksia
Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and coauthors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
data for the Proteaceae subtribe Banksiinae, which includes Banksia. Their 2002 analysis inferred a tree in which B. dryandroides was sister to a clade containing B. pulchella
Banksia pulchella
The Teasel Banksia is a species of small shrub in the plant genus Banksia. It occurs on the south coast of Western Australia from Fitzgerald River National Park east to Israelite Bay....
(Teasel Banksia) and B. meisneri var. adscendens. This clade was in turn part of a polytomy
Polytomy
A polytomy , meaning many temporal based branches, is a section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships can not be fully resolved to dichotomies. In a phylogenetic tree, a polytomy is represented as a node which has more than two immediate descending branches...
with a clade containing series Grandes, and a clade containing the bulk of series Abietinae.
Further analyses published in 2005 yielded results largely consistent with this, except that B. tricuspis may be much more closely related to this species than previously thought. Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksiinae by combining Dryandra
Dryandra
Banksia ser. Dryandra is a series of 94 species of shrub to small tree in the plant genus Banksia. It was considered a separate genus named Dryandra until early 2007, when it was merged into Banksia on the basis of extensive molecular and morphological evidence that Banksia was paraphyletic with...
, the only other genus besides it, and Banksia and publishing several new names, including subgenus Spathulatae
Banksia subg. Spathulatae
Banksia subg. Spathulatae is a valid botanic name for a subgenus of Banksia. It was published in 2007 by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele, and defined as containing all those Banksia species having spathulate cotyledons...
for the species of Banksia that have spoon-shaped cotyledon
Cotyledon
A cotyledon , is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling. The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants...
s. They have not yet published a full arrangement, but if their nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. prionotes is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.
Distribution and habitat
Banksia dryandroides ranges near the south coast of Western Australia from Narrikup to Beaufort Inlet. It grows in clay-loam, sandy loam or gravel-based soils on low-lying areas, in shrubland and low woodland. It is also found on sandstone-based elevated areas in kwonganKwongan
Kwongan is a type of heathland found on the coastal plains of Western Australia. The name is derived from the language of the Noongar people. Kwongan comprises floristically-rich heath with dense thickets of sclerophyllous shrubs and isolated small trees...
habitat.
Ecology
Banksia dryandroides is killed by fire and regenerates from seed. New plants need at least four years between fires to flower and set fruit.It is moderately sensitive to Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. The plant pathogen is one of the world's most invasive species and is present in over 70 countries from around the world.- Life cycle and effects on plants :P...
dieback.
An assessment of the potential impact of climate change
Climate change
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
on this species found that its range is likely to contract by between 30% and 80% by 2080, depending on the severity of the change.