Business school
Encyclopedia
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
, entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as "one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response...
, finance
Finance
"Finance" is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money surrogates through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created...
, information systems
Information systems
Information Systems is an academic/professional discipline bridging the business field and the well-defined computer science field that is evolving toward a new scientific area of study...
, marketing
Marketing
Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
, organizational behavior, public relations
Public relations
Public relations is the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc....
, strategy, human resource management
Human resource management
Human Resource Management is the management of an organization's employees. While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of...
, and quantitative methods.
Types
They include schools of business, business administration, and managementManagement
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively...
. There are four principal forms of business school.
- Most of the university business schools are faculties, colleges or departments within the university, and teach predominantly business courses.
- In North America a business school is often understood to be a university graduate schoolGraduate schoolA graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree...
which offers a Master of Business AdministrationMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
or equivalent degree. - Also in North America the term "business school" can refer to a different type of institution: a two-year school that grants the Associate's degreeAssociate's degreeAn associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years...
in various business subjects. Most of these schools began as secretarial schools, then expanded into accounting or bookkeeping and similar subjects. They are typically operated as businesses, rather than as institutions of higher learning. - In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business.
Notable firsts
- 1759 – The Aula do Comércio in LisbonLisbonLisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
was the world's first institution to specialise in the teaching of commerce. It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844, when it merged with Instituto Industrial de Lisboa to become Instituto Industrial e Comercial de LisboaInstituto Industrial e Comercial de LisboaInstituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa was a former Portuguese school of vocational education founded in 1852 as Instituto Industrial de Lisboa, by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo decree of 30 December. Its aim was the creation of a technical school of vocational education, whose purpose was to...
. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3933/is_200411/ai_n10297978/pg_1 After the division of that organization, and several changes of names, it became the Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão of the Technical University of LisbonTechnical University of LisbonThe Technical University of Lisbon is a Portuguese public university. It was created in 1930 in Lisbon, as a confederation of older schools, and comprises, nowadays, the faculties and institutes of veterinary medicine; agricultural sciences; economics and business administration; engineering,... - 1819 – The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce of Paris (now ESCP Europe) was founded. It is the oldest business school in the world. http://www.escp-eap.eu/en/campus/london/london-news-room/news-single/back/232/article/escp-eap-ranks-1st-in-the-uk-in-the-ft-top-masters-in-management/
- 1857 – The Handelsakademie PestBudapest Business SchoolThe Budapest Business School - BBS - is the oldest, largest and a leading university of business studies in Hungary that was established as a result of integration of three renowned business schools.These three business schools are:* College of International Management and Business* College of...
(now Budapest Business SchoolBudapest Business SchoolThe Budapest Business School - BBS - is the oldest, largest and a leading university of business studies in Hungary that was established as a result of integration of three renowned business schools.These three business schools are:* College of International Management and Business* College of...
) was founded. It is the oldest business school in Central Europe and the second oldest in the World. - 1881 – The Wharton School of the University of PennsylvaniaWharton School of the University of PennsylvaniaThe Wharton School is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wharton was the world’s first collegiate business school and the first business school in the United States...
is the world's first collegiate business school. http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/about-wharton.cfm - 1898 – Handelshochschule Leipzig (aka Leipzig Graduate School of Management), the first business school in GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, was founded. - 1898 – The University of St. GallenUniversity of St. GallenThe University of St. Gallen is a public research university located in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is specialized in the fields of business administration, economics, law, and international affairs. The University of St. Gallen is also known as HSG, which is an abbreviation of its former German...
established, the first university in SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
teaching business and economics. - 1898 – The University of Chicago Booth School of Business (then the Graduate School of Business or Chicago GSB) was the first business school to offer a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
program and an Executive MBA program. It is the first business school to have a Nobel laureate on its faculty: George StiglerGeorge StiglerGeorge Joseph Stigler was a U.S. economist. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1982, and was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with his close friend Milton Friedman....
won the prize after retiring from the school in 1981. It is also the first business school to have six Nobel laureates on its faculty. - 1898 – The College of Commerce at the University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, BerkeleyThe University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
, later renamed the Haas School of BusinessHaas School of BusinessThe Walter A. Haas School of Business, also known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley....
, was founded as the first business school at a public university - 1889 – The predecessor of Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester Metropolitan University is a university in North West England. Its headquarters and central campus is in the city of Manchester, but there are outlying facilities in the county of Cheshire. It is the third largest university in the United Kingdom in terms of student numbers, behind the...
Business School was founded as the first school teaching commerce in the United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. http://www.business.mmu.ac.uk/about/ - 1900 – The Tuck School of BusinessTuck School of BusinessThe Amos Tuck School of Business Administration is the graduate business school of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States...
at Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth CollegeDartmouth College is a private, Ivy League university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. The institution comprises a liberal arts college, Dartmouth Medical School, Thayer School of Engineering, and the Tuck School of Business, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences...
was founded as the first graduate school of business in the US, offering the first master's degree in business administration, titled the "Master of Commercial Science" - 1902 – The Birmingham Business SchoolBirmingham Business SchoolBirmingham Business School is the business school of the University of Birmingham in England, located in University House, a former hall of residence in Edgbaston which has been extensively refurbished and expanded to provide state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities.Originally established...
was set up as the then University of BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamThe University of Birmingham is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Birmingham, England. It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Birmingham Medical School and Mason Science College . Birmingham was the first Redbrick university to gain a charter and thus...
's School of Commerce, the first Business School in the UK. - 1906 – The Warsaw School of EconomicsWarsaw School of EconomicsWarsaw School of Economics is the oldest economic university in Poland.The Warsaw School of Economics was founded in 1906 as a private school under the name August Zieliński Private Trade Courses for Men. On 30 July 1919 it became a separate legal entity and was granted the status of an...
(SGH) was established as the first school of commerce in Poland - 1907 – The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal, now HEC MontrealHEC MontréalHEC Montréal , is the independent affiliated business school of the Université de Montréal, and the oldest management School in Canada. It holds accreditations from AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA, one of three schools in North America to hold triple accreditation in management education...
, was founded as the first business school in Canada http://www.hec.ca/en/generalinfo/history.html - 1909 – Stockholm School of EconomicsStockholm School of EconomicsThe Stockholm School of Economics or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm is one of Northern Europe's leading business schools. Its Masters in Management program is ranked no. 2 in Northern Europe and no. 13 in Europe by the Financial Times...
or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm was founded as the first institution dedicated to businessBusinessA business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and economicsEconomicsEconomics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
in SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
. - 1910 – Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
was the first business school to offer a degree called the "MBAMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
" - 1911 – Helsinki School of EconomicsHelsinki School of EconomicsThe Aalto University School of Economics , known as Helsinki School of Economics until 2009, is the largest and leading business school in Finland and one of the most renowned in Europe...
or Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu was founded as the first Finnish-language institution dedicated to businessBusinessA business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and economicsEconomicsEconomics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
in FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. - 1918 – University of EdinburghUniversity of EdinburghThe University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university...
set up the first faculty for the study of business and commerce in Scotland - 1921 – Nanjing UniversityNanjing UniversityNanjing University , or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China...
(then named National Southeastern University and later renamed National Central UniversityNational Central UniversityNational Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
and Nanjing UniversityNanjing UniversityNanjing University , or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China...
) moved the Faculty of Business originated in 1917 from NanjingNanjing' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
to ShanghaiShanghaiShanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
to establish the university business school, which was the first professional ChineseChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
university business school. Later the school became Shanghai University of Finance and EconomicsShanghai University of Finance and EconomicsShanghai University of Finance and Economics , founded in 1917, is a national university located in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. According to China's University and College Admission System, SUFE's economics program was ranked sixth in 2010, giving it an A+ rating.-History:The university...
, and Nanjing University Business SchoolNanjing University Business SchoolNanjing University Business School is the school of business of Nanjing University, which founded the first professional Chinese business school...
was refounded, as well as the School of Management at NCUNational Central UniversityNational Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
in TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
. - 1931 – MIT Sloan School of ManagementMIT Sloan School of ManagementThe MIT Sloan School of Management is the business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts....
The world’s first university-based executive education program — the MIT Sloan Fellows — was created in under the sponsorship of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., an 1895 MIT graduate who was then chairman of General Motors. - 1936 – The Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH) was established as Norway's first business school.
- 1941 – ESAN - Escuela Superior de Administracion de Negocios ,the first business school in Latin America and Peru, was founded by Stanford.
- 1946 – The Thunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global Management is a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona. Founded in 1946 by retired U.S...
, then called the American Institute for Foreign Trade, was the first graduate management school focused exclusively on global business. - 1948 – The University of Western OntarioUniversity of Western OntarioThe University of Western Ontario is a public research university located in London, Ontario, Canada. The university's main campus covers of land, with the Thames River cutting through the eastern portion of the main campus. Western administers its programs through 12 different faculties and...
was the first university outside the United States to offer an MBA http://www.ivey.uwo.ca/about/history.htm - 1949 – The University of PretoriaUniversity of PretoriaThe University of Pretoria is a multi campus public research university located in Pretoria, the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa...
in South Africa founded the oldest business school in Africa and was the first university to offer an MBA outside of North America. In January 2008 the Graduate School of Management was formally replaced by the Gordon Institute of Business ScienceGordon Institute of Business ScienceGordon Institute of Business Science is the business school of the University of Pretoria in Johannesburg, South Africa and a leading South African business school. It is located in the heart of Illovo, Johannesburg, close to the Sandton financial and commercial business hub...
. - 1949 – The E. Claiborne Robins School of BusinessE. Claiborne Robins School of BusinessThe E. Claiborne Robins School of Business is a part of the University of Richmond and was established in 1949. It offers undergraduate, graduate and executive education programs, and was named after alumnus E. Claiborne Robins in 1979. Robins, the grandson of Albert Hartley Robins, founder of the...
was founded as the first business school within a liberal arts university. - 1953 – The first Latin American school of business, Adolfo Ibáñez (see Adolfo Ibáñez University), is created in Valparaíso, Chile http://www.uai.cl/historia.
- 1955 – IBAInstitute of Business Administration, KarachiThe Institute of Business Administration is a university and a business school in Karachi, Pakistan. According to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, IBA is one of the best business and IT institutes in Pakistan...
was established by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The Wharton School provided professors and assistance, to what would become the finest and most prestigious business school in Pakistan. - 1957 – INSEADINSEADINSEAD is an international graduate business school and research institution. It has campuses in Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as a research center in Israel...
, near Paris, France, became the first European institution to offer an MBA program. - 1958 – Fundação Getúlio VargasFundação Getúlio VargasFundação Getulio Vargas is a Brazilian higher education institution founded on December 20, 1944. It offers regular courses of Economics, Business Administration, Law, Social Sciences and Information technology management...
was the first business school founded in Latin America to offer an MBA-type qualification - 1964 - IESEIESEIESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
launched the first two-year MBA program in Europe under the guidance of the Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
. - 1964 – National Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi University is a prestigious public university at Muzha in Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan. It is well-known for its concentration on the social sciences, law, commerce, communication, liberal arts and for its MBA programs....
offered the first Chinese MBA program. http://ybl.org.tw/mrshu.htmhttp://commerce.nccu.edu.twhttp://ba.nccu.edu.tw - 1964 – INCAE Business SchoolINCAEINCAE Business School is a business school located in Latin America. It has 2 locations, the Francisco de Sola campus in Nicaragua and the Walter Kissling Gam campus in Costa Rica...
or Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas was founded by Harvard Business School http://www.incae.edu/EN/biblioteca/recursos-servicios/historia-incae/ - 1966 – The National Institute of Development AdministrationNational Institute of Development AdministrationNational Institute of Development Administration is Thailand's most prestigious graduate university under the Commission on Higher Education, the Ministry of Education...
or NIDA was the first graduate school that offer an MBA program in Thailand - 1973 – The École des Affaires de Paris (EAP) (now ESCP-EAP) was the first business school with campuses in three countries
- 1991 – The IEDC-Bled School of ManagementIEDC-Bled School of ManagementIEDC-Bled School of Management, located in Bled, Slovenia, is a Business School. It was founded in 1986 upon an initiative of Slovenian business community as the International Executive Development Center....
was the first business school to offer an MBA program in Eastern EuropeEastern EuropeEastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
. - 1992 – The Thunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global Management is a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona. Founded in 1946 by retired U.S...
was the first business school to have campuses on three continents. - 1994 – CEIBS (CHINA EUROPE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL) was the first business school in China to have received funding from a foreign government, namely the European Commission. http://www.businessbecause.com/mba-life/charmed-by-china.htm
- 1999 – Kyiv Mohyla Business SchoolKyiv Mohyla Business SchoolKyiv Mohyla Business School is a business school in Ukraine. It was established in 1999 in Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. KMBS is an associate member of Central and East European Management Development Association, European Foundation for Management Development and Baltic Management Development...
was the first business school to offer an MBA program in UkraineUkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. - 2001 - IESEIESEIESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
launched the world's first intercontinental, modular Global Executive MBA program - 2001 – The Asian Institute of ManagementAsian Institute of ManagementThe Asian Institute of Management, or simply AIM, is a graduate school of business and a center of business and management research. It is one of the few business schools in Asia to be internationally accredited with the AACSB. It was established in partnership with Harvard Business School and uses...
was the first graduate school of management in the world to receive ISO 14001 Certification. http://www.aim.edu/content.aspx?id=151 - 2010 – Skema Business SchoolSkema Business SchoolSKEMA Business School is a school created by the merger of two French schools, CERAM Business School and Groupe ESC Lille in 2009. The school's name stands for School of Knowledge Economy and Management. The school offers bachelors, masters, MBA, doctoral and executive education programs in China,...
, opting for a multi campus strategy all around the world, in BrazilBrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, MoroccoMoroccoMorocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
and the USA, is the first French Business School to open a campus in the United States in Raleigh, North CarolinaRaleigh, North CarolinaRaleigh is the capital and the second largest city in the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's 2010 population was 403,892, over an area of , making Raleigh...
among the Research Triangle ParkResearch Triangle ParkThe Research Triangle Park is a research park in the United States. It is located near Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill, in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina...
.
Degrees
- Associate's degreeAssociate's degreeAn associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years...
: AA, AAB, ABA, AS - Bachelor's DegreeBachelor's degreeA bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
s: BA, BSBachelor of ScienceA Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
, BBABachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
, BBusBachelor of BusinessA Bachelor of Business is a three or four year business degree offered by traditional and newer universities from the post-Dawkins era in Australia and New Zealand...
, BComm, BSBABachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
, BAccBachelor of AccountancyThe degree of Bachelor of Accountancy is the principal academic degree in accountancy in several countries, and is often the only degree recognised for subsequent practice; see First professional degree. It is abbreviated B.Acy. or B.Acc. or B. Accty....
, BABA, BBS, BMOS and BBusScBachelor of Business ScienceThe Bachelor of Business Science is a four year Honours level degree providing for a scientifically based study of economic and management sciences. The degree is offered in South Africa, and elsewhere in the Commonwealth.-Structure:... - Master's DegreeMaster's degreeA master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
s: MBAMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
, MBM, MMMaster of ManagementThe Master of Management is a post-graduate master’s degree awarded to students who normally complete a one to two year program of graduate level coursework in business management at an accredited academic institution. As the program is designed for students interested in entering leadership...
, MAccMaster of AccountancyMaster of Accountancy , alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy or Master of Science in Accountancy , is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the...
, MMRMaster of Marketing ResearchMaster of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
, MSMRMaster of Marketing ResearchMaster of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
, MPAMaster of AccountancyMaster of Accountancy , alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy or Master of Science in Accountancy , is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the...
, MISM, MSMMaster of Science in ManagementMaster of Science in Management, abbreviated MSc or MSM, is a Master of Science academic degree that is common throughout the United States and Europe. It is similar to the MBA degree, and often requires a dissertation before a graduate is admitted to it. The MSc is a research-oriented program...
, MHAMaster of Health AdministrationThe Master of Health Administration is a master's-level professional degree granted to students who complete a course of study in the knowledge and competencies needed for careers in health administration, involving the management of hospitals and other health services organizations, as well as...
, MSF, MScMSC- Computers:* Mario Strikers Charged* Microsoft Common Console Document, file for the Microsoft Management Console* Microelectronics Support Centre* Microsoft Corporation* MIDI Show Control* Message Sequence Chart...
, MSTMaster of Science in TaxationThe Master of Science in Taxation is a professional graduate degree specifically designed for individuals that desire to become tax specialists. An alternate degree title is "Master of Taxation" or "Master Business Taxation" . A student taking a MST program studies tax law and its application...
, MMS, EMBA and MCommMaster of CommerceMaster of Commerce is a postgraduate Masters Degree focusing on commerce-, management- and economics-related subjects. Like the undergraduate Bachelor of Commerce, the degree is offered in Commonwealth nations.-Structure:The Master of Commerce typically requires one year of full-time study...
. At Oxford and Cambridge business schools an MPhil, or Master of Philosophy, is awarded in place of an MA or MSc. - Post GraduatePostgraduate educationPostgraduate education involves learning and studying for degrees or other qualifications for which a first or Bachelor's degree generally is required, and is normally considered to be part of higher education...
: Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM), Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM), Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Business Management, Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Management - Doctoral DegreesDoctorateA doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
: Ph.D.Ph.D.A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
, DBADoctor of Business AdministrationThe degree of Doctor of Business Administration, abbreviated, or and equivalent to , is a research doctorate in business administration. The D.B.A...
, DHADoctor of Health AdministrationThe Doctor of Health Administration or D.H.A. degree was started in the U.S. in the late 1990s at the Medical University of South Carolina as an advanced professional doctorate in health leadership. The founding director and chief architect for the degree was Dr. James A. Johnson. Prior to this the...
, DMDoctor of ManagementDoctor of Management is an academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in management.The D.M. degree is awarded by some American and international universities, and is similar to a PhD degree in management and business-related sciences...
, Doctor of Commerce (DCOM), FPM, PhD in ManagementPhD in ManagementA PhD in management is synonymous with a PhD in business or a business doctorate and is the highest degree awarded in the study of business...
or Business Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy)
Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)
Use of case studies
Some business schools center their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case methodCase method
The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors affecting the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.
Business schools often obtain
Case method
The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
case studies published by the Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
, IESE
IESE
IESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
, the Ross School of Business
Ross School of Business
The Stephen M. Ross School of Business is the business school of the University of Michigan. Numerous publications have ranked the Ross School of Business' Bachelor of Business Administration , Master of Business Administration and Executive Education programs among the top in the country and the...
at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
, the Richard Ivey School of Business
Richard Ivey School of Business
The Richard Ivey School of Business is located on the University of Western Ontario campus in London, Ontario, Canada, and is consistently rated as the top business school in Canada. It is offered, along with a range of other programs, by the University of Western Ontario, but is managed separately...
at The University of Western Ontario, the Darden School at the University of Virginia
University of Virginia
The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, founded by Thomas Jefferson...
, INSEAD
INSEAD
INSEAD is an international graduate business school and research institution. It has campuses in Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as a research center in Israel...
, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as European Case Clearing House
European Case Clearing House
The European Case Clearing House is said to be the world's largest repository of case studies and articles on various facets of business management...
). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric
Lincoln Electric
Lincoln Electric is a company in Euclid, Ohio, United States that manufactures arc welding equipment and consumables, plasma and oxy-fuel cutting equipment and robotic welding systems. They are a worldwide leader in production of welding products and have 39 manufacturing locations, including...
Co. and Google
Google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...
, Inc.
Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:
- Prepared case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
- Problem-solving analysis. This second method, initiated by the Harvard Business School is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
- A generally applicable strategic planningStrategic planningStrategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues...
approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six to a dozen cases during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyzing cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently most professors are capable of supervising application of this method.
History of business cases
When Harvard Business School was founded, the faculty realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem was to interview leading practitioners of business and to write detailed accounts of what these managers were doing. Of course the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. The basic outlines of this method are still present in business school curriculum today.Other approaches
In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations researchOperations research
Operations research is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations...
, management information systems, statistics
Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments....
, organizational behavior, modeling
Scientific modelling
Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models. Science offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling...
and simulation
Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system....
, and decision science. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.
Another important approach used in business school is the use of Business simulation game
Business game
Business game refers to simulation games that are used at an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc...
s that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc.
There are also several business school that still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required.
Global Master of Business Administration ranking
Each year, well-known business publications such as Business Week, The Economist, US News & World Report,Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
, entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as "one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response...
, finance
Finance
"Finance" is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money surrogates through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created...
, information systems
Information systems
Information Systems is an academic/professional discipline bridging the business field and the well-defined computer science field that is evolving toward a new scientific area of study...
, marketing
Marketing
Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
, organizational behavior, public relations
Public relations
Public relations is the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc....
, strategy, human resource management
Human resource management
Human Resource Management is the management of an organization's employees. While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of...
, and quantitative methods.
Types
They include schools of business, business administration, and managementManagement
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively...
. There are four principal forms of business school.
- Most of the university business schools are faculties, colleges or departments within the university, and teach predominantly business courses.
- In North America a business school is often understood to be a university graduate schoolGraduate schoolA graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree...
which offers a Master of Business AdministrationMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
or equivalent degree. - Also in North America the term "business school" can refer to a different type of institution: a two-year school that grants the Associate's degreeAssociate's degreeAn associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years...
in various business subjects. Most of these schools began as secretarial schools, then expanded into accounting or bookkeeping and similar subjects. They are typically operated as businesses, rather than as institutions of higher learning. - In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business.
Notable firsts
- 1759 – The Aula do Comércio in LisbonLisbonLisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
was the world's first institution to specialise in the teaching of commerce. It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844, when it merged with Instituto Industrial de Lisboa to become Instituto Industrial e Comercial de LisboaInstituto Industrial e Comercial de LisboaInstituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa was a former Portuguese school of vocational education founded in 1852 as Instituto Industrial de Lisboa, by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo decree of 30 December. Its aim was the creation of a technical school of vocational education, whose purpose was to...
. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3933/is_200411/ai_n10297978/pg_1 After the division of that organization, and several changes of names, it became the Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão of the Technical University of LisbonTechnical University of LisbonThe Technical University of Lisbon is a Portuguese public university. It was created in 1930 in Lisbon, as a confederation of older schools, and comprises, nowadays, the faculties and institutes of veterinary medicine; agricultural sciences; economics and business administration; engineering,... - 1819 – The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce of Paris (now ESCP Europe) was founded. It is the oldest business school in the world. http://www.escp-eap.eu/en/campus/london/london-news-room/news-single/back/232/article/escp-eap-ranks-1st-in-the-uk-in-the-ft-top-masters-in-management/
- 1857 – The Handelsakademie PestBudapest Business SchoolThe Budapest Business School - BBS - is the oldest, largest and a leading university of business studies in Hungary that was established as a result of integration of three renowned business schools.These three business schools are:* College of International Management and Business* College of...
(now Budapest Business SchoolBudapest Business SchoolThe Budapest Business School - BBS - is the oldest, largest and a leading university of business studies in Hungary that was established as a result of integration of three renowned business schools.These three business schools are:* College of International Management and Business* College of...
) was founded. It is the oldest business school in Central Europe and the second oldest in the World. - 1881 – The Wharton School of the University of PennsylvaniaWharton School of the University of PennsylvaniaThe Wharton School is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wharton was the world’s first collegiate business school and the first business school in the United States...
is the world's first collegiate business school. http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/about-wharton.cfm - 1898 – Handelshochschule Leipzig (aka Leipzig Graduate School of Management), the first business school in GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, was founded. - 1898 – The University of St. GallenUniversity of St. GallenThe University of St. Gallen is a public research university located in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is specialized in the fields of business administration, economics, law, and international affairs. The University of St. Gallen is also known as HSG, which is an abbreviation of its former German...
established, the first university in SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
teaching business and economics. - 1898 – The University of Chicago Booth School of Business (then the Graduate School of Business or Chicago GSB) was the first business school to offer a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
program and an Executive MBA program. It is the first business school to have a Nobel laureate on its faculty: George StiglerGeorge StiglerGeorge Joseph Stigler was a U.S. economist. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1982, and was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with his close friend Milton Friedman....
won the prize after retiring from the school in 1981. It is also the first business school to have six Nobel laureates on its faculty. - 1898 – The College of Commerce at the University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, BerkeleyThe University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
, later renamed the Haas School of BusinessHaas School of BusinessThe Walter A. Haas School of Business, also known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley....
, was founded as the first business school at a public university - 1889 – The predecessor of Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester Metropolitan University is a university in North West England. Its headquarters and central campus is in the city of Manchester, but there are outlying facilities in the county of Cheshire. It is the third largest university in the United Kingdom in terms of student numbers, behind the...
Business School was founded as the first school teaching commerce in the United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. http://www.business.mmu.ac.uk/about/ - 1900 – The Tuck School of BusinessTuck School of BusinessThe Amos Tuck School of Business Administration is the graduate business school of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States...
at Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth CollegeDartmouth College is a private, Ivy League university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. The institution comprises a liberal arts college, Dartmouth Medical School, Thayer School of Engineering, and the Tuck School of Business, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences...
was founded as the first graduate school of business in the US, offering the first master's degree in business administration, titled the "Master of Commercial Science" - 1902 – The Birmingham Business SchoolBirmingham Business SchoolBirmingham Business School is the business school of the University of Birmingham in England, located in University House, a former hall of residence in Edgbaston which has been extensively refurbished and expanded to provide state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities.Originally established...
was set up as the then University of BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamThe University of Birmingham is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Birmingham, England. It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Birmingham Medical School and Mason Science College . Birmingham was the first Redbrick university to gain a charter and thus...
's School of Commerce, the first Business School in the UK. - 1906 – The Warsaw School of EconomicsWarsaw School of EconomicsWarsaw School of Economics is the oldest economic university in Poland.The Warsaw School of Economics was founded in 1906 as a private school under the name August Zieliński Private Trade Courses for Men. On 30 July 1919 it became a separate legal entity and was granted the status of an...
(SGH) was established as the first school of commerce in Poland - 1907 – The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal, now HEC MontrealHEC MontréalHEC Montréal , is the independent affiliated business school of the Université de Montréal, and the oldest management School in Canada. It holds accreditations from AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA, one of three schools in North America to hold triple accreditation in management education...
, was founded as the first business school in Canada http://www.hec.ca/en/generalinfo/history.html - 1909 – Stockholm School of EconomicsStockholm School of EconomicsThe Stockholm School of Economics or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm is one of Northern Europe's leading business schools. Its Masters in Management program is ranked no. 2 in Northern Europe and no. 13 in Europe by the Financial Times...
or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm was founded as the first institution dedicated to businessBusinessA business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and economicsEconomicsEconomics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
in SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
. - 1910 – Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
was the first business school to offer a degree called the "MBAMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
" - 1911 – Helsinki School of EconomicsHelsinki School of EconomicsThe Aalto University School of Economics , known as Helsinki School of Economics until 2009, is the largest and leading business school in Finland and one of the most renowned in Europe...
or Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu was founded as the first Finnish-language institution dedicated to businessBusinessA business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and economicsEconomicsEconomics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
in FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. - 1918 – University of EdinburghUniversity of EdinburghThe University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university...
set up the first faculty for the study of business and commerce in Scotland - 1921 – Nanjing UniversityNanjing UniversityNanjing University , or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China...
(then named National Southeastern University and later renamed National Central UniversityNational Central UniversityNational Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
and Nanjing UniversityNanjing UniversityNanjing University , or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China...
) moved the Faculty of Business originated in 1917 from NanjingNanjing' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
to ShanghaiShanghaiShanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
to establish the university business school, which was the first professional ChineseChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
university business school. Later the school became Shanghai University of Finance and EconomicsShanghai University of Finance and EconomicsShanghai University of Finance and Economics , founded in 1917, is a national university located in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. According to China's University and College Admission System, SUFE's economics program was ranked sixth in 2010, giving it an A+ rating.-History:The university...
, and Nanjing University Business SchoolNanjing University Business SchoolNanjing University Business School is the school of business of Nanjing University, which founded the first professional Chinese business school...
was refounded, as well as the School of Management at NCUNational Central UniversityNational Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
in TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
. - 1931 – MIT Sloan School of ManagementMIT Sloan School of ManagementThe MIT Sloan School of Management is the business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts....
The world’s first university-based executive education program — the MIT Sloan Fellows — was created in under the sponsorship of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., an 1895 MIT graduate who was then chairman of General Motors. - 1936 – The Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH) was established as Norway's first business school.
- 1941 – ESAN - Escuela Superior de Administracion de Negocios ,the first business school in Latin America and Peru, was founded by Stanford.
- 1946 – The Thunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global Management is a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona. Founded in 1946 by retired U.S...
, then called the American Institute for Foreign Trade, was the first graduate management school focused exclusively on global business.http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2007/02/05/daily6.htmlhttp://www.thunderbird.edu/about_thunderbird/news/media_relations/news_releases/2008/_06_17_thunderbird_history.htm - 1948 – The University of Western OntarioUniversity of Western OntarioThe University of Western Ontario is a public research university located in London, Ontario, Canada. The university's main campus covers of land, with the Thames River cutting through the eastern portion of the main campus. Western administers its programs through 12 different faculties and...
was the first university outside the United States to offer an MBA http://www.ivey.uwo.ca/about/history.htm - 1949 – The University of PretoriaUniversity of PretoriaThe University of Pretoria is a multi campus public research university located in Pretoria, the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa...
in South Africa founded the oldest business school in Africa and was the first university to offer an MBA outside of North America.http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional In January 2008 the Graduate School of Management was formally replaced by the Gordon Institute of Business ScienceGordon Institute of Business ScienceGordon Institute of Business Science is the business school of the University of Pretoria in Johannesburg, South Africa and a leading South African business school. It is located in the heart of Illovo, Johannesburg, close to the Sandton financial and commercial business hub...
.http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/ Gordon Institute of Business Science, Pretoria. Retrieved 15 September 2009 - 1949 – The E. Claiborne Robins School of BusinessE. Claiborne Robins School of BusinessThe E. Claiborne Robins School of Business is a part of the University of Richmond and was established in 1949. It offers undergraduate, graduate and executive education programs, and was named after alumnus E. Claiborne Robins in 1979. Robins, the grandson of Albert Hartley Robins, founder of the...
was founded as the first business school within a liberal arts university. - 1953 – The first Latin American school of business, Adolfo Ibáñez (see Adolfo Ibáñez University), is created in Valparaíso, Chile http://www.uai.cl/historia.
- 1955 – IBAInstitute of Business Administration, KarachiThe Institute of Business Administration is a university and a business school in Karachi, Pakistan. According to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, IBA is one of the best business and IT institutes in Pakistan...
was established by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The Wharton School provided professors and assistance, to what would become the finest and most prestigious business school in Pakistan. - 1957 – INSEADINSEADINSEAD is an international graduate business school and research institution. It has campuses in Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as a research center in Israel...
, near Paris, France, became the first European institution to offer an MBA program. - 1958 – Fundação Getúlio VargasFundação Getúlio VargasFundação Getulio Vargas is a Brazilian higher education institution founded on December 20, 1944. It offers regular courses of Economics, Business Administration, Law, Social Sciences and Information technology management...
was the first business school founded in Latin America to offer an MBA-type qualification - 1964 - IESEIESEIESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
launched the first two-year MBA program in Europe under the guidance of the Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
. - 1964 – National Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi University is a prestigious public university at Muzha in Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan. It is well-known for its concentration on the social sciences, law, commerce, communication, liberal arts and for its MBA programs....
offered the first Chinese MBA program. http://ybl.org.tw/mrshu.htmhttp://commerce.nccu.edu.twhttp://ba.nccu.edu.tw - 1964 – INCAE Business SchoolINCAEINCAE Business School is a business school located in Latin America. It has 2 locations, the Francisco de Sola campus in Nicaragua and the Walter Kissling Gam campus in Costa Rica...
or Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas was founded by Harvard Business School http://www.incae.edu/EN/biblioteca/recursos-servicios/historia-incae/ - 1966 – The National Institute of Development AdministrationNational Institute of Development AdministrationNational Institute of Development Administration is Thailand's most prestigious graduate university under the Commission on Higher Education, the Ministry of Education...
or NIDA was the first graduate school that offer an MBA program in Thailand - 1973 – The École des Affaires de Paris (EAP) (now ESCP-EAP) was the first business school with campuses in three countries
- 1991 – The IEDC-Bled School of ManagementIEDC-Bled School of ManagementIEDC-Bled School of Management, located in Bled, Slovenia, is a Business School. It was founded in 1986 upon an initiative of Slovenian business community as the International Executive Development Center....
was the first business school to offer an MBA program in Eastern EuropeEastern EuropeEastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
. - 1992 – The Thunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global Management is a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona. Founded in 1946 by retired U.S...
was the first business school to have campuses on three continents. - 1994 – CEIBS (CHINA EUROPE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL) was the first business school in China to have received funding from a foreign government, namely the European Commission. http://www.businessbecause.com/mba-life/charmed-by-china.htm
- 1999 – Kyiv Mohyla Business SchoolKyiv Mohyla Business SchoolKyiv Mohyla Business School is a business school in Ukraine. It was established in 1999 in Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. KMBS is an associate member of Central and East European Management Development Association, European Foundation for Management Development and Baltic Management Development...
was the first business school to offer an MBA program in UkraineUkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. - 2001 - IESEIESEIESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
launched the world's first intercontinental, modular Global Executive MBA program - 2001 – The Asian Institute of ManagementAsian Institute of ManagementThe Asian Institute of Management, or simply AIM, is a graduate school of business and a center of business and management research. It is one of the few business schools in Asia to be internationally accredited with the AACSB. It was established in partnership with Harvard Business School and uses...
was the first graduate school of management in the world to receive ISO 14001 Certification. http://www.aim.edu/content.aspx?id=151 - 2010 – Skema Business SchoolSkema Business SchoolSKEMA Business School is a school created by the merger of two French schools, CERAM Business School and Groupe ESC Lille in 2009. The school's name stands for School of Knowledge Economy and Management. The school offers bachelors, masters, MBA, doctoral and executive education programs in China,...
, opting for a multi campus strategy all around the world, in BrazilBrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, MoroccoMoroccoMorocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
and the USA, is the first French Business School to open a campus in the United States in Raleigh, North CarolinaRaleigh, North CarolinaRaleigh is the capital and the second largest city in the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's 2010 population was 403,892, over an area of , making Raleigh...
among the Research Triangle ParkResearch Triangle ParkThe Research Triangle Park is a research park in the United States. It is located near Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill, in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina...
.
Degrees
- Associate's degreeAssociate's degreeAn associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years...
: AA, AAB, ABA, AS - Bachelor's DegreeBachelor's degreeA bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
s: BA, BSBachelor of ScienceA Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
, BBABachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
, BBusBachelor of BusinessA Bachelor of Business is a three or four year business degree offered by traditional and newer universities from the post-Dawkins era in Australia and New Zealand...
, BComm, BSBABachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
, BAccBachelor of AccountancyThe degree of Bachelor of Accountancy is the principal academic degree in accountancy in several countries, and is often the only degree recognised for subsequent practice; see First professional degree. It is abbreviated B.Acy. or B.Acc. or B. Accty....
, BABA, BBS, BMOS and BBusScBachelor of Business ScienceThe Bachelor of Business Science is a four year Honours level degree providing for a scientifically based study of economic and management sciences. The degree is offered in South Africa, and elsewhere in the Commonwealth.-Structure:... - Master's DegreeMaster's degreeA master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
s: MBAMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
, MBM, MMMaster of ManagementThe Master of Management is a post-graduate master’s degree awarded to students who normally complete a one to two year program of graduate level coursework in business management at an accredited academic institution. As the program is designed for students interested in entering leadership...
, MAccMaster of AccountancyMaster of Accountancy , alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy or Master of Science in Accountancy , is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the...
, MMRMaster of Marketing ResearchMaster of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
, MSMRMaster of Marketing ResearchMaster of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
, MPAMaster of AccountancyMaster of Accountancy , alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy or Master of Science in Accountancy , is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the...
, MISM, MSMMaster of Science in ManagementMaster of Science in Management, abbreviated MSc or MSM, is a Master of Science academic degree that is common throughout the United States and Europe. It is similar to the MBA degree, and often requires a dissertation before a graduate is admitted to it. The MSc is a research-oriented program...
, MHAMaster of Health AdministrationThe Master of Health Administration is a master's-level professional degree granted to students who complete a course of study in the knowledge and competencies needed for careers in health administration, involving the management of hospitals and other health services organizations, as well as...
, MSF, MScMSC- Computers:* Mario Strikers Charged* Microsoft Common Console Document, file for the Microsoft Management Console* Microelectronics Support Centre* Microsoft Corporation* MIDI Show Control* Message Sequence Chart...
, MSTMaster of Science in TaxationThe Master of Science in Taxation is a professional graduate degree specifically designed for individuals that desire to become tax specialists. An alternate degree title is "Master of Taxation" or "Master Business Taxation" . A student taking a MST program studies tax law and its application...
, MMS, EMBA and MCommMaster of CommerceMaster of Commerce is a postgraduate Masters Degree focusing on commerce-, management- and economics-related subjects. Like the undergraduate Bachelor of Commerce, the degree is offered in Commonwealth nations.-Structure:The Master of Commerce typically requires one year of full-time study...
. At Oxford and Cambridge business schools an MPhil, or Master of Philosophy, is awarded in place of an MA or MSc. - Post GraduatePostgraduate educationPostgraduate education involves learning and studying for degrees or other qualifications for which a first or Bachelor's degree generally is required, and is normally considered to be part of higher education...
: Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM), Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM), Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Business Management, Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Management - Doctoral DegreesDoctorateA doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
: Ph.D.Ph.D.A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
, DBADoctor of Business AdministrationThe degree of Doctor of Business Administration, abbreviated, or and equivalent to , is a research doctorate in business administration. The D.B.A...
, DHADoctor of Health AdministrationThe Doctor of Health Administration or D.H.A. degree was started in the U.S. in the late 1990s at the Medical University of South Carolina as an advanced professional doctorate in health leadership. The founding director and chief architect for the degree was Dr. James A. Johnson. Prior to this the...
, DMDoctor of ManagementDoctor of Management is an academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in management.The D.M. degree is awarded by some American and international universities, and is similar to a PhD degree in management and business-related sciences...
, Doctor of Commerce (DCOM), FPM, PhD in ManagementPhD in ManagementA PhD in management is synonymous with a PhD in business or a business doctorate and is the highest degree awarded in the study of business...
or Business Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy)
Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)
Use of case studies
Some business schools center their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case methodCase method
The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors affecting the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.
Business schools often obtain
Case method
The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
case studies published by the Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
, IESE
IESE
IESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
, the Ross School of Business
Ross School of Business
The Stephen M. Ross School of Business is the business school of the University of Michigan. Numerous publications have ranked the Ross School of Business' Bachelor of Business Administration , Master of Business Administration and Executive Education programs among the top in the country and the...
at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
, the Richard Ivey School of Business
Richard Ivey School of Business
The Richard Ivey School of Business is located on the University of Western Ontario campus in London, Ontario, Canada, and is consistently rated as the top business school in Canada. It is offered, along with a range of other programs, by the University of Western Ontario, but is managed separately...
at The University of Western Ontario, the Darden School at the University of Virginia
University of Virginia
The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, founded by Thomas Jefferson...
, INSEAD
INSEAD
INSEAD is an international graduate business school and research institution. It has campuses in Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as a research center in Israel...
, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as European Case Clearing House
European Case Clearing House
The European Case Clearing House is said to be the world's largest repository of case studies and articles on various facets of business management...
). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric
Lincoln Electric
Lincoln Electric is a company in Euclid, Ohio, United States that manufactures arc welding equipment and consumables, plasma and oxy-fuel cutting equipment and robotic welding systems. They are a worldwide leader in production of welding products and have 39 manufacturing locations, including...
Co.Lincoln Electric Co. and Google
Google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...
, Inc.Google Inc.
Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:
- Prepared case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
- Problem-solving analysis. This second method, initiated by the Harvard Business School is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
- A generally applicable strategic planningStrategic planningStrategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues...
approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six to a dozen cases during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyzing cases studies and real situations.Chapter 1.2. A Model for Strategic Planning, Analyzing Cases and Decison Making This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently most professors are capable of supervising application of this method.
History of business cases
When Harvard Business School was founded, the faculty realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem was to interview leading practitioners of business and to write detailed accounts of what these managers were doing. Of course the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. The basic outlines of this method are still present in business school curriculum today.Other approaches
In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations researchOperations research
Operations research is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations...
, management information systems, statistics
Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments....
, organizational behavior, modeling
Scientific modelling
Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models. Science offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling...
and simulation
Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system....
, and decision science. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.
Another important approach used in business school is the use of Business simulation game
Business game
Business game refers to simulation games that are used at an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc...
s that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc.
There are also several business school that still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required.
Global Master of Business Administration ranking
Each year, well-known business publications such as Business Week,http://www.businessweek.com/bschools The Economist,http://www.economist.com/business-education US News & World Report,http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/spec-businessEconomics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
, entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as "one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response...
, finance
Finance
"Finance" is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money surrogates through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created...
, information systems
Information systems
Information Systems is an academic/professional discipline bridging the business field and the well-defined computer science field that is evolving toward a new scientific area of study...
, marketing
Marketing
Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
, organizational behavior, public relations
Public relations
Public relations is the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc....
, strategy, human resource management
Human resource management
Human Resource Management is the management of an organization's employees. While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of...
, and quantitative methods.
Types
They include schools of business, business administration, and managementManagement
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively...
. There are four principal forms of business school.
- Most of the university business schools are faculties, colleges or departments within the university, and teach predominantly business courses.
- In North America a business school is often understood to be a university graduate schoolGraduate schoolA graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree...
which offers a Master of Business AdministrationMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
or equivalent degree. - Also in North America the term "business school" can refer to a different type of institution: a two-year school that grants the Associate's degreeAssociate's degreeAn associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years...
in various business subjects. Most of these schools began as secretarial schools, then expanded into accounting or bookkeeping and similar subjects. They are typically operated as businesses, rather than as institutions of higher learning. - In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business.
Notable firsts
- 1759 – The Aula do Comércio in LisbonLisbonLisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
was the world's first institution to specialise in the teaching of commerce. It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844, when it merged with Instituto Industrial de Lisboa to become Instituto Industrial e Comercial de LisboaInstituto Industrial e Comercial de LisboaInstituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa was a former Portuguese school of vocational education founded in 1852 as Instituto Industrial de Lisboa, by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo decree of 30 December. Its aim was the creation of a technical school of vocational education, whose purpose was to...
. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3933/is_200411/ai_n10297978/pg_1 After the division of that organization, and several changes of names, it became the Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão of the Technical University of LisbonTechnical University of LisbonThe Technical University of Lisbon is a Portuguese public university. It was created in 1930 in Lisbon, as a confederation of older schools, and comprises, nowadays, the faculties and institutes of veterinary medicine; agricultural sciences; economics and business administration; engineering,... - 1819 – The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce of Paris (now ESCP Europe) was founded. It is the oldest business school in the world. http://www.escp-eap.eu/en/campus/london/london-news-room/news-single/back/232/article/escp-eap-ranks-1st-in-the-uk-in-the-ft-top-masters-in-management/
- 1857 – The Handelsakademie PestBudapest Business SchoolThe Budapest Business School - BBS - is the oldest, largest and a leading university of business studies in Hungary that was established as a result of integration of three renowned business schools.These three business schools are:* College of International Management and Business* College of...
(now Budapest Business SchoolBudapest Business SchoolThe Budapest Business School - BBS - is the oldest, largest and a leading university of business studies in Hungary that was established as a result of integration of three renowned business schools.These three business schools are:* College of International Management and Business* College of...
) was founded. It is the oldest business school in Central Europe and the second oldest in the World. - 1881 – The Wharton School of the University of PennsylvaniaWharton School of the University of PennsylvaniaThe Wharton School is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wharton was the world’s first collegiate business school and the first business school in the United States...
is the world's first collegiate business school. http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/about-wharton.cfm - 1898 – Handelshochschule Leipzig (aka Leipzig Graduate School of Management), the first business school in GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, was founded. - 1898 – The University of St. GallenUniversity of St. GallenThe University of St. Gallen is a public research university located in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is specialized in the fields of business administration, economics, law, and international affairs. The University of St. Gallen is also known as HSG, which is an abbreviation of its former German...
established, the first university in SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
teaching business and economics. - 1898 – The University of Chicago Booth School of Business (then the Graduate School of Business or Chicago GSB) was the first business school to offer a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
program and an Executive MBA program. It is the first business school to have a Nobel laureate on its faculty: George StiglerGeorge StiglerGeorge Joseph Stigler was a U.S. economist. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1982, and was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with his close friend Milton Friedman....
won the prize after retiring from the school in 1981. It is also the first business school to have six Nobel laureates on its faculty. - 1898 – The College of Commerce at the University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, BerkeleyThe University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
, later renamed the Haas School of BusinessHaas School of BusinessThe Walter A. Haas School of Business, also known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley....
, was founded as the first business school at a public university - 1889 – The predecessor of Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester Metropolitan University is a university in North West England. Its headquarters and central campus is in the city of Manchester, but there are outlying facilities in the county of Cheshire. It is the third largest university in the United Kingdom in terms of student numbers, behind the...
Business School was founded as the first school teaching commerce in the United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. http://www.business.mmu.ac.uk/about/ - 1900 – The Tuck School of BusinessTuck School of BusinessThe Amos Tuck School of Business Administration is the graduate business school of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States...
at Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth CollegeDartmouth College is a private, Ivy League university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. The institution comprises a liberal arts college, Dartmouth Medical School, Thayer School of Engineering, and the Tuck School of Business, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences...
was founded as the first graduate school of business in the US, offering the first master's degree in business administration, titled the "Master of Commercial Science" - 1902 – The Birmingham Business SchoolBirmingham Business SchoolBirmingham Business School is the business school of the University of Birmingham in England, located in University House, a former hall of residence in Edgbaston which has been extensively refurbished and expanded to provide state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities.Originally established...
was set up as the then University of BirminghamUniversity of BirminghamThe University of Birmingham is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Birmingham, England. It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Birmingham Medical School and Mason Science College . Birmingham was the first Redbrick university to gain a charter and thus...
's School of Commerce, the first Business School in the UK. - 1906 – The Warsaw School of EconomicsWarsaw School of EconomicsWarsaw School of Economics is the oldest economic university in Poland.The Warsaw School of Economics was founded in 1906 as a private school under the name August Zieliński Private Trade Courses for Men. On 30 July 1919 it became a separate legal entity and was granted the status of an...
(SGH) was established as the first school of commerce in Poland - 1907 – The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal, now HEC MontrealHEC MontréalHEC Montréal , is the independent affiliated business school of the Université de Montréal, and the oldest management School in Canada. It holds accreditations from AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA, one of three schools in North America to hold triple accreditation in management education...
, was founded as the first business school in Canada http://www.hec.ca/en/generalinfo/history.html - 1909 – Stockholm School of EconomicsStockholm School of EconomicsThe Stockholm School of Economics or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm is one of Northern Europe's leading business schools. Its Masters in Management program is ranked no. 2 in Northern Europe and no. 13 in Europe by the Financial Times...
or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm was founded as the first institution dedicated to businessBusinessA business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and economicsEconomicsEconomics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
in SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
. - 1910 – Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
was the first business school to offer a degree called the "MBAMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
" - 1911 – Helsinki School of EconomicsHelsinki School of EconomicsThe Aalto University School of Economics , known as Helsinki School of Economics until 2009, is the largest and leading business school in Finland and one of the most renowned in Europe...
or Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu was founded as the first Finnish-language institution dedicated to businessBusinessA business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and economicsEconomicsEconomics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
in FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. - 1918 – University of EdinburghUniversity of EdinburghThe University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university...
set up the first faculty for the study of business and commerce in Scotland - 1921 – Nanjing UniversityNanjing UniversityNanjing University , or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China...
(then named National Southeastern University and later renamed National Central UniversityNational Central UniversityNational Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
and Nanjing UniversityNanjing UniversityNanjing University , or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China...
) moved the Faculty of Business originated in 1917 from NanjingNanjing' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
to ShanghaiShanghaiShanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
to establish the university business school, which was the first professional ChineseChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
university business school. Later the school became Shanghai University of Finance and EconomicsShanghai University of Finance and EconomicsShanghai University of Finance and Economics , founded in 1917, is a national university located in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. According to China's University and College Admission System, SUFE's economics program was ranked sixth in 2010, giving it an A+ rating.-History:The university...
, and Nanjing University Business SchoolNanjing University Business SchoolNanjing University Business School is the school of business of Nanjing University, which founded the first professional Chinese business school...
was refounded, as well as the School of Management at NCUNational Central UniversityNational Central University is a national comprehensive university in Taiwan .National Central University was founded in 1915 and originated in 258 CE at Nanjing, China. After NCU in Nanjing was renamed Nanjing University in 1949, NCU was re-established in Taiwan in 1962...
in TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
. - 1931 – MIT Sloan School of ManagementMIT Sloan School of ManagementThe MIT Sloan School of Management is the business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts....
The world’s first university-based executive education program — the MIT Sloan Fellows — was created in under the sponsorship of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., an 1895 MIT graduate who was then chairman of General Motors. - 1936 – The Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH) was established as Norway's first business school.
- 1941 – ESAN - Escuela Superior de Administracion de Negocios ,the first business school in Latin America and Peru, was founded by Stanford.
- 1946 – The Thunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global Management is a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona. Founded in 1946 by retired U.S...
, then called the American Institute for Foreign Trade, was the first graduate management school focused exclusively on global business.http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2007/02/05/daily6.htmlhttp://www.thunderbird.edu/about_thunderbird/news/media_relations/news_releases/2008/_06_17_thunderbird_history.htm - 1948 – The University of Western OntarioUniversity of Western OntarioThe University of Western Ontario is a public research university located in London, Ontario, Canada. The university's main campus covers of land, with the Thames River cutting through the eastern portion of the main campus. Western administers its programs through 12 different faculties and...
was the first university outside the United States to offer an MBA http://www.ivey.uwo.ca/about/history.htm - 1949 – The University of PretoriaUniversity of PretoriaThe University of Pretoria is a multi campus public research university located in Pretoria, the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa...
in South Africa founded the oldest business school in Africa and was the first university to offer an MBA outside of North America.http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional In January 2008 the Graduate School of Management was formally replaced by the Gordon Institute of Business ScienceGordon Institute of Business ScienceGordon Institute of Business Science is the business school of the University of Pretoria in Johannesburg, South Africa and a leading South African business school. It is located in the heart of Illovo, Johannesburg, close to the Sandton financial and commercial business hub...
.http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/ Gordon Institute of Business Science, Pretoria. Retrieved 15 September 2009 - 1949 – The E. Claiborne Robins School of BusinessE. Claiborne Robins School of BusinessThe E. Claiborne Robins School of Business is a part of the University of Richmond and was established in 1949. It offers undergraduate, graduate and executive education programs, and was named after alumnus E. Claiborne Robins in 1979. Robins, the grandson of Albert Hartley Robins, founder of the...
was founded as the first business school within a liberal arts university. - 1953 – The first Latin American school of business, Adolfo Ibáñez (see Adolfo Ibáñez University), is created in Valparaíso, Chile http://www.uai.cl/historia.
- 1955 – IBAInstitute of Business Administration, KarachiThe Institute of Business Administration is a university and a business school in Karachi, Pakistan. According to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, IBA is one of the best business and IT institutes in Pakistan...
was established by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The Wharton School provided professors and assistance, to what would become the finest and most prestigious business school in Pakistan. - 1957 – INSEADINSEADINSEAD is an international graduate business school and research institution. It has campuses in Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as a research center in Israel...
, near Paris, France, became the first European institution to offer an MBA program. - 1958 – Fundação Getúlio VargasFundação Getúlio VargasFundação Getulio Vargas is a Brazilian higher education institution founded on December 20, 1944. It offers regular courses of Economics, Business Administration, Law, Social Sciences and Information technology management...
was the first business school founded in Latin America to offer an MBA-type qualification - 1964 - IESEIESEIESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
launched the first two-year MBA program in Europe under the guidance of the Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
. - 1964 – National Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi University is a prestigious public university at Muzha in Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan. It is well-known for its concentration on the social sciences, law, commerce, communication, liberal arts and for its MBA programs....
offered the first Chinese MBA program. http://ybl.org.tw/mrshu.htmhttp://commerce.nccu.edu.twhttp://ba.nccu.edu.tw - 1964 – INCAE Business SchoolINCAEINCAE Business School is a business school located in Latin America. It has 2 locations, the Francisco de Sola campus in Nicaragua and the Walter Kissling Gam campus in Costa Rica...
or Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas was founded by Harvard Business School http://www.incae.edu/EN/biblioteca/recursos-servicios/historia-incae/ - 1966 – The National Institute of Development AdministrationNational Institute of Development AdministrationNational Institute of Development Administration is Thailand's most prestigious graduate university under the Commission on Higher Education, the Ministry of Education...
or NIDA was the first graduate school that offer an MBA program in Thailand - 1973 – The École des Affaires de Paris (EAP) (now ESCP-EAP) was the first business school with campuses in three countries
- 1991 – The IEDC-Bled School of ManagementIEDC-Bled School of ManagementIEDC-Bled School of Management, located in Bled, Slovenia, is a Business School. It was founded in 1986 upon an initiative of Slovenian business community as the International Executive Development Center....
was the first business school to offer an MBA program in Eastern EuropeEastern EuropeEastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
. - 1992 – The Thunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global ManagementThunderbird School of Global Management is a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona. Founded in 1946 by retired U.S...
was the first business school to have campuses on three continents. - 1994 – CEIBS (CHINA EUROPE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL) was the first business school in China to have received funding from a foreign government, namely the European Commission. http://www.businessbecause.com/mba-life/charmed-by-china.htm
- 1999 – Kyiv Mohyla Business SchoolKyiv Mohyla Business SchoolKyiv Mohyla Business School is a business school in Ukraine. It was established in 1999 in Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. KMBS is an associate member of Central and East European Management Development Association, European Foundation for Management Development and Baltic Management Development...
was the first business school to offer an MBA program in UkraineUkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. - 2001 - IESEIESEIESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
launched the world's first intercontinental, modular Global Executive MBA program - 2001 – The Asian Institute of ManagementAsian Institute of ManagementThe Asian Institute of Management, or simply AIM, is a graduate school of business and a center of business and management research. It is one of the few business schools in Asia to be internationally accredited with the AACSB. It was established in partnership with Harvard Business School and uses...
was the first graduate school of management in the world to receive ISO 14001 Certification. http://www.aim.edu/content.aspx?id=151 - 2010 – Skema Business SchoolSkema Business SchoolSKEMA Business School is a school created by the merger of two French schools, CERAM Business School and Groupe ESC Lille in 2009. The school's name stands for School of Knowledge Economy and Management. The school offers bachelors, masters, MBA, doctoral and executive education programs in China,...
, opting for a multi campus strategy all around the world, in BrazilBrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, MoroccoMoroccoMorocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
and the USA, is the first French Business School to open a campus in the United States in Raleigh, North CarolinaRaleigh, North CarolinaRaleigh is the capital and the second largest city in the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's 2010 population was 403,892, over an area of , making Raleigh...
among the Research Triangle ParkResearch Triangle ParkThe Research Triangle Park is a research park in the United States. It is located near Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill, in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina...
.
Degrees
- Associate's degreeAssociate's degreeAn associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years...
: AA, AAB, ABA, AS - Bachelor's DegreeBachelor's degreeA bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
s: BA, BSBachelor of ScienceA Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
, BBABachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
, BBusBachelor of BusinessA Bachelor of Business is a three or four year business degree offered by traditional and newer universities from the post-Dawkins era in Australia and New Zealand...
, BComm, BSBABachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
, BAccBachelor of AccountancyThe degree of Bachelor of Accountancy is the principal academic degree in accountancy in several countries, and is often the only degree recognised for subsequent practice; see First professional degree. It is abbreviated B.Acy. or B.Acc. or B. Accty....
, BABA, BBS, BMOS and BBusScBachelor of Business ScienceThe Bachelor of Business Science is a four year Honours level degree providing for a scientifically based study of economic and management sciences. The degree is offered in South Africa, and elsewhere in the Commonwealth.-Structure:... - Master's DegreeMaster's degreeA master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
s: MBAMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
, MBM, MMMaster of ManagementThe Master of Management is a post-graduate master’s degree awarded to students who normally complete a one to two year program of graduate level coursework in business management at an accredited academic institution. As the program is designed for students interested in entering leadership...
, MAccMaster of AccountancyMaster of Accountancy , alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy or Master of Science in Accountancy , is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the...
, MMRMaster of Marketing ResearchMaster of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
, MSMRMaster of Marketing ResearchMaster of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
, MPAMaster of AccountancyMaster of Accountancy , alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy or Master of Science in Accountancy , is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the...
, MISM, MSMMaster of Science in ManagementMaster of Science in Management, abbreviated MSc or MSM, is a Master of Science academic degree that is common throughout the United States and Europe. It is similar to the MBA degree, and often requires a dissertation before a graduate is admitted to it. The MSc is a research-oriented program...
, MHAMaster of Health AdministrationThe Master of Health Administration is a master's-level professional degree granted to students who complete a course of study in the knowledge and competencies needed for careers in health administration, involving the management of hospitals and other health services organizations, as well as...
, MSF, MScMSC- Computers:* Mario Strikers Charged* Microsoft Common Console Document, file for the Microsoft Management Console* Microelectronics Support Centre* Microsoft Corporation* MIDI Show Control* Message Sequence Chart...
, MSTMaster of Science in TaxationThe Master of Science in Taxation is a professional graduate degree specifically designed for individuals that desire to become tax specialists. An alternate degree title is "Master of Taxation" or "Master Business Taxation" . A student taking a MST program studies tax law and its application...
, MMS, EMBA and MCommMaster of CommerceMaster of Commerce is a postgraduate Masters Degree focusing on commerce-, management- and economics-related subjects. Like the undergraduate Bachelor of Commerce, the degree is offered in Commonwealth nations.-Structure:The Master of Commerce typically requires one year of full-time study...
. At Oxford and Cambridge business schools an MPhil, or Master of Philosophy, is awarded in place of an MA or MSc. - Post GraduatePostgraduate educationPostgraduate education involves learning and studying for degrees or other qualifications for which a first or Bachelor's degree generally is required, and is normally considered to be part of higher education...
: Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM), Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM), Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Business Management, Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Management - Doctoral DegreesDoctorateA doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
: Ph.D.Ph.D.A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
, DBADoctor of Business AdministrationThe degree of Doctor of Business Administration, abbreviated, or and equivalent to , is a research doctorate in business administration. The D.B.A...
, DHADoctor of Health AdministrationThe Doctor of Health Administration or D.H.A. degree was started in the U.S. in the late 1990s at the Medical University of South Carolina as an advanced professional doctorate in health leadership. The founding director and chief architect for the degree was Dr. James A. Johnson. Prior to this the...
, DMDoctor of ManagementDoctor of Management is an academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in management.The D.M. degree is awarded by some American and international universities, and is similar to a PhD degree in management and business-related sciences...
, Doctor of Commerce (DCOM), FPM, PhD in ManagementPhD in ManagementA PhD in management is synonymous with a PhD in business or a business doctorate and is the highest degree awarded in the study of business...
or Business Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy)
Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)
Use of case studies
Some business schools center their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case methodCase method
The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors affecting the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.
Business schools often obtain
Case method
The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
case studies published by the Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
, IESE
IESE
IESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. IESE has campuses in Barcelona, Madrid, and New York City and teaching facilities in Munich and Sao Paulo...
, the Ross School of Business
Ross School of Business
The Stephen M. Ross School of Business is the business school of the University of Michigan. Numerous publications have ranked the Ross School of Business' Bachelor of Business Administration , Master of Business Administration and Executive Education programs among the top in the country and the...
at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
, the Richard Ivey School of Business
Richard Ivey School of Business
The Richard Ivey School of Business is located on the University of Western Ontario campus in London, Ontario, Canada, and is consistently rated as the top business school in Canada. It is offered, along with a range of other programs, by the University of Western Ontario, but is managed separately...
at The University of Western Ontario, the Darden School at the University of Virginia
University of Virginia
The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, founded by Thomas Jefferson...
, INSEAD
INSEAD
INSEAD is an international graduate business school and research institution. It has campuses in Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as a research center in Israel...
, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as European Case Clearing House
European Case Clearing House
The European Case Clearing House is said to be the world's largest repository of case studies and articles on various facets of business management...
). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric
Lincoln Electric
Lincoln Electric is a company in Euclid, Ohio, United States that manufactures arc welding equipment and consumables, plasma and oxy-fuel cutting equipment and robotic welding systems. They are a worldwide leader in production of welding products and have 39 manufacturing locations, including...
Co.Lincoln Electric Co. and Google
Google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...
, Inc.Google Inc.
Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:
- Prepared case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
- Problem-solving analysis. This second method, initiated by the Harvard Business School is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
- A generally applicable strategic planningStrategic planningStrategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues...
approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six to a dozen cases during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyzing cases studies and real situations.Chapter 1.2. A Model for Strategic Planning, Analyzing Cases and Decison Making This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently most professors are capable of supervising application of this method.
History of business cases
When Harvard Business School was founded, the faculty realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem was to interview leading practitioners of business and to write detailed accounts of what these managers were doing. Of course the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. The basic outlines of this method are still present in business school curriculum today.Other approaches
In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations researchOperations research
Operations research is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations...
, management information systems, statistics
Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments....
, organizational behavior, modeling
Scientific modelling
Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models. Science offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling...
and simulation
Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system....
, and decision science. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.
Another important approach used in business school is the use of Business simulation game
Business game
Business game refers to simulation games that are used at an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc...
s that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc.
There are also several business school that still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required.
Global Master of Business Administration ranking
Each year, well-known business publications such as Business Week,http://www.businessweek.com/bschools The Economist,http://www.economist.com/business-education US News & World Report,http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/spec-businesshttp://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools/mba-rankings Fortune, Financial Times,http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings and the Wall Street Journalhttp://online.wsj.com/public/page/business-schools.html publish rankings of selected MBA programs that, while controversial in their methodology, nevertheless can directly influence the prestige of schools that achieve high scores.Lists
- List of Ivy League business schoolsIvy League business schoolsThis list of Ivy League business schools outlines the six universities of the Ivy League that host a business school. The creation of business schools at Ivy League universities occurred over a period of nearly a century, beginning with the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, founded...
- List of Big Ten business schoolsBig Ten business schoolsAll twelve universities in the Big Ten Conference operate business schools. Since 1992 they have organised an annual case study competition...
Business schools listed by country
- List of business schools in Africa
- List of business schools in Australia
- List of business schools in Asia
- List of business schools in Canada
- List of business schools in Europe
- List of business schools in South Africa
- List of business schools in the United States
- List of business schools in New Zealand
- List of United States graduate business school rankings
- List of business schools in Chile
See also
- Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs
- Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of BusinessAssociation to Advance Collegiate Schools of BusinessThe Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business was founded in 1916 to accredit schools of business worldwide. The first accreditations took place in 1919. The stated mission is to advance quality management education worldwide through accreditation and thought leadership. It is regarded...
- Association of MBAsAssociation of MBAsThe Association of MBAs is a London-based international organization that accredits postgraduate business programs at business schools worldwide. The Association is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself "the world's impartial authority on...
- Bachelor of CommerceBachelor of CommerceA Bachelor of Commerce is an undergraduate degree in commerce and related subjects. The degree is also known as the Bachelor of Commerce and Administration, or BCA...
- Bachelor of Business AdministrationBachelor of Business AdministrationThe Bachelor of Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in Commerce and business administration. In most universities, the degree is conferred upon a student after four years of full-time study in one or more areas of business concentrations; see below...
- Bachelor of Business Studies
- Bachelor of BusinessBachelor of BusinessA Bachelor of Business is a three or four year business degree offered by traditional and newer universities from the post-Dawkins era in Australia and New Zealand...
- Business gameBusiness gameBusiness game refers to simulation games that are used at an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc...
- Case competitionCase competitionIn a case competition, participants compete for the best solution to a business case study under time pressure. Most often it is a competition at university level, but on occasions also held at other levels. The case competition is an event in which business teams deliver business presentations,...
- Case methodCase methodThe case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem...
- Central and East European Management Development AssociationCentral and East European Management Development AssociationThe Central and East European Management Development Association was established in 1993 with the aim of fostering management development and management education development in CEE region...
- Decision Sciences InstituteDecision Sciences InstituteThe Decision Sciences Institute is a professional association of university professors, graduate students, and practitioners whose interest lies in the application of quantitative research and qualitative research to the decision problems of individuals, organizations, and society...
- European Foundation for Management DevelopmentEuropean Foundation for Management DevelopmentThe European Foundation for Management Development is an international membership organization, based in Brussels, Belgium. Europe's largest network association in the field of management development, it has over 700 member organizations from academia, business, public service and consultancy in...
- Executive EducationExecutive EducationExecutive Education refers to academic programs at leading graduate-level business schools worldwide for executives, business leaders and functional managers. These programs are non-credit and non-degree granting...
- International Assembly for Collegiate Business EducationInternational Assembly for Collegiate Business EducationThe International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education is an educational accreditation agency for college and university business programs...
- Master of Business AdministrationMaster of Business AdministrationThe Master of Business Administration is a :master's degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in the United States, emerging from the late 19th century as the country industrialized and companies sought out...
- Master of ManagementMaster of ManagementThe Master of Management is a post-graduate master’s degree awarded to students who normally complete a one to two year program of graduate level coursework in business management at an accredited academic institution. As the program is designed for students interested in entering leadership...
External links
- Association of Business Schools Represents 110 UK business schools
- South African Business Schools Association Association of Business Schools in South Africa who offer accredited MBA programmes