C1 domain binds an important secondary messenger diacylglycerol

Diglyceride

A diglyceride, or a diacylglycerol , is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages....

 (DAG), as well as the analogous phorbol esters

Phorbol

Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes. It was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil, which is derived from the seeds of Croton tiglium. Phorbol's structure was determined in 1967...

. Phorbol esters can directly stimulate protein kinase C

Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C also known as PKC is a family of enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in...

, PKC. The N-terminal region of PKC, known as C1, has been shown

Phorbol esters

Phorbol

Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes. It was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil, which is derived from the seeds of Croton tiglium. Phorbol's structure was determined in 1967...

 (such as PMA

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate , also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate , is diester of phorbol and a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein...

) are analogues of DAG and potent tumor

Tumor

A tumor or tumour is commonly used as a synonym for a neoplasm that appears enlarged in size. Tumor is not synonymous with cancer...

 promoters that cause a variety of physiological changes when administered to both cells and tissues. DAG activates a family of serine/threonine protein kinases, collectively known as protein kinase C

Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C also known as PKC is a family of enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in...

 (PKC). Phorbol esters can directly stimulate PKC.

The N-terminal region of PKC, known as C1, binds PMA and DAG in a phospholipid and zinc-dependent fashion. The C1 region contains one or two copies of a cysteine-rich domain, which is about 50 amino-acid residues long, and which is essential for DAG/PMA-binding.

The DAG/PMA-binding domain binds two zinc ions; the ligands of these metal ions are probably the six cysteines and two histidines that are conserved in this domain.

Human proteins containing this domain

AKAP13

AKAP13

A-kinase anchor protein 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKAP13 gene.-Interactions:AKAP13 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, CTNNAL1 and PRKAR2A.-Further reading:...

; ARAF

ARAF

Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf or simply A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARAF gene. A-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases.-Interactions:...

; ARHGAP29; ARHGEF2

ARHGEF2

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF2 gene.-Further reading:...

; BRAF

BRAF

BRAF can refer to* Baton Rouge Area Foundation* The BRAF gene...

; CDC42BPA

CDC42BPA

Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDC42BPA gene.-Further reading:...

; CDC42BPB; CDC42BPG;
CHN1; CHN2

CHN2

Beta-chimaerin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHN2 gene.-Further reading:...

; CIT

CIT

-Educational institutions:*California Institute of Technology *Canberra Institute of Technology*Carnegie Institute of Technology, the College of Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University...

; DGKA

DGKA

Diacylglycerol kinase alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKA gene.-External links:* in PROSITE...

; DGKB

DGKB

Diacylglycerol kinase beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKB gene.-Further reading:...

; DGKD

DGKD

Diacylglycerol kinase delta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKD gene.-Further reading:...

; DGKE; DGKG

DGKG

Diacylglycerol kinase gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKG gene.-Further reading:...

;
DGKH; DGKI; DGKK; DGKQ

DGKQ

Diacylglycerol kinase theta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKQ gene.-Further reading:...

; DGKZ

DGKZ

Diacylglycerol kinase zeta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKZ gene.-Further reading:...

; GMIP; HMHA1

HMHA1

Minor histocompatibility protein HA-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMHA1 gene.-Further reading:...

; KSR1

KSR1

Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KSR1 gene.-Further reading:...

;
KSR2; MYO9A; MYO9B

MYO9B

Myosin-IXb is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYO9B gene.-Further reading:...

; PDZD8; PRKCA; PRKCB1

PRKCB1

Protein kinase C beta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCB gene..-Interactions:PRKCB1 has been shown to interact with RIPK4, Beta adrenergic receptor kinase, PDLIM5 and GNB2L1.-Further reading:-See also:*Protein kinase C...

; PRKCD

PRKCD

Protein kinase C delta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCD gene.- Function :Protein kinase C is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the second messenger diacylglycerol...

; PRKCE

PRKCE

Protein kinase C epsilon type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCE gene.- Function :Protein kinase C is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the second messenger diacylglycerol...

;
PRKCG

PRKCG

Protein kinase C gamma type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCG gene.-External Links:* -Further reading:...

; PRKCH

PRKCH

Protein kinase C eta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCH gene.-Further reading:...

; PRKCI

PRKCI

Protein kinase C iota type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCI gene.-Interactions:PRKCI has been shown to interact with Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Centaurin, alpha 1, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, FRS2, SMG1 , Sequestosome 1 and PARD3.-Further reading:...

; PRKCN; PRKCQ

PRKCQ

Protein kinase C theta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCQ gene.-Interactions:PRKCQ has been shown to interact with FYN, GLRX3, AKT1 and VAV1.PRKCQ has been shown to phosphorylate CARD11 as part of the NF-κB signaling pathway....

; PRKCZ; PRKD1; PRKD2

PRKD2

Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKD2 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase D family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This kinase can be activated by phorbol esters as well as by gastrin via the...

;
PRKD3

PRKD3

Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKD3 gene.-Further reading:...

; RACGAP1

RACGAP1

Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RACGAP1 gene.-Interactions:RACGAP1 has been shown to interact with Rnd2 and SLC26A8.-Further reading:...

; RAF1; RASGRP; RASGRP1

RASGRP1

RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGRP1 gene.- Function :RAS guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein is a member of a family of genes characterized by the presence of a Ras superfamily guanine nucleotide exchange factor domain...

; RASGRP2

RASGRP2

RAS guanyl-releasing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGRP2 gene.-Further reading:...

; RASGRP3

RASGRP3

Ras guanyl-releasing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGRP3 gene.-Further reading:...

; RASGRP4;
RASSF1

RASSF1

Ras association domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF1 gene.-Interactions:RASSF1 has been shown to interact with MAP1B, RASSF5, CNKSR1, HRAS, Death associated protein 6 and MAP1S.-References:...

; RASSF5

RASSF5

Ras association domain-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF5 or F5 gene.-Interactions:RASSF5 has been shown to interact with RRAS, RAP2A, MRAS and RASSF1.-Further reading:...

; ROCK1

ROCK1

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1, also known as ROCK1, is a protein serine/threonine kinase, but also denotes the human gene encoding it....

; ROCK2; STAC; STAC2; STAC3; TENC1

TENC1

Tensin-like C1 domain-containing phosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TENC1 gene.-Interactions:TENC1 has been shown to interact with AXL receptor tyrosine kinase.-Further reading:...

;
UNC13A; UNC13B

UNC13B

Protein unc-13 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13B gene.-Interactions:UNC13B has been shown to interact with STX1B, STX1A, RIMS1, SPTBN2 and DOC2A.-Further reading:...

; UNC13C; VAV1

VAV1

Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV1 gene.-Interactions:VAV1 has been shown to interact with Ku70, PLCG1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Janus kinase 2, SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ARHGDIB, SHB, PIK3R1, PRKCQ, Grb2, MAPK1, Syk, Linker of activated T cells, Cbl gene and...

; VAV2

VAV2

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV2 gene.-Interactions:VAV2 has been shown to interact with CD19 and Grb2.-Further reading:...

; VAV3

VAV3

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV3 gene.-Further reading:...

;

External links

- Orientations of C1 domains in membranes (OPM)