Chelyabinsk
Encyclopedia
Chelyabinsk is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast
, Russia
, located in the northwestern side of the oblast, 210 kilometres (130.5 mi) south of Yekaterinburg
, just to the east of the Ural Mountains
, on the Miass River
. Population:
. According to official statistics the population on 1 January 1913 was 45,000 inhabitants.
For several months during the Russian Civil War
, Chelyabinsk was held by the White movement
and Czechoslovak Legions
, becoming a center for splinters of the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia
. The city later fell to Bolshevik Russian
forces. In the decades after the Finnish Civil War
in 1918, some 15,000 "Red" Finns
defected into the Soviet Union
. Most of them were transferred to Chelyabinsk via railway. In 1938, during the Great Purge
, most of them were executed. Their mass grave is located near the Zolonyi Gora's former gold mine, and today bears a small memorial.
During the Soviet industrialization of the 1930s, Chelyabinsk experienced rapid growth. Several industrial establishments, including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, were built at this time. During World War II, Joseph Stalin
decided to move a large part of Soviet factory production to places out of the way of the advancing German armies in late 1941. This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk—still essentially a small city. Several enormous facilities for the production of T-34
tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers existed in Chelyabinsk, which became known as "Tankograd" (Tank City). Chelyabinsk was essentially built from scratch during this time. A small town existed before this, signs of which can be found in the centre of the city. The S.M. Kirov Factory no. 185 moved here from Leningrad
to produce heavy tanks — it was transferred to Omsk
after 1962.
Chelyabinsk has had a long association (since the 1940s) with top-secret nuclear research, though this is more properly applicable to Chelyabinsk Oblast as a whole, as nuclear facilities such as Chelyabinsk-70 (Snezhinsk
) are, or were, located far outside the city. A serious nuclear accident occurred in 1957 at the Mayak
nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, 150 km north-west of the city, which caused deaths in Chelyabinsk Oblast but not in the city. The province was closed to all foreigners until 1992.
and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy
. The oldest one is Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy, which was founded in 1930. There are 5 faculties at the University.
centers of Russia. Heavy industry predominates, especially metallurgy
and military machinery, notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate (CMK, ChMK), Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
(CTZ, ChTZ), Chelyabinsk Electrode plant (CHEZ), Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant
(ChTPZ) and Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant
(ChKPZ).
Chelyabinsk also has several electronics
plants, including Metran, Polet and Zavod Electromashina, that serve both military and civil needs.
Chelyabinsk Metro
Chelyabinsk started construction of a 3-line subway network in early 1980s. It is proceeding slowly using the New Austrian Tunneling method. Pending financing, the opening of the first section is scheduled for 2017.
Ice hockey
Stanislav Chistov
Speed skating
Cycling
with: Changchun
, China
Columbia, South Carolina
, United States
Nottinghamshire
, United Kingdom
Ramla
, Israel
Ürümqi
, China.
Chelyabinsk Oblast
-External links:*...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, located in the northwestern side of the oblast, 210 kilometres (130.5 mi) south of Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg is a major city in the central part of Russia, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Situated on the eastern side of the Ural mountain range, it is the main industrial and cultural center of the Urals Federal District with a population of 1,350,136 , making it Russia's...
, just to the east of the Ural Mountains
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains , or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan. Their eastern side is usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia...
, on the Miass River
Miass River
Miass River is a river on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains near Chelyabinsk. It flows mainly northeast to join the Iset River which continues northeast to join the north-flowing Tobol River which leads to the Ob River and the Arctic Ocean. Located mostly in Chelyabinsk Oblast and Kurgan...
. Population:
History
Fortress Chelyaba, from which the city takes its name, was constructed on the site in 1736; the city was incorporated in 1781. Around 1900, it served as a center for the construction of the Trans-Siberian RailwayTrans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan. It is the longest railway in the world...
. According to official statistics the population on 1 January 1913 was 45,000 inhabitants.
For several months during the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
, Chelyabinsk was held by the White movement
White movement
The White movement and its military arm the White Army - known as the White Guard or the Whites - was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces.The movement comprised one of the politico-military Russian forces who fought...
and Czechoslovak Legions
Czechoslovak Legions
The Czechoslovak Legions were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting together with the Entente powers during World War I...
, becoming a center for splinters of the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia
Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia
The Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia , or Volunteer Corps of Transylvanians-Bukovinans , was a military formation of World War I, created from ethnic Romanian prisoners of war held by Russia...
. The city later fell to Bolshevik Russian
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , commonly referred to as Soviet Russia, Bolshevik Russia, or simply Russia, was the largest, most populous and economically developed republic in the former Soviet Union....
forces. In the decades after the Finnish Civil War
Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War was a part of the national, political and social turmoil caused by World War I in Europe. The Civil War concerned control and leadership of The Grand Duchy of Finland as it achieved independence from Russia after the October Revolution in Petrograd...
in 1918, some 15,000 "Red" Finns
Red Guards (Finland)
The Red Guards formed the army of Red Finland during the Finnish Civil War in 1918. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, and peaked at 90,000-120,000 during the course of the conflict....
defected into the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. Most of them were transferred to Chelyabinsk via railway. In 1938, during the Great Purge
Great Purge
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938...
, most of them were executed. Their mass grave is located near the Zolonyi Gora's former gold mine, and today bears a small memorial.
During the Soviet industrialization of the 1930s, Chelyabinsk experienced rapid growth. Several industrial establishments, including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant also known as CTZ-Uraltrak is a tractor plant in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk.-History:The plant was founded in 1933; the first product was a 60 hp tracked tractor С-60 fueled by petroleum ether . In 1937 the factory produced its first diesel-powered vehicle C-65...
and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, were built at this time. During World War II, Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
decided to move a large part of Soviet factory production to places out of the way of the advancing German armies in late 1941. This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk—still essentially a small city. Several enormous facilities for the production of T-34
T-34
The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1940 to 1958. Although its armour and armament were surpassed by later tanks of the era, it has been often credited as the most effective, efficient and influential design of World War II...
tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers existed in Chelyabinsk, which became known as "Tankograd" (Tank City). Chelyabinsk was essentially built from scratch during this time. A small town existed before this, signs of which can be found in the centre of the city. The S.M. Kirov Factory no. 185 moved here from Leningrad
Leningrad
Leningrad is the former name of Saint Petersburg, Russia.Leningrad may also refer to:- Places :* Leningrad Oblast, a federal subject of Russia, around Saint Petersburg* Leningrad, Tajikistan, capital of Muminobod district in Khatlon Province...
to produce heavy tanks — it was transferred to Omsk
Omsk
-History:The wooden fort of Omsk was erected in 1716 to protect the expanding Russian frontier along the Ishim and the Irtysh rivers against the Kyrgyz nomads of the Steppes...
after 1962.
Chelyabinsk has had a long association (since the 1940s) with top-secret nuclear research, though this is more properly applicable to Chelyabinsk Oblast as a whole, as nuclear facilities such as Chelyabinsk-70 (Snezhinsk
Snezhinsk
Snezhinsk is a closed town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Population: It was founded in 1957, and was known as Chelyabinsk-70 until 1991...
) are, or were, located far outside the city. A serious nuclear accident occurred in 1957 at the Mayak
Mayak
Mayak Production Association refers to an industrial complex that is one of the biggest nuclear facilities in the Russian Federation. It housed plutonium production reactors and a reprocessing plant...
nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, 150 km north-west of the city, which caused deaths in Chelyabinsk Oblast but not in the city. The province was closed to all foreigners until 1992.
Education
There are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk. The main ones are South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk State UniversityChelyabinsk State University
Chelyabinsk State University is a university in Chelyabinsk, Russia. It was established in 1976 and is considered one of the leading academic institutions in the south Urals.-External links:*...
and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy
Chelyabinsk Medical Academy
Chelyabinsk Medical Academy is a university in Chelyabinsk, Russia....
. The oldest one is Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy, which was founded in 1930. There are 5 faculties at the University.
Economy
Chelyabinsk is one of the major industrialIndustry
Industry refers to the production of an economic good or service within an economy.-Industrial sectors:There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction,...
centers of Russia. Heavy industry predominates, especially metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use...
and military machinery, notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate (CMK, ChMK), Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant also known as CTZ-Uraltrak is a tractor plant in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk.-History:The plant was founded in 1933; the first product was a 60 hp tracked tractor С-60 fueled by petroleum ether . In 1937 the factory produced its first diesel-powered vehicle C-65...
(CTZ, ChTZ), Chelyabinsk Electrode plant (CHEZ), Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant
Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant
Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant manufactures every kind of steel pipe, including pipes used for the construction of petroleum, natural gas and water pipelines; and pipes used in manufacturing processes. It accounts for 11% of Russia's steel pipe output...
(ChTPZ) and Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant
Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant
OAO Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant is a machine building and automobile component manufacturing company based in Chelyabinsk, Russia.-Overview:...
(ChKPZ).
Chelyabinsk also has several electronics
Electronics
Electronics is the branch of science, engineering and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies...
plants, including Metran, Polet and Zavod Electromashina, that serve both military and civil needs.
Transport
Chelyabinsk MetroChelyabinsk MetroChelyabinsk Metro is an underground rapid transit system being constructed in Chelyabinsk, Russia. Envisioned in the 1960s, construction started in early 1980s....
Chelyabinsk started construction of a 3-line subway network in early 1980s. It is proceeding slowly using the New Austrian Tunneling method. Pending financing, the opening of the first section is scheduled for 2017.Tram and trolleybus
Chelyabinsk has a tram/streetcar (since 1932) and trolley bus (since 1942).Models
- Irina Shayk - model, born in YemanzhelinskYemanzhelinskYemanzhelinsk is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern slopes of South Urals south of Chelyabinsk, near the border with Kazakhstan. Population:...
, Chelyabinsk OblastChelyabinsk Oblast-External links:*...
, briefly studied at a community college in Chelyabinsk. Won "Miss Chelyabinsk 2004."
Politicians
- Viktor KhristenkoViktor KhristenkoViktor Borisovich Khristenko is the current Russian Minister of Industry and former First Deputy Prime Minister.-Personal life:...
- politician, the Industry and Energy Minister since March 9, 2004. Prior to that, held a number of government posts, including a brief stint in 2004 as an acting Prime Minister (from February, 24 to March, 5) - Nelly RokitaNelly RokitaNelli Rokita is a Polish politician who was elected an MP as a Law and Justice candidate. Her husband Jan Rokita was a prominent activist of a Civic Platform who retreated in September 2007 when Rokita started her political career...
- adviser of former Polish President Lech KaczyńskiLech KaczynskiLech Aleksander Kaczyński was Polish lawyer and politician who served as the President of Poland from 2005 until 2010 and as Mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 22 December 2005. Before he became a president, he was also a member of the party Prawo i Sprawiedliwość...
, wife of politician Jan RokitaJan RokitaJan Rokita is a Polish conservative politician, a member of the Sejm, the lower chamber of the Polish parliament. He was chairman of the parliamentary club of Platforma Obywatelska from 2003 to 2005.... - Galina Starovoytova - political activist
Musicians
- Maksim Bugrov - Violinist based out in Southern California.
- Denis Goldfeld - Violinist, child prodigy, has performed in most major centres throughout the world. Currently based in Germany.
Scientists
- Makhmut GareevMakhmut GareevMakhmut Akhmetovich Gareyev is the Russian General of the Army, a historian, and a military scientist. Former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Currently the president of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences...
— General of the ArmyGeneral of the ArmyGeneral of the Army is a military rank used in some countries to denote a senior military leader, usually a General in command of a nation's Army. It may also be the title given to a General who commands an Army in the field....
, a historian, and a military scientist
Cosmonauts
- Maksim Viktorovich Surayev - Flight Engineer, International Space Station (Expedition 21Expedition 21Expedition 21 was the 21st long-duration mission to the International Space Station . The expedition began on 30 September 2009, with Frank de Winne becoming the first ESA astronaut to command a space mission....
and Expedition 22Expedition 22Expedition 22 was the 22nd long duration crew flight to the International Space Station . This expedition began in November 2009 when the Expedition 21 crew departed. For a period of 3 weeks, there were only 2 crew members; it was the first time that had happened since STS-114 had delivered a third...
)
Composers
- Lera AuerbachLera AuerbachLera Auerbach is a Russian-born American composer and pianist.-Early life & education:Auerbach was born in Chelyabinsk, a city in the Urals bordering Siberia. She holds degrees in piano and composition from The Juilliard School, where she studied piano with Joseph Kalichstein and composition...
— one of the most widely performed composers of the new generation. Pianist, flautist and poet.
Software developers
- Eugene RoshalEugene RoshalEugene Roshal is a Russian software engineer best known as developer of:* FAR file manager * RAR file format * WinRAR file archiver...
— Developer of the RAR and WinRARWinRARWinRAR is a shareware file archiver and data compression utility developed by Eugene Roshal, and first released in autumn of 1993. It is one of the few applications that is able to create RAR archives natively, because the encoding method is held to be proprietary.-Developer:The current developer...
compression utilities and FAR ManagerFAR ManagerFAR Manager is an orthodox file manager for Microsoft Windows and a clone of Norton Commander...
.
Ice hockeyIce hockeyIce hockey, often referred to as hockey, is a team sport played on ice, in which skaters use wooden or composite sticks to shoot a hard rubber puck into their opponent's net. The game is played between two teams of six players each. Five members of each team skate up and down the ice trying to take...
- Danis ZaripovDanis ZaripovDanis Zinnurovich Zaripov is a Russian professional ice hockey left winger currently playing for Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League...
- Sergei MakarovSergei MakarovSergei Mikhailovich Makarov is a Russian former ice hockey right wing and two-time Olympic gold medalist, regarded as one of the greatest players to play the sport...
- Sergei BabinovSergei BabinovSergei Panteleimonovich Babinov is a retired ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC CSKA Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979....
- Dmitri KalininDmitri KalininDmitry Vladimirovich Kalinin is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the SKA Saint Petersburg of the Kontinental Hockey League .-Playing career:...
- Sergei GoncharSergei GoncharSergei Viktorovich Gonchar is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League...
- Andrei NazarovAndrei NazarovAndrei Viktorovich Nazarov is a former Russian professional ice hockey player who is currently employed as the head coach of Vityaz Chekhov....
- Evgeny DavydovEvgeny DavydovEvgeny Vitalievich Davydov is a Russian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League for the Winnipeg Jets, Florida Panthers and the Ottawa Senators.-Playing career:...
- Dmitri TertyshnyDmitri TertyshnyDmitri Valerievich Tertyshny was a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman who played one season in the National Hockey League for the Philadelphia Flyers and four seasons in Russia for Traktor Chelyabinsk....
- Evgeni Dadonov
Stanislav Chistov
- Evgeni Kuznetsov http://www.mynhldraft.com/2010/NHL-Draft-Profiles/Evgeni-Kuznetsov
Speed skatingSpeed skatingSpeed skating, or speedskating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in traveling a certain distance on skates. Types of speed skating are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, and marathon speed skating...
- Svetlana BazhanovaSvetlana BazhanovaSvetlana Valeryevna Bazhanova is a former speed skater.Svetlana Bazhanova married Vadim Sayutin, a fellow speed skater in 1994.-Personal records:...
— Olympic champion at the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics1994 Winter OlympicsThe 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer, Norway. Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event. Lillehammer was awarded the games in 1988, after having beat...
. - Lidiya Skoblikova — four Gold medals at the 1964 Innsbruck Olympics1964 Winter OlympicsThe 1964 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in Innsbruck, Austria, from January 29 to February 9, 1964...
. - Yekaterina Malysheva
- Svetlana KaykanSvetlana KaykanSvetlana Mikhaylovna Kaykan is a Russian speed skater who specialises in sprint.-References:*...
- Olga FatkulinaOlga FatkulinaOlga Fatkulina is a Russian long-track speed skater. She is set to compete for Russia at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the Ladies' 500 m and Ladies' 1000 m.- References :...
Weightlifting
- Mikhail KoklyaevMikhail KoklyaevMikhail Koklyaev is a six-time Russian National Weightlifting champion, strongman competitor and powerlifter.He was born in 1978 in Chelyabinsk, Russia...
— six time Russian National Weightlifting champion
CyclingCyclingCycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Persons engaged in cycling are cyclists or bicyclists...
- Sergei Valeryevich IvanovSergei Valeryevich IvanovSergei Valeryevich Ivanov is a professional road bicycle racer since 1996. He cycles with Team Katusha. He has, however, been a professional since 1996 - being a member of four previous teams - CSKA Lada-Samara, TVM-Farm Frites, Fassa Bortolo, and T-Mobile Team...
- Six time Russian National Cycling champion (1998, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009) and winner of two stages (2001 and 2009) in the Tour de FranceTour de FranceThe Tour de France is an annual bicycle race held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covers more than and lasts three weeks. As the best known and most prestigious of cycling's three "Grand Tours", the Tour de France attracts riders and teams from around the world. The...
Volleyball
- Yekaterina Gamova - a famous Russian female volleyball player, currently playing for Dynamo KazanDynamo KazanDynamo-Kazan is a professional bandy club from Kazan, Russia, established in 1958 and playing in the Russian Bandy League since 1996. The club plays at Raketa stadium, an outdoor artificial ice arena of 5,000 spectators' capacity in the outskirts of Kazan...
and the Russian National volleyball team.
Twin towns/sister cities
Chelyabinsk is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with: Changchun
Changchun
Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Songliao Plain. It is administered as a sub-provincial city with a population of 7,677,089 at the 2010 census under its jurisdiction, including counties and...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
Columbia, South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The population was 129,272 according to the 2010 census. Columbia is the county seat of Richland County, but a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County. The city is the center of a metropolitan...
, United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west...
, United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
Ramla
Ramla
Ramla , is a city in central Israel. The city is predominantly Jewish with a significant Arab minority. Ramla was founded circa 705–715 AD by the Umayyad Caliph Suleiman ibn Abed al-Malik after the Arab conquest of the region...
, Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
Ürümqi
Ürümqi
Ürümqi , formerly Tihwa , is the capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, in the northwest of the country....
, China.