Daigaku-no-kami
Encyclopedia
was a Japan
ese Imperial court position and the title of the chief education expert in the rigid court hierarchy. The Imperial Daigaku-no kami predates the Heian period
; and the court position continued up through the early Meiji period
. The title and position were conferred in the name of the Emperor of Japan
.
In the Edo period
, the head of the educational and bureaucrat training system for the Tokugawa shogunate
was also known by the honorific title Daigaku-no kami, which effectively translates as "Head of the State University." The title and position were conferred in the name of the shogun
.
. The title arose during evolution of governmental reorganizations beginning in 701. These pre-Heian period
innovations are collectively known as the .
The position and the title ultimately came about under the direction of Prince Osakabe
, Fujiwara no Fuhito
and Awata no Mahito at the request of Emperor Mommu
. Like many other developments at the time, the title was an adaptation derived from the governmental system of China
's Tang Dynasty
.
The somewhat inflexible hierarchical nature of the court requires that the function of the Daigaku-no kami be understood both in terms of specific functions and in terms of those ranking above and below in the Ministry of Civil Services.
In the Asuka period
, the Nara period
and the Heian period
, the Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a ; also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction". This ministry collected and maintained biographical archives of meritorious subjects. Within this ministry structure, the highest ranking official was the ; also known as Chief minister of public instruction.
This office was typically filled by a son or close relative of the emperor. For example, in 773 (Hōki
4), the daigaku-no-kami was Yamabe-shinnō
, who was named Crown Prince and heir of Emperor Kōnin
.
There were seven judges who directly assisted this minister.
Ranking just below these judges were educational authorities:
, this title identifies the head of the chief educational institution of the Tokugawa state. It was conferred by the shogun in 1691 when the Neo-Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate. In the years which followed, this academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants of Hayashi Hōkō
who were sequential heads of the Yushima Seidō
. The 10 rectors of the institution who were each identified by the title daigaku-no-kami were:
The rector of the Yushima Seidō stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained with the personal involvement of successive shoguns. The position as rector of the Yushima Seidō became hereditary in the Hayashi family
. The rectors' scholarly reputation was burnished by publication in 1657 of the 7 volumes of and by the publication in 1670 of the 310 volumes of .
, this Imperial title was abolished; but its position within the ambit of a reorganized government structure would be developed further in the Meiji period Daijō-kan.
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
ese Imperial court position and the title of the chief education expert in the rigid court hierarchy. The Imperial Daigaku-no kami predates the Heian period
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height...
; and the court position continued up through the early Meiji period
Meiji period
The , also known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from September 1868 through July 1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan.- Meiji Restoration and the emperor :...
. The title and position were conferred in the name of the Emperor of Japan
Emperor of Japan
The Emperor of Japan is, according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan, "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people." He is a ceremonial figurehead under a form of constitutional monarchy and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family with functions as head of state. He is also the highest...
.
In the Edo period
Edo period
The , or , is a division of Japanese history which was ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family, running from 1603 to 1868. The political entity of this period was the Tokugawa shogunate....
, the head of the educational and bureaucrat training system for the Tokugawa shogunate
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the and the , was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city, Edo, which is now called Tokyo, after the name was...
was also known by the honorific title Daigaku-no kami, which effectively translates as "Head of the State University." The title and position were conferred in the name of the shogun
Shogun
A was one of the hereditary military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the shoguns, or their shikken regents , were the de facto rulers of Japan though they were nominally appointed by the emperor...
.
Imperial court hierarchy
The Imperial court position of Daigaku-no kami identified the chief education expert in the Imperial retinue. The Daigaku-no kami was head of the Imperial University, the Daigaku-ryōDaigaku-ryō
Daigaku-ryō was the former Imperial university of Japan, foundedat the end of the 7th century. The Daigaku-ryō predates the Heian period, continuing in various forms through the early Meiji period. The director of the Daigaku-ryō was called the Daigaku-no-kami.The Daigaku-ryō was located near the...
. The title arose during evolution of governmental reorganizations beginning in 701. These pre-Heian period
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height...
innovations are collectively known as the .
The position and the title ultimately came about under the direction of Prince Osakabe
Prince Osakabe
Prince Osakabe was a Japanese imperial prince who helped write the Taihō Code, alongside Fujiwara no Fuhito...
, Fujiwara no Fuhito
Fujiwara no Fuhito
Fujiwara no Fuhito was a powerful member of the imperial court of Japan during the Asuka and Nara periods...
and Awata no Mahito at the request of Emperor Mommu
Emperor Mommu
was the 42nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Mommu's reign spanned the years from 697 through 707.-Traditional narrative:Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name was Karu-shinnō....
. Like many other developments at the time, the title was an adaptation derived from the governmental system of China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
's Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
.
The somewhat inflexible hierarchical nature of the court requires that the function of the Daigaku-no kami be understood both in terms of specific functions and in terms of those ranking above and below in the Ministry of Civil Services.
In the Asuka period
Asuka period
The , was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 , although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period...
, the Nara period
Nara period
The of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Empress Gemmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō . Except for 5 years , when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kammu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyō, in 784...
and the Heian period
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height...
, the Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a ; also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction". This ministry collected and maintained biographical archives of meritorious subjects. Within this ministry structure, the highest ranking official was the ; also known as Chief minister of public instruction.
This office was typically filled by a son or close relative of the emperor. For example, in 773 (Hōki
Hoki
Hoki can mean:* Hōki Province, was an old province of Japan, today part of the Tottori Prefecture.* Hōki, Tottori, a town in Japan.* Hōki, a Japanese era name from 770 through 781....
4), the daigaku-no-kami was Yamabe-shinnō
Emperor Kammu
was the 50th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kammu reigned from 781 to 806.-Traditional narrative:Kammu's personal name was . He was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe , and was born prior to Shirakabe's ascension to the throne...
, who was named Crown Prince and heir of Emperor Kōnin
Emperor Konin
was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kōnin's reign lasted from 770 to 781.-Traditional narrative:The personal name of Emperor Kōnin was given was As a son of Imperial Prince Shiki and a grandson of Emperor Tenji., his formal style was Prince Shirakabe...
.
There were seven judges who directly assisted this minister.
Ranking just below these judges were educational authorities:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- . There would have been many copyist calligraphers working under the direction of the chief calligrapher.
- .
- -- two positions.
- -- two positions.
- -- two positions.
Tokugawa bakufu hierarchy
In the Edo periodEdo period
The , or , is a division of Japanese history which was ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family, running from 1603 to 1868. The political entity of this period was the Tokugawa shogunate....
, this title identifies the head of the chief educational institution of the Tokugawa state. It was conferred by the shogun in 1691 when the Neo-Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate. In the years which followed, this academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants of Hayashi Hōkō
Hayashi Hōkō
, also known as Hayashi Nobutatsu, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa bakufu during the Edo period...
who were sequential heads of the Yushima Seidō
Yushima Seido
, located in the Yushima neighbourhood of Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan, was constructed as a Confucian temple in the Genroku era of the Edo period .-Tokugawa bureaucrat training center:...
. The 10 rectors of the institution who were each identified by the title daigaku-no-kami were:
- 1st rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi HōkōHayashi Hōkō, also known as Hayashi Nobutatsu, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa bakufu during the Edo period...
(1644–1732), formerly Hayashi Nobuhatsu (son of Gahō). - 2nd rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi RyūkōHayashi Ryūkōwas a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa bakufu during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars.-Academician:...
(1681–1758). - 3rd rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Hōkoku (1721–1773).
- 4th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Hōtan (1761–1787).
- 5th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Kimpō (1767–1793), also known as Hayashi Kanjun or Hayashi Nobutaka
- 6th rector and 8th Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi JussaiHayashi Jussaiwas a Japanese neo-Confucian scholar of the Edo period. He was an hereditary rector of Edo’s Confucian Academy, the Shōhei-kō, also known at the Yushima Seidō, which was built on land provided by the shogun...
(1768–1841), formerly Matsudaira Norihira, 3rd son of Iwamura daimyo Matsudaira Norimori -- Norihira was adopted into Hayashi family when Kimpō/Kanjun died childless; explained shogunate foreign policy to Emperor KōkakuEmperor Kokakuwas the 119th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Kōkaku's reign spanned the years from 1780 through 1817.-Genealogy:...
in 1804., also known as Hayashi Jitsusai and Hayashi Kō. - 7th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Teiu (1791–1844).
- 8th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Sōkan (1828–1853).
- 9th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Fukusai (1800–1859), also known as Hayashi AkiraHayashi Akirawas a Edo period scholar-diplomat serving the Tokugawa Shogunate in a variety of roles similar to those performed by serial Hayashi clan neo-Confucianists since the time of Tokugawa Ieyasu...
, chief Japanese negotiator for the Treaty of Kanagawa - 10th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi GakusaiHayashi Gakusai, formerly Hayashi Noboru, was a neo-Confucian scholar and a bakufu official in the late Tokugawa shogunate.-Academician:Hayashi Daigaku-no-kami Gakusai was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars, each of whom were ad hoc personal advisers to the shoguns prominent figures in the...
(1833–1906), formerly Hayashi Noboru, head of the academy in 1867.
The rector of the Yushima Seidō stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained with the personal involvement of successive shoguns. The position as rector of the Yushima Seidō became hereditary in the Hayashi family
Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)
The ' was a Japanese samurai clan which served as important advisors to the Tokugawa shoguns. Among members of the clan to enjoy powerful positions in the shogunate was its founder Hayashi Razan, who passed on his post as hereditary rector of the neo-Confucianist Shōhei-kō school to his son,...
. The rectors' scholarly reputation was burnished by publication in 1657 of the 7 volumes of and by the publication in 1670 of the 310 volumes of .
Meiji constitutional hierarchy
In the course of the Meiji restorationMeiji Restoration
The , also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, Reform or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868...
, this Imperial title was abolished; but its position within the ambit of a reorganized government structure would be developed further in the Meiji period Daijō-kan.
See also
- Taihō CodeTaiho CodeThe was an administrative reorganization enacted in 701 in Japan, at the end of the Asuka period. It was historically one of the . It was compiled at the direction of Prince Osakabe, Fujiwara no Fuhito and Awata no Mahito...
- Yōrō CodeYoro CodeThe was one iteration of several codes or governing rules compiled in early Nara period in Classical Japan. Major work on the Yōrō Code was completed in 718....
- Daijo-kan
- Sugawara no Kiyotomo
- Sugawara no MichizaneSugawara no Michizane, also known as Kan Shōjō , a grandson of Sugawara no Kiyotomo , was a scholar, poet, and politician of the Heian Period of Japan...
External links
- National Archives of Japan ...Drawings of the Dajokan Building (November, 1877)
- National Archives of Japan ...Illustration of the new Dajokan Building (1877)
- National Archives of Japan ...Drawings for construction of the new building housing the ministries of Home Affairs and Finance (1874)