The Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests are an endemic

Endemic (ecology)

Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, all species of lemur are endemic to the...

 vegetation type of the littoral Dinaric Alps

Dinaric Alps

The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides form a mountain chain in Southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro....

, located in Romania

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...

 in southeastern Europe. Pure stands of Dinaric calcareous

Calcite

Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate . The other polymorphs are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite at 380-470°C, and vaterite is even less stable.-Properties:...

 Silver fir —Abies alba forests appear on limestone

Limestone

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....

 escarpments in the montane zones of Orjen

Orjen

Orjen is a Dinaric Mediterranean limestone mountain range in Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina. At 1894 m , Zubački kabao is the highest peak in the subadriatic Dinarides. The massif of Orjen lies to the Northwest of Risan in Bay of Kotor...

, Velebit

Velebit

Velebit is the largest though not the highest mountain range in Croatia. Its highest peak is the Vaganski vrh at 1757 m.The range forms a part of the Dinaric Alps and is located along the Adriatic coast, separating it from Lika in the interior...

, Biokovo

Biokovo

Biokovo is the second-highest mountain range in Croatia, located along the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, between the rivers of Cetina and Neretva...

 and Prenj

Prenj

Prenj is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in eastern Herzegovina near Mostar, Jablanica and Konjic. The highest peak is the Zelena glava at , and there are several other peaks of similar height....

. They comprise one of the most interesting formations of Balkan vegetation types as the forests bear several rare plants and are of striking beauty. As a highly endemic and rare vegetation type of the Dinarids it needs protection.

Structure

Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests have an open structure which is environmentally sensible. As storms of bora

Bora (wind)

Bora or Bura is a northern to north-eastern katabatic wind in the Adriatic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Italy, Greece, Slovenia, and Turkey....

 and scirocco type are common on the coastal Dinaric mountains, wind plays a great role in the formation of the highly labil structure in the pure Silver Fir communities. Silver Firs can reach up to 35 metres (114.8 ft) on the limestones and trunk diameters of 1 metres (3.3 ft) have been observed.

Distribution

Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests are dispersed in smaller patches on the hypercarstic litoral karst mountain environments of the Dinarids. Prominent are those on Velebit

Velebit

Velebit is the largest though not the highest mountain range in Croatia. Its highest peak is the Vaganski vrh at 1757 m.The range forms a part of the Dinaric Alps and is located along the Adriatic coast, separating it from Lika in the interior...

 and Orjen

Orjen

Orjen is a Dinaric Mediterranean limestone mountain range in Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina. At 1894 m , Zubački kabao is the highest peak in the subadriatic Dinarides. The massif of Orjen lies to the Northwest of Risan in Bay of Kotor...

, appearing on bare limestone escarpments in the montane lifezone between 1200–1550 m (3,937–5,085.3 ft). The abundance of precipitation on theses coastal mountains of up to 5000 mm/m²a with the dry soil conditions restricts these pure Silver Fir forests to the most rainy and humid spots of the Dinarids.

Ecology

Silver fir is a constituent of montane central European forests. As a rare species in dry climates of the Mediterranean, the silver firs presence on Mt. Orjen is restricted to humid northern slopes. A marked difference in the fir's vegetation patterns is seen here. It has a common cause in soil formation. High soil-water content in terrae fuscae on glacial superstratum leads to beech-fir forests. Whereas dry initial rendzinas on glacio-karstic substrate support xeric dinaric calcareaous Silver Fir forests. Latter endemic community rich in submediterranean species has evolutional parallels with Bosnian Pine

Bosnian Pine

The Bosnian Pine is a species of pine native to Bosnia but is also found in the mountains of southeastern Europe, in southwestern Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, northern Greece , and locally in southern Italy ,...

 communities.

Floristic compostition

Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests are among the most species-rich montane ecosystems in the Dinaric Alps

Dinaric Alps

The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides form a mountain chain in Southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro....

.

Mixed deciduous-Silver Fir Peony (Paeonia daurica Andrews)-forests with Paeonia daurica have the most species rich composition found so far on Orjen (Abies alba, Corylus colurna, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Acer intermedium, Tilia cordata

Tilia cordata

Tilia cordata is a species of Tilia native to much of Europe and western Asia, north to southern Great Britain , central Scandinavia, east to central Russia, and south to central Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, and the Caucasus; in the south of its range it is restricted to...

, Acer pseudoplatanus, Pinus heldreichii).

Mixed deciduous-Silver Fir-Peony forest at Orjen

Orjen

Orjen is a Dinaric Mediterranean limestone mountain range in Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina. At 1894 m , Zubački kabao is the highest peak in the subadriatic Dinarides. The massif of Orjen lies to the Northwest of Risan in Bay of Kotor...

Art	Plot 1	Plot 2
Paeonia daurica - Peony Peony Peony or paeony is a name for plants in the genus Paeonia, the only genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, southern Europe and western North America...	4	3
Abies alba - Silver Fir Silver Fir Abies alba, commonly known as the European silver fir, is a fir native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, and south to southern Italy and northern Serbia.-Description:...	4	3
Fagus sylvatica - Beech Beech Beech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.-Habit:...	4	5
Corylus collurna	3	0
Ostrya carpinifolia	0	4
Acer pseudoplatanus - Sycamore Maple Sycamore Maple Acer pseudoplatanus, the sycamore maple, is a species of maple native to central Europe and southwestern Asia, from France east to Ukraine, and south in mountains to northern Spain, northern Turkey, and the Caucasus. It is not related to other trees called sycamore or plane tree in the Platanus...	3	3
Acer intermedium	0	2
Fraxinus excelsior - Ash Ash tree Fraxinus is a genus flowering plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae. It contains 45-65 species of usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen. The tree's common English name, ash, goes back to the Old English æsc, while the generic name...	3	2
Sorbus aria	2	0
Euonymus europaea	0	2
Crataegus montanus	2	0
Prunus prostrata	0	2
Lonicera glutinosa	3	0
Rosa pendulina	0	2
Sesleria autumnalis	5	4
Aremonia agremonoides	2	2
Heracleum sphondylum	3	0
Asphodelus albus	2	2
Lilium martagon ssp. cattaniae - Lily	2	2
Iris orjenii	0	2
Bryonia dioica	2	2
Dentaria enneaphyllos	2	0
Hedera helix - Ivy Ivy Ivy, plural ivies is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan.-Description:On level ground they...	3	0
Tamus communis	3	0
Sedum maximum	2	2
Dryopteris filix mas	2	0
Hieracium murrorum	0	2
Pteridium aquilinum	2	0
Lamium spec.	0	2
Anemona nemoralis	2	0
Frangula rupestris	0	2
Viola riviniana	2	2
Prenantes purpurea	2	0
Polygonatum odoratum	0	2
Dentaria bulbifera	2	2
Melica nutans	2	2
Thalcitrum minus	0	2
Crocus dalmaticus	0	2
Cirsium erisithales	2	0
Sesleria robusta	3	0
Sedum ochroleucum	2	2
Rubus idaeus	2	0
Cicerbita alpina	2	0
Rosa spec.	0	2
Vicia cracca	0	2
Convallaria majalis	2	0
Festuca ovina	0	3
Fragaria vesca	2	0
Myrris odorata	5	0
Asyneuma pichlerii	2	0
Geranium robertianum	2	0
Galium lucidum	0	5
Thalictrum aquilegifolium	0	2

*
Syntaxonomic chart of mixed deciduous-Silver Fir-Peony forest at Orjen

Plant list

Typical plants of the many times dry basic Kalkomelasol soil plant Biotope:

C. OREOHERZOGIO-ABIETALIA Fuk. 1969

a) O r e o h e r z o g i o-A b i e t i o n Ht. emend. Fuk.

1. Oreoherzogio-Abietetum Fuk.

· 1. Trees Abies alba Pinus heldreichii Fagus sylvatica Corylus colurna Ostrya Ostrya Ostrya is a genus of eight to ten small deciduous trees belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. Its common name is Hophornbeam in American English and Hop-hornbeam in British English. It may also be called ironwood, a name shared with a number of other plants.The genus is native in southern...  carpinifolia Pinus nigra Fraxinus excelsior · 2. Shrubs Berberis Berberis Berberis , the barberries or pepperidge bushes, is a genus of about 450-500 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1-5 m tall with thorny shoots, native to the temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. They are closely related to the genus...  illyrica Lonicera glutinosa Viburnum maculatum Viburnum maculatum Viburnum maculatum is a species of plant in the Caprifoliaceae family. It is found in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.-Source:* Nikolic, T. 1998. . Downloaded on 24 August 2007.... Rhamnus fallax Sorbus aria Sorbus aria Sorbus aria , the Whitebeam or Common Whitebeam is a deciduous tree, compact and domed, with few upswept branches; it generally favours dry limestone and chalk soils. The hermaphrodite cream-white flowers appear in May, are insect pollinated, and go on to produce scarlet berries, which are often... Euonymus europaeus Rosa Rose A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows...  pendulina Juniperus nana Sambucus nigra Sambucus nigra Sambucus nigra is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe.It is most commonly called Elder, Elderberry, Black Elder, European Elder, European Elderberry, European Black Elderberry, Common Elder, or Elder Bush when distinction from other species of Sambucus is needed... Cotoneaster integerrimus Cotoneaster integerrimus Cotoneaster integerrimus is a species of Cotoneaster native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia, from southern Belgium and eastern France south to Italy, and east through Germany to the Balkans, northern Turkey, the Crimea, the Caucasus and northern Iran; plants in Spain may also... Daphne mezereum Daphne mezereum Daphne mezereum is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and Western Asia, north to northern Scandinavia and Russia. In southern Europe it is confined to medium to higher elevations and in the subalpine vegetation zone, but descends to near sea... Lonicera xylosteum Lonicera xylosteum Lonicera xylosteum, commonly known as Fly honeysuckle, European Fly Honeysuckle, Dwarf Honeysuckle or Fly Woodbine is a deciduous shrub. It is one of two honeysuckles native to Britain, the other being the Common Honeysuckle .... Frangula rupestris · 3. Ground level Calamagrostis Calamagrostis Calamagrostis, or Small-reed or Reedgrass, is a genus in the Grass family Poaceae with about 260 species that occur mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. Towards equatorial latitudes, species of Calamagrostis generally occur at higher elevations in...  varia Lilium martagon Lilium martagon Lilium martagon is a species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from central Europe east through northern Asia to Mongolia and Korea. Several subspecies have been named. Horticulturally it is in Division 9, It is stem-rooting, growing between 1m and 2m tall... subsp. cattaniae   Fritillaria gracilis Cirsium Cirsium Cirsium is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more accurately known as Plume thistles. These differ from other thistle genera in having feathered hairs to their achenes...  erisithales Valeriana Valeriana Valeriana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Valerianaceae. It includes a number of species of which the best known is the garden valerian Valeriana officinalis...  montana Scrophularia nodosa Scrophularia nodosa Scrophularia nodosa is a perennial herbaceous plant found in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere except western North America. It grows in moist and cultivated waste ground.-Growth:It grows upright, with thick, sharply square, succulent stems up to 150 cm tall from a horizontal... Scrophularia Scrophularia The genus Scrophularia of the family Scrophulariaceae comprises about 200 species of herbaceous flowering plants commonly known as figworts. Species of Scrophularia all share square stems, opposite leaves and open two-lipped flowers forming clusters at the end of their stems...  bosniaca Polygonatum Polygonatum Polygonatum , King Solomon's-seal or Solomon's Seal, is a genus of about 50 species of flowering plants. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae...  viviparum Cystopteris fragilis Cystopteris fragilis Cystopteris fragilis is a species of fern known by the common names brittle bladderfern and common fragile fern. It can be found worldwide, generally in shady, moist areas. The leaves are up to 30 or 40 centimeters long and are borne on fleshy petioles. Each leaf is divided into many pairs of... Arabis Arabis Arabis , or rockcress, is a genus of flowering plants, within the family Brassicaceae, subfamily Brassicoideae.Though traditionally recognized as a large genus with many Old World and New World members, more recent evaluations of the relationships among these species using genetic data suggest that...  turrita Actaea spicata Actaea spicata Actaea spicata is a species of flowering plant in the genus Actaea, native to Europe and Western Asia.... Astrantia major Astrantia major Astrantia major, common name Great Masterwort, is an herbaceous, perennial plant with a rhizome, belonging to the family Apiaceae.-Etymology:... Viola riviniana Viola riviniana Viola riviniana, the Common Dog-violet, is a species of the genus Viola. It is also called wood violet or dog violet. It is a perennial herb of woodland rides, grassland and shady hedge banks... Vicia cracca Arabis hirsuta Arabis hirsuta Arabis hirsuta is a flowering plant of the genus Arabis in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to Europe, Asia, and the northern half of North America.-External links:****... Cardamine Cardamine Cardamine , is a large genus in the family Brassicaceae. It contains more than 150 species of annuals and perennials. The genus grows worldwide in diverse habitats, except in the Antarctic. Genus Dentaria is a synonym for Cardamine.The leaves can have different forms, going from minute to...  glauca Urtica dioica Paeonia Paeonia Paeonia or Paionia may refer to:*the generic name of the peony*the ancient tribe and kingdom of Paeonia , in today's northern Greece and the Republic of Macedonia*Paionia , a municipality in northern Greece...  daurica Muscari botryoides Muscari botryoides Muscari botryoides is a bulbous perennial plant plant of the genus Muscari and one of a number of species and genera known as Grape Hyacinth. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant.... Satureja montana Seseli Seseli Seseli is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants. They are sometimes woody at base with a conic taproot. Leaf blades are 1–3-pinnate or pinnately decompound. Umbels are compound, with bracts few or absent...  globuliferum Iberis sempervirens Iberis sempervirens Iberis sempervirens is a flowering plant which is used as an ornamental plant. Evergreen Candytuft is a spring blooming favourite, often seen cascading over rocks and walls, or used as a groundcover. The glossy, evergreen foliage forms a billowing mound, with loads of good-sized white flowers for... Myosotis sylvestris Taraxacum Taraxacum Taraxacum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Eurasia and North America, and two species, T. officinale and T. erythrospermum, are found as weeds worldwide. Both species are edible in their entirety...  officinalis Aposeris Aposeris Aposeris is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....  foetida Hypericum Hypericum Hypericum is a genus of about 400 species of flowering plants in the family Hypericaceae ....  alpinum Doronicum Doronicum Doronicum is a genus of the botanical family Asteraceae.-Selected species:*Doronicum altaicum*Doronicum atlanticum* Doronicum austriacum Jacq.*Doronicum briquetii* Doronicum cacaliifolium Boiss. & Heldr....  columnae	Epilobium montanum Epilobium montanum Epilobium montanum or Broad-leaved Willowherb is a species of willowherb.... Ononis Ononis Ononis is a large genus of perennial herbs and shrubs from the legume family Fabaceae. The members of this genus are often called restharrows as some species are arable weeds whose tough stems would stop the harrow...  natrix Melica nutans Melica nutans Melica nutans is a bunchgrass species in the Poaceae family, native to Eurasian forests.... Corydalis ochroleuca Corydalis ochroleuca Pseudofumaria alba is a short-lived perennial plant in the fumewort family, Fumariaceae.Flowers are white with yellow throats, borne in racemes on short, branched stems above the foliage from spring through autumn.... Ceterach officinarum Ceterach officinarum Asplenium ceterach is a fern species commonly known as Rustyback. It is characterised by a short rhizome which gives rise to several green fronds that have a pinnated lamina with trichomes on the abaxial surface, but not the adaxial one. These trichomes are orange-brown in colour, hence the... Sedum Sedum Sedum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. It contains around 400 species of leaf succulents that are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, varying from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs. The plants have...  boloniense Cicerbita alpina Cicerbita alpina Cicerbita alpina or Alpine Blue-sow-thistle is a perennial herbaceous plant species belonging to the genus Cicerbita of the Asteraceae family.-Description:... Erysimum humile Stellaria graminea Stellaria graminea Stellaria graminea is a species of flowering plant in the Caryophyllaceae known by the common names grassleaf starwort and common stitchwort. It is native to Eurasia but it is widespread around other parts of the temperate world as an introduced species and a common weed. It grows in many types of... Verbascum spec. Lotus Lotus (genus) Lotus is a genus that includes bird's-foot trefoils and deervetches and contains many dozens of species distributed world-wide. Depending on the taxonomic authority, roughly between 70 and 150 are accepted. Lotus is a genus of legume and its members are adapted to a wide range of habitats, from...  alpinus Saxifraga marginata Symphytum Symphytum Symphytum is a genus in the Boraginaceae family. Its species are known by the common name comfrey. Some species and hybrids, particularly S. officinale and S. × uplandicum, are used in gardening and herbal medicine.Species include:...  tuberosum Asplenium trichomanes Asplenium trichomanes Asplenium trichomanes is a small fern in the spleenwort genus Asplenium. It is a widespread and common species, occurring almost worldwide in a variety of rocky habitats. It is a variable fern with several subspecies.-Description:It grows in tufts from a short rhizome... Hieracium Hieracium Hieracium known by its common name Hawkweed and long ago by its classical name hierakion which comes from the ancient Greek hierax, "a hawk"...  murorum Convallaria majalis Actaea spicata Actaea spicata Actaea spicata is a species of flowering plant in the genus Actaea, native to Europe and Western Asia.... Rubus idaeus Rubus idaeus Rubus idaeus is a red-fruited species of Rubus native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions. A closely related plant in North America, sometimes regarded as the variety Rubus idaeus var... Thalictrum Thalictrum Thalictrum is a genus of 120-200 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the buttercup family native mostly to temperate regions....  aquilegifolium Thalictrum minima Potentilla Potentilla Potentilla is the genus of typical cinquefoils, containing about 500 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the rose family Rosaceae. They are generally Holarctic in distribution, though some may even be found in montane biomes of the New Guinea Highlands...  speciosa Potentilla argentea Myrrhis odorata Scilla Scilla Scilla is a genus of about 50 bulb-forming perennial herbs in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, native to woodlands, subalpine meadows, and seashores throughout Europe and Asia...  litardieri Sesleria Sesleria Sesleria is a genus of perennial grass in the Poaceae family.-Species:* Sesleria achtarovii* Sesleria alba* Sesleria albanica* Sesleria albicans* Sesleria americana* Sesleria anatolica* Sesleria angustifolia...  robusta Peucedanum Peucedanum Peucedanum is a genus of flowering plant in the carrot family, Apiaceae.-Species:It contains the following species:* Peucedanum angustisectum* Peucedanum camerunensis* Peucedanum cervaria* Peucedanum formosanum Hayata -... longifolium Gentiana lutea Gentiana lutea Gentiana lutea is a species of gentian native to the mountains of central and southern Europe. Other names include 'Yellow Gentian', 'Bitter Root', 'Bitterwort', 'Centiyane', and 'Genciana'.-Growth:... Lamium Lamium Lamium is a genus of about 40-50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which family it is the type genus... spec. Aremonia agrimonoides Polystichum lonchitis Polystichum lonchitis Polystichum lonchitis is a species of fern known by the common name northern holly fern, or simply holly fern. It is native to much of the Northern Hemisphere from Eurasia to Alaska to Greenland and south into mountainous central North America. It grows in moist, shady, rocky mountain habitat. This... Achillea Achillea Achillea is a genus of about 85 flowering plants, in the family Asteraceae, commonly referred to as yarrow. They occur in Europe and temperate areas of Asia. A few grow in North America. These plants typically have frilly, hairy, aromatic leaves.... spec. Origanum vulgare Lotus corniculatus Lotus corniculatus Lotus corniculatus is a common flowering plant native to grassland temperate Eurasia and North Africa. The common name is Bird's-foot Trefoil , though the common name is often also applied to other members of the genus... Heracleum sphondylium Gentiana verna Luzula Luzula Luzula is a genus of about 80 species of flowering plants the family Juncaceae, with a cosmopolitan distribution, the highest species diversity being in temperate Asia and Europe....  luzuloides Silene Silene Silene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Common names include campion and catchfly.... spec. Sedum Sedum Sedum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. It contains around 400 species of leaf succulents that are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, varying from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs. The plants have...  maximum Aquilegia Aquilegia Aquilegia is a genus of about 60-70 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.-Etymology:The genus name Aquilegia is derived from the Latin word for eagle , because...  dinarica Moltkia petraea Asphodelus albus Asplenium ruta-muraria Asplenium ruta-muraria Asplenium ruta-muraria is a species of fern commonly known as wall-rue. In Germany, it is known as Mauerraute or Mauerstreifenfarn. It is a very small epipetric species, growing exclusively on limestone and other calcareous rocks. It is native to both Europe and eastern North America... Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Asplenium adiantum-nigrum is a common species of fern known by the common name black spleenwort. It is found mostly in Africa, Europe, and and Eurasia, but is also native to a few locales in Mexico and the US.-Description:... Amphoricarpos Amphoricarpos Amphoricarpos is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....  neumayerii Ornithogalum umbellatum Ornithogalum umbellatum Ornithogalum umbellatum , is a perennial bulbous flowering plant, native throughout most of southern and central Europe , and in northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia... Epilobium angustifolium Biscutella Biscutella Biscutella is a genus of about 46 species of flowering plants of Brassicaceae or Cruciferae family, according to Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I. 2003 .It contains the following species:* Biscutella laevigata... cichorifolia
(around 50 Samples in Orjen)

Literature

• Pavle Cikovac: Sociology and ecology of Silver Fir forests on Mt. Orjen - Montenegro. LMU Munich 2002, Department of Geography