Distillation Design
Encyclopedia
Distillation Design is a book which provides complete coverage of the design of industrial distillation
columns for the petroleum refining
, chemical
and petrochemical
plants, natural gas processing
, pharmaceutical, food and alcohol distilling
industries. It has been a classical chemical engineering
textbook since it was first published in February 1992.
The subjects covered in the book include:
Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction....
columns for the petroleum refining
Oil refinery
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas...
, chemical
Chemical plant
A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures chemicals, usually on a large scale. The general objective of a chemical plant is to create new material wealth via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation of materials. Chemical plants use special equipment,...
and petrochemical
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane....
plants, natural gas processing
Natural gas processing
Natural-gas processing is a complex industrial process designed to clean raw natural gas by separating impurities and various non-methane hydrocarbons and fluids to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas.-Background:...
, pharmaceutical, food and alcohol distilling
Distilled beverage
A distilled beverage, liquor, or spirit is an alcoholic beverage containing ethanol that is produced by distilling ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit, or vegetables...
industries. It has been a classical chemical engineering
Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with physical science , and life sciences with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms...
textbook since it was first published in February 1992.
The subjects covered in the book include:
- Vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE): Vapor–liquid K values, relative volatilitiesRelative volatilityRelative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile...
, ideal and non-ideal systems, phase diagrams, calculating bubble pointBubble pointWhen heating a liquid consisting of two or more components, the bubble point is the point where first bubble of vapor is formed. Given that vapor will probably have a different composition than the liquid, the bubble point at different compositions are useful data when designing distillation...
s and dew pointDew pointThe dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into liquid water. The condensed water is called dew when it forms on a solid surface. The dew point is a saturation temperature.The dew point is...
s - Key fractional distillationFractional distillationFractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. It is a special type of distillation...
concepts: theoretical stageTheoretical plateA theoretical plate in many separation processes is a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an equilibrium stage, ideal stage or a theoretical...
s, x-y diagrams, multicomponent distillation, column composition and temperature profiles - Process design and optimizationProcess optimizationProcess optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to optimize some specified set of parameters without violating some constraint. The most common goals are minimizing cost, maximizing throughput, and/or efficiency...
: minimum refluxRefluxReflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations...
and minimum stages, optimum reflux, short-cut methods, feed entry location - Rigorous calculation methods: Bubble point method, sum rates method, numerical methods (Newton-Raphson technique), inside out method, relaxation method, other methods
- Batch distillationBatch distillationBatch distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches, meaning that a mixture is distilled to separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged with more mixture and the process is repeated...
: Simple distillation, constant reflux, varying reflux, time and boilup requirements - Tray design and tray efficiency: tray types, tray capacities, tray hydraulic parameters, tray sizing and determination of column diameter, point and tray efficiencies, tray efficiency prediction and scaleup
- PackingPackingPacking may refer to:In Mechanical engineering:* Packing, also known as an O-ring or other type of Seal , a term for a sealing materialIn Chemical engineering:* Structured packing, i.e...
design and packing efficiency: packing types, packing hydraulics and capacities, determination of packing efficiency by transfer unit method and by HETP method, packed columnPacked bedIn chemical processing, a packed bed is a hollow tube, pipe, or other vessel that is filled with a packing material. The packing can be randomly filled with small objects like Raschig rings or else it can be a specifically designed structured packing...
sizing
See also
- Chemical engineerChemical engineerIn the field of engineering, a chemical engineer is the profession in which one works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products, and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment to perform such work...
- Continuous distillationContinuous distillationContinuous distillation, a form of distillation, is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is continuously fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams. A distillation is the separation or partial separation of a liquid feed mixture into components or...
- Fenske equationFenske equationThe Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux .The equation was derived by Merrell Fenske in...
- McCabe-Thiele methodMcCabe-Thiele methodThe McCabe-Thiele method was presented by two graduate students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Warren L. McCabe and Ernest W. Thiele in 1925. The technique is considered to be the simplest and perhaps most instructive method for analysis of binary distillation...
- Perry's Chemical Engineers' HandbookPerry's Chemical Engineers' HandbookPerry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook was first published in 1934 and the most current eighth edition was published in October 2007...
- Transport Phenomena
- Unit Operations of Chemical EngineeringUnit Operations of Chemical EngineeringUnit Operations of Chemical Engineering, first published in 1956, is one of the oldest chemical engineering textbooks still in widespread use. The current Seventh Edition, published in 2004, continues its successful tradition of being used as a textbook in university undergraduate chemical...
- Batch distillationBatch distillationBatch distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches, meaning that a mixture is distilled to separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged with more mixture and the process is repeated...