The EMD 645 family of diesel engine

Diesel engine

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber...

s was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors

General Motors

General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...

. Intended primarily for locomotive

Locomotive

A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th...

, marine

Marine propulsion

Marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a ship or boat across water. While paddles and sails are still used on some smaller boats, most modern ships are propelled by mechanical systems consisting a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, in jet...

 and stationary engine

Stationary engine

A stationary engine is an engine whose framework does not move. It is normally used not to propel a vehicle but to drive a piece of immobile equipment such as a pump or power tool. They may be powered by steam; or oil-burning or internal combustion engines....

 use, one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 "Titan"

Terex 33-19 "Titan"

The Terex 33-19 "Titan" was a prototype off-highway, ultra class, rigid frame, three-axle, diesel/AC electric powertrain haul truck designed by the Terex Division of General Motors and assembled at General Motors Diesel Division's London, ON, Canada assembly plant in 1973. Only one 33-19 was ever...

 prototype haul truck designed by GM's Terex

Terex

Terex Corporation is an American-based diversified global manufacturer of a broad range of heavy equipment for a variety of industries, including construction, infrastructure, quarrying, recycling, surface mining, shipping, transportation, refining, utility and maintenance...

 division.

Chronologically, the 645 series falls between the earlier 567

EMD 567

The EMD 567 is a line of diesel engines built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division. This engine, which succeeded Winton's 201-A, was used in EMD's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645. It has a bore of , a stroke of and a displacement of 567 in³ per cylinder...

 series and the later 710

EMD 710

The EMD 710 is a line of diesel engines built by Electro-Motive Diesel . The 710 series largely replaced the earlier EMD 645 series. The EMD 710 is a large two-stroke diesel engine that has a displacement per cylinder. Since its introduction, EMD has continually upgraded the 710G diesel engine...

 series. First introduced in 1965, the EMD 645 series is still in production on a by-request basis. The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc., which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005.

History

Developed from the earlier 567 series engines, the 645 series engines entered production in 1965. Compared to the 567 series engines bore of eight and one-half inches, the 645 series have a larger bore of nine and one-sixteenth inches while maintaining the same stroke

Stroke (engines)

Reciprocating motion, used in reciprocating engines and other mechanisms, is back-and-forth motion. Each cycle of reciprocation consists of two opposite motions: there is a motion in one direction, and then a motion back in the opposite direction. Each of these is called a stroke...

.

The 645 series engines have an engine speed of 900 revolutions per minute compared to the 800/835 RPM of the 567 series.

EMD built an SD40 demonstrator (number 434) in July 1964 to field test the 16-645E3 engine. EMD built another eight SD40 demonstrators (numbers 434A through 434H) and a GP40 demonstrator (number 433A) in 1965. In December 1965 and January 1966 EMD built the first three SD45 demonstrators (numbers 4351 through 4353) to field test the 20-645E3 engine.

When the 645 engine entered production in 1965, it was used in EMD's 40 series (GP40

EMD GP40

The EMD GP40 is a 4-axle diesel-electric road switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between November 1965 and December 1971...

, SD40

EMD SD40

The EMD SD40 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between January 1966 and August 1972.-Design:Like its predecessor in EMD's catalog, the SD35, the SD40 is a high-horsepower, six-motor freight locomotive....

) in 3000 hp, sixteen-cylinder form and in the SD45

EMD SD45

The EMD SD45 is a six-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between December, 1965, and December, 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 twenty-cylinder engine which generated 3,600 HP. This locomotive shared the same common frame with the EMD SD38, EMD SD39, EMD...

 in 3600 hp, twenty-cylinder form.

Specification

All 645 engines are two-stroke 45 degree V-engine

V engine

A V engine, or Vee engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. The cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a "V" when viewed along the axis of the crankshaft...

s. Each cylinder

Cylinder (engine)

A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast iron before receiving precision machine work...

 is of 645 cubic inches (10.57 liters) displacement

Engine displacement

Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre to bottom dead centre . It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters , litres , or cubic inches...

, hence the name; with a bore of nine and one-sixteenth inches (230.2 mm), a stroke of ten inches (254 mm) and a compression ratio

Compression ratio

The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...

 of 14.5:1. Cylinders in each V-pair are directly opposite each other, necessitating "fork" connecting rods for one bank of cylinders as all rods are always in compression throughout both cycles (competitor General Electric uses "articulated" connecting rods as all rods are alternately in compression or tension throughout the four cycles). The engines are fitted with either a single or twin roots blower, or a mechanically assisted turbocharger

Turbocharger

A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...

, depending on required power output.

• Rotation (facing rear of engine): Counterclockwise
• Firing order
  • Eight cylinder: 1, 5, 3, 7, 4, 8, 2, 6
  • Twelve cylinder: 1, 12, 7, 4, 3, 10, 9, 5, 2, 11, 8, 6
  • Sixteen cylinder: 1, 8, 9, 16, 3, 6, 11, 14, 4, 5, 12, 13, 2, 7, 10, 15
  • Twenty cylinder: 1, 19, 8, 11, 5, 18, 7, 15, 2, 17, 10, 12, 3, 20, 6, 13, 4, 16, 9, 14
• Exhaust valves: Four per cylinder
• Main bearings
  • Eight cylinder: 5
  • Twelve cylinder: 7
  • Sixteen cylinder: 10
  • Twenty cylinder: 12
• Fuel injection
  Fuel injection
  Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....
  
  : Unit injector with needle valve
• Engine starting
  • AC traction generator: Dual electric starting motors
  • DC traction generator: Generator field
• Weight (E3B turbocharged models)
  • Eight cylinder: 22,050 pounds (10.0 tonnes)
  • Twelve cylinder: 28,306 pounds (12.8 tonnes)
  • Sixteen cylinder: 36,425 pounds (16.5 tonnes)
  • Twenty cylinder: 43,091 pounds (19.5 tonnes)

Versions

ID	Number of cylinders	Induction	Max rpm	Power (hp)	Power (MW)	Introduced	Use
8-645C	8	Roots blower		1100	0.8		EMD G18AR, NZR DBR class NZR DB class The NZR Db diesel-electric locomotive class was built in 1965-1966. They were a lighter version of the Da class to operate on secondary North Island lines from which the Da was excluded due to its weight. One of the principal lines which the Db dominated was the East Coast Main Trunk to Tauranga...
6-645E	6	Roots blower	900	750	0.6	1967	Victorian Railways Y class Victorian Railways Y class (diesel) The Victorian Railways Y class diesel electric locomotive is a small branch line and shunting unit built by Clyde Engineering . Three separate orders were delivered...  (G6B)
8-645E	8	Roots blower	900	1000	0.75	1966	SW1000 EMD SW1000 An EMD SW1000 is a diesel switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between June 1966 and October 1972. Power was provided by an EMD 645E 8-cylinder engine which generated... , SW1001 EMD SW1001 The EMD SW1001 was a diesel locomotive for industrial switching service built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between September 1968 and June 1986... , V/Line P class V/Line P class The V/Line P class diesel electric locomotive were rebuilt from early model 'flat top' T class locomotives in the 1980s by Clyde Engineering... , Victorian Railways T class (3rd series) / H class Victorian Railways T class (diesel) The Victorian Railways T class diesel electric locomotive are a small branch line and shunting unit built by Clyde Engineering . They were the most numerous class of diesel locomotives in the state.... , CIE 201 Class CIE 201 Class The Córas Iompair Éireann 201 Class was a class of 34 diesel electric locomotives manufactured by Metropolitan-Vickers at their Dukinfield Works in Manchester. They were a smaller, lighter and less powerful version of the 001 Class and were originally intended for branch line passenger and freight...  (rebuilt)
8-645E	8	Turbocharger	900	1500	1.1	1982	GP15T EMD GP15T An EMD GP15T is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between October 1982 and April 1983. It was a very close cousin to the GP15-1, but used a turbocharger in order to generate more power from a smaller engine... , MP15T EMD MP15T An EMD MP15T is a 4-axle diesel switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between October 1984 and November 1987. This unit is basically a turbocharged version of the MP15AC....
12-645E	12	Roots blower	900	1500	1.1	1968	GM G22 Series GM G22 Series The EMD G22 Series were first introduced in 1968 to replace the aging EMD G12. They carried a low per axle weight on their Flexicoil Type-B trucks and were the first model series to have a low nose as a standard option as well.... , CIE 001 Class CIE 001 Class The Córas Iompair Éireann 001 Class locomotive was manufactured by Metropolitan-Vickers at their Dukinfield Works in Manchester.The 001 Class locomotive was the backbone of mainline passenger and freight train services on the Irish railway network for forty years from 1955 until the mid-1990s when...  (rebuilt)
16-645E	16	Roots blower	900	2000	1.5	1966	GP38 EMD GP38 An EMD GP38 is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between January 1966 and December 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645 16-cylinder engine which generated .... , GP38-2 EMD GP38-2 An EMD GP38-2 is a four-axle diesel-electric locomotive of the road switcher type built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division. Part of the EMD Dash 2 line, the GP38-2 was an upgraded version of the earlier GP38... , SD38 EMD SD38 An EMD SD38 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between May 1967 and October 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645 16-cylinder engine which generated 2000 horsepower . As compared to the EMD 645E3 engine that was turbo-charged and produced 3000HP from the... , SD38-2 EMD SD38-2 An EMD SD38-2 is a six-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division from 1972 to 1979. EMD built 83 of these medium road-switchers, which were used in both yard and mainline roles. Part of the EMD Dash 2 line, the SD38-2 was an upgraded SD38 with modular electronic... , NSB Di 4 NSB Di 4 The NSB Di 4 is a diesel-electric locomotive used by Norwegian NSB railways to haul passenger trains on stretches which are not electrified. They are used mostly on Nordlandsbanen, since the other unelectrified stretches are usually served by diesel multiple units.The five Di 4s which were built... , NSWGR 422 Class New South Wales 422 class locomotive The 422 class diesel electric locomotive was introduced into the New South Wales rail system in 1969. Clyde Engineering of Granville, New South Wales obtained the contract to build 20 of these units.... , Victorian Railways X class Victorian Railways X class (diesel) The Victorian Railways X class mainline diesel electric locomotives were built by Clyde Engineering from 1966, with a further two orders being placed in 1970 and 1975...  (2nd & 3rd series) EMD G26 EMD G26 The G26 is a General Motors diesel-electric locomotive built in the USA by Electro-Motive Diesel for export and in Australia by Clyde Engineering under licence. The G26 was developed to increase traction capacities on the tracks which supported lesser axle loadings...
8-645E3	8	Turbocharger	900	1650	1.2
12-645C	12	Roots blower		1650	1.2		EMD G22AR, NZR DC class NZR DC class The NZR DC class locomotive is the most common class of locomotive currently in operation on the New Zealand rail network. Primarily employed to haul freight trains operated by KiwiRail, the class is also used for long-distance passenger trains operated by Tranz Scenic and suburban passenger trains...
12-645E3	12	Turbocharger	900	2300	1.7	1968	GP39 EMD GP39 An EMD GP39 is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between June 1969 and July 1970. Power was provided by a turbocharged EMD 645E3 12-cylinder engine which generated 2300 horsepower .... , GP39-2 EMD GP39-2 An EMD GP39-2 is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1974 and 1984. 239 examples of this locomotive were built for American railroads. Part of the EMD Dash 2 line, the GP39-2 was an upgraded GP39... , SD39 EMD SD39 An EMD SD39 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between August 1968 and May 1970. 54 examples of this locomotive model were built for American railroads.... , CIE 071, EMD GT22,
16-645E3	16	Turbocharger	900	3000	2.2	1965	GP40 EMD GP40 The EMD GP40 is a 4-axle diesel-electric road switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between November 1965 and December 1971... , GP40-2 EMD GP40-2 An EMD GP40-2 is a 4-axle diesel road switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division as part of its Dash 2 line between April 1972 and December 1986. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 16-cylinder engine which generated 3000 horsepower .- Production :Standard GP40-2 production... , GP40P, GP40P-2, GP40TC, SD40 EMD SD40 The EMD SD40 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between January 1966 and August 1972.-Design:Like its predecessor in EMD's catalog, the SD35, the SD40 is a high-horsepower, six-motor freight locomotive.... , SD40A EMD SD40A An EMD SD40A is a six-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1969 and 1970. 18 examples of this locomotive were built exclusively for the Illinois Central Railroad. The SD40A was basically an SD40 built on an SDP45 frame. The longer SDP45 frame allowed for a... , SD40-2 EMD SD40-2 The EMD SD40-2 is a C-C locomotive produced by EMD from 1972 to 1989.The SD40-2 was first introduced in January 1972 as the mid-range offering in EMD's six-axle "Dash-2" series, competing against the GE U30C and the MLW M630... , SD40T-2 EMD SD40T-2 An EMD SD40T-2 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division. Power is provided by a 16-cylinder EMD 645E3 diesel engine capable of producing . The Southern Pacific's locomotive features a fuel tank and is long. The Rio Grande's locomotive features a smaller fuel... , SDP40 EMD SDP40 An EMD SDP40 is a 6-axle passenger diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between June 1966 and May 1970. Although few were produced, they enjoyed long service lives.-Design:... , SDP40F EMD SDP40F The EMD SDP40F was a 6-axle Diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division from 1973 for Amtrak service. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 16-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine, which generated 3000 tractive horsepower .-Origins:The SDP40F was the first locomotive... , F40PH EMD F40PH -Amtrak NPCU Conversions:In later years, as Amtrak's F40PH fleet was being replaced by the newer GE Genesis-series locomotives, Amtrak converted a number of the retired units—generally ones with major mechanical problems limiting their value in the resale or lease marketplace—into "Non-Power... , Australian National BL Class BL class The BL class are an Australian diesel electric locomotives introduced to service in 1983 and built by Clyde Engineering, Rosewater, to a contract issued by Australian National. Ten were built over a period of 16 months, from March 1983 to July 1984... , GT26CW, DSB Class MZ DSB class MZ DSB class MZ was a series of 61 diesel-electric locomotives operated by Danske Statsbaner. They were built by NOHAB between 1967 and 1978 on licence from General Motors EMD with subcontractors Thrige-Titan and Frichs ....  (series I–II)
20-645E3	20	Turbocharger	900	3600	2.7	1965	SD45 EMD SD45 The EMD SD45 is a six-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between December, 1965, and December, 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 twenty-cylinder engine which generated 3,600 HP. This locomotive shared the same common frame with the EMD SD38, EMD SD39, EMD... , SD45-2 EMD SD45-2 An EMD SD45-2 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division beginning in 1972. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 20-cylinder engine which generated . Part of the EMD Dash 2 line, the SD45-2 was an upgraded SD45.The main spotting difference between an SD45 and an... , F45 EMD F45 An EMD F45 is a C-C cowled diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1968 and 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 20-cylinder engine which generated .-Design:... , FP45 EMD FP45 The EMD FP45 is a cowl unit type of C-C diesel locomotive produced in the United States by General Motors Electro-Motive Division. It was produced beginning in 1967 at the request of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, which did not want its prestigious Super Chief and other passenger... , EMD DDM45 EMD DDM45 The EMD DDM45 is a narrow gauge diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD. It has eight axles in two trucks, giving it a D-D wheel arrangement. The name means a D-D locomotive, M for meter gauge, 45 series. They were built for service in Brazil, South America. The Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas ... , DSB Class MZ DSB class MZ DSB class MZ was a series of 61 diesel-electric locomotives operated by Danske Statsbaner. They were built by NOHAB between 1967 and 1978 on licence from General Motors EMD with subcontractors Thrige-Titan and Frichs ....  (series III–IV)
16-645E3A	16	Turbocharger	950	3300	2.5	1969	DDA40X (dual engine) EMD DDA40X The EMD DDA40X was a D-D diesel-electric locomotive built by the General Motors EMD division of La Grange, Illinois for the Union Pacific Railroad... , RENFE Class 333 RENFE Class 333 The RENFE Series 333 are high power six-axle diesel-electric locomotives built in the 1970s; at the time of their introduction they were the most powerful non-electric locomotives in Spain....
20-645E3A	20	Turbocharger	950	4200	3.1	1970	SD45X EMD SD45X An EMD SD45X is a 6-axle experimental diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between June 1970 and February 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3A 20-cylinder engine which generated . 7 examples of this locomotive model were built for American railroads. 6 of these...
8-645E3B	8	Turbocharger	904	1514-1666	1.1-1.2		Proposed
12-645E3B	12	Turbocharger	904	2380-2570	1.8-1.9		JT22CW, V/Line A class V/Line A class The A class are a group of bulldog nosed diesel electric locomotive delivered to V/Line between 1982 and 1984. Totalling 11, they are now divided up between passenger operator V/Line and freight operator Pacific National.-History:...
16-645E3B	16	Turbocharger	904	3195-3390	2.4-2.5		F40C EMD F40C The EMD F40C is a 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between March and May 1974 for commuter service. It is powered by a 16-cylinder EMD 645E3B, which can produce . It uses the same frame as the EMD SD40-2, giving it an overall length of... , V/Line G class V/Line G class The V/Line G class are a mainline diesel electric locomotives built by Clyde Engineering from 1984, the last of 33 locomotives entering service in December 1989...  (original), DSB Class ME DSB class ME The DSB class ME are a series of diesel-electric locomotives, introduced in 1981. A total of 37 units were built, all by the German factory Henschel for the Danish State Railways - History :...
20-645E3B	20	Turbocharger	904	3765-3960	2.8-3.0		SD45T-2 EMD SD45T-2 The EMD SD45T-2 is a 6-axle diesel locomotive conceived in early 1972 by EMD at the request of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Like the similar SD40T-2, this locomotive model is nicknamed a "tunnel motor". 247 of this model were built from February 1972 to June 1975. Out of the total, 84 units were...
12-645E3C	12	Turbocharger		2510	1.8		V/Line N class V/Line N class The N Class are a diesel locomotive operated by V/Line from 1985. They have formed the core of Victoria's passenger fleet since introduction, and are seen throughout the state. The N Class members are numbered N451 to N475 with all in service, and all but one have been named after rural cities in...
16-645E3C	16	Turbocharger	904	3300	2.5		British Rail Class 59 British Rail Class 59 The Class 59 Co-Co diesel locomotives were built and introduced between 1985 and 1995 by Electro-Motive Division of General Motors for private British companies, initially Foster Yeoman...
16-645E4	16	Turbocharger	900	3300	2.46	1973	Terex 33-19 "Titan" Terex 33-19 "Titan" The Terex 33-19 "Titan" was a prototype off-highway, ultra class, rigid frame, three-axle, diesel/AC electric powertrain haul truck designed by the Terex Division of General Motors and assembled at General Motors Diesel Division's London, ON, Canada assembly plant in 1973. Only one 33-19 was ever...  haul truck
16-645F	16	Turbocharger		3500	2.6	1977	GP40X EMD GP40X An EMD GP40X is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1977 and 1978. Power for this unit was provided by a turbocharged 16-cylinder EMD 645F which could produce 3,500 horsepower . 23 examples of this locomotive were built for North American railroads... , GP50 EMD GP50 * Sarberenyi, Robert. ... , SD40X EMD SD40X An EMD SD40X is an 6-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1964 and 1965. 9 examples of this locomotive were built for test purposes to test the new 645-series prime mover. After testing, eight were sold to the Union Pacific Railroad and one example to the... , SD50 EMD SD50 The EMD SD50 was a diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division. It was introduced in May 1981 as part of EMD's "50 Series", but prototype SD50S locomotives were built from 1980; production ceased in January 1986...
12-645F3B	12	Turbocharger	954	2800	2.1		GP49 EMD GP49 An EMD GP49 is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division. Power was provided by an EMD 645F3B 12-cylinder engine which generated 2800 horsepower . The GP49 was marketed as one of four models in the 50 series introduced in 1979. The 50 series includes GP/SD49 and... , V/Line G class V/Line G class The V/Line G class are a mainline diesel electric locomotives built by Clyde Engineering from 1984, the last of 33 locomotives entering service in December 1989...  (rebuilt)
16-645F3B	16	Turbocharger	904	3600	2.7		FT36HCW-2-Korail Korail Korea Railroad Corporation , promoted as Korail , is the national railroad operator in South Korea.Korail operates passenger and freight trains throughout South Korea...  7000 Series; MPI MPXpress MP36PH-3S and -3C

External links

• The History of EMD Diesel Engines