Election results for mayor of New York
Encyclopedia
The Mayor of the City of New York
is elected in early November every four years and takes office at the beginning of the following year. The city
which elects the Mayor as its chief executive consists of the Five Boroughs (Manhattan
, The Bronx
, Brooklyn
, Queens
and Staten Island
) which consolidated to form "Greater" New York
on January 1, 1898.
The consolidated city's first mayor, Robert A. Van Wyck, was elected with other municipal officers in November 1897. Mayoral elections had previously been held since 1834 by the City of Brooklyn
and the smaller, unconsolidated City of New York
(Manhattan, later expanded into the Bronx).
The current mayor, now in his third term is Michael R. Bloomberg
. He was reelected on November 3, 2009, for a third term beginning on January 1, 2010.
since Greater New York
was consolidated
from The Five Boroughs in 1897-1898.
For many years, but not all, there are also results for minor candidates and for the different parties nominating the same major candidate. (Because minor parties' votes are not uniformly available, totals and thus percentages can be slightly inconsistent, either between different elections or between individual boroughs and the whole City in the same election.)
There are brief comments about some of the elections, and separate articles have been written for those of 1917
, 1977
, 1997
, 2001
, 2005
and 2009
. Different elections are compared in many of the individual notes, in two summary tables and in one specialized table.
New York City's Mayoral elections have been marked by an interplay of factors that are magnified by the sheer size of the population. There was a history of a large socialist vote, there is a history of tension between 'regular' and 'reform' politicians, and there is the factor, not seen in most of the United States, of electoral fusion
with the resulting plethora of smaller, yet influential, third parties.
and Ed Koch
were later able to serve for twelve years each.) In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit, and reconfirmed this limit when the issue was submitted to referendum in 1996. In 2008, the New York City Council
voted to extend the two-term limit to three terms (without submitting the issue to the voters). Legal challenges to the Council's action were rejected by Federal courts in January and April, 2009..
Principal source: The Encyclopedia of New York City
(see Sources below), entries for "charter" and "mayoralty".
(1866–68, elected Governor 1868), William Havemeyer (1845–46, 1848-49 & 1873-74), William Jay Gaynor
(1910–13), Jimmy Walker
(1926–32) and William O'Dwyer
(1946–50) failed to complete the final terms to which they were elected. The uncompleted mayoral terms of Hoffman, Walker and O'Dwyer were added to the other offices elected in (respectively) 1868, 1932 and 1950.
† Became Acting Mayor as the President of the Board of Aldermen or (in 1950) City Council.
(D) = (Democratic)
(R) = (Republican)
A slightly more sophisticated purpose is to sketch out on one screen the flow of votes across parties and candidates, as affected by fusion, splitting, cross-endorsement and the emergence of new movements or personalities.
Votes in thousands for principal candidates only, generally those winning more than 4.0% (1/25) of the total vote. (Therefore, low votes may not be shown in a particular year for an otherwise significant party, such as Socialist or Conservative. For some of the lesser left-wing candidates before 1945, see #Collapse of the Socialist Party vote below.) Total vote includes that for all candidates and parties, major and minor.
Winner in bold-face in a colored box. Sitting mayor (elected or acting) at the time of the election in italics.
To determine the meaning of abbreviations, click the link or check the list below this table. (Different first names, initials and nicknames may be used for the same person purely to fit the available space.)
Abbreviations used in this table: Fu. or Fus = Fusion, Ind. = Independent, Ind Fu. = Independent Fusion (1989), Independence or Indep'ce = Independence Party of New York
, L or Lib. = Liberal Party of New York
, Cons. = Conservative Party of New York
, ALP = American Labor Party
, Soc. = Socialist Party of America
, Jeff'n D = The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson (Henry George
, 1897), Civic All'ce = Civic Alliance (Hearst
1909), Exp = Experience party (Impellitteri's label for his independent campaign in 1950), Jobs & Educ. = Independent Jobs & Education party (Bloomberg
's personal label sharing a ballot line with Independence Party in 2009)
Click a year to see the table or tables for that particular election (# indicates a link devoted to one specific election rather than to a set of two to six.)
Although separate boroughs since 1898, the Bronx
and Manhattan
shared New York County and reported elections together until the separate Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and started her separate existence on January 1, 1914. The borough of Richmond changed its name to Staten Island
in 1975, although the co-extensive Richmond County still retains that name.
Although it was not uncommon for a candidate to carry all five boroughs in the same election, variations in voting patterns are noticeable. Since it started reporting separate returns in 1913, the Bronx
has supported only one Republican (Fiorello La Guardia) and Manhattan
has opposed only two successful candidates (Giuliani in 1993 and Bloomberg in 2001). On the other hand, in the eleven elections since 1965 that were contested between Democratic and Republican candidates (i.e. excluding 1981, when Ed Koch
was endorsed by both parties), Queens
and Staten Island
have voted for only two Democratic candidates, Abe Beame in 1973 and Koch in 1985. The City as a whole elected four of the Democratic candidates in those same eleven elections from 1965 to 2009. The Bronx supported all eleven, Brooklyn
nine, and Manhattan
six.
, an independent running for the third time on the Republican and Independence Party
lines, and New York City Comptroller Bill Thompson
, running for the Democratic and Working Families
Parties. Bloomberg had enjoyed pluralities of about 9% to 16% in most independent published pre-election polls and on Tuesday, November 3, he won his third term with 50.7% of votes over Thompson's 46%.
Other candidates included:
General election, Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Democratic primary, Tuesday, September 15, 2009
From the Board of Elections in the City of New York
, September 26, 2009
Tony Avella represents a Queens district on the New York City Council
. Out of the nearly 400 write-in votes, almost half or 184 (representing about one Democratic voter in 2,000) were some form or spelling of Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
won every borough but The Bronx
(of which his Democratic opponent was the former Borough President) against a Democratic Party split by a divisive primary, in contrast to his first victory in 2001, when Bloomberg carried only Queens
and Staten Island
.
Source: Board of Elections in the City of New York http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html
Republican incumbent Rudy Giuliani
could not run again due to term limits. As Democrats outnumber Republicans by 5 to 1 in the city, it was widely believed that a Democrat would succeed him in City Hall. However, billionaire Michael Bloomberg
, a lifelong Democrat, changed his party affiliation a few months before the election in order to avoid a crowded primary, and ran as a Republican. The Democratic primary was meant to be held on September 11 but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks; it was instead held on September 25. The primary opened the way to a bitter run-off between the Bronx-born Puerto Rican Fernando Ferrer
, and Mark J. Green
, a non-Hispanic who attacked Ferrer's close ties to Rev. Al Sharpton
, leaving the party divided along racial lines.
Bloomberg spent $74 million on his election campaign, which was a record amount at the time for a non-presidential election (Bloomberg would break his own record in 2005). http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=1289253 Thanks also in part to active support from Giuliani, whose approval ratings shot up after the September 11 attacks, Bloomberg won a very close general election.
|}
was the Right to Life Party
candidate.
, with its accompanying rioting, enabled the law-and-order advocate Ed Koch
to beat out his more left-wing opponents, including incumbent mayor Abe Beame, in the 1977 election.
|}
|}
Note that the eventual winner, Rep. Ed Koch, could not win a plurality in any of the Five Boroughs for the initial Democratic primary. Rep. Bella Abzug
took Manhattan, Mayor Abe Beame Brooklyn, Rep. Herman Badillo
the Bronx, and NY Sec. of State Mario Cuomo
Queens & Staten Island. In the Democratic run-off with Cuomo, Koch took Queens and three other boroughs, leaving Cuomo with only Staten Island. In the general election, Cuomo kept Staten Island and won back Queens, but lost the other three boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx) to Koch.
In the Republican primary, Roy M. Goodman
, a member of the New York State Senate
, defeated Barry Farber
, a radio commentator, by a vote of 44,667 to 34,782 (56.2% to 43.8%). Farber, however, won the nomination of the Conservative Party of New York
and won almost as many votes in the general election (57,437 or 4.0%) as Goodman did as the Republican nominee (58,606 or 4.1%).
: 2003). Other numbers are from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, then published by The New York World-Telegram
(Scripps-Howard), for 1943 (page 412) and 1957 (page 299), and from The Encyclopedia of New York City
(see Sources below).
Before 1975, the present Borough of Staten Island
was formally known as The Borough of Richmond.
note: All the candidates except Marchi
had run in the Democratic primary.
) both lost their parties' primaries. Procaccino won with less than 33% of the vote against four opponents, which inspired the use of runoffs in future primaries. In the general election, Lindsay carried Manhattan (the only borough he had carried in losing the Republican primary to Marchi
, 107,000 to 113,000) as he did in 1965, but he was only 4,000 votes ahead of giving first place in Queens to Procaccino
. Turnout dropped to 2.4 million from 2.6 million in 1965. (In the same election, Lindsay's 1965 opponent Abe Beame
was easily returned to his old job of Comptroller.)
Over a quarter of Lindsay's vote (293,194) was on the Liberal Party
line, while over 60,000 of Beame's votes were on the Civil Service Fusion line. John Lindsay
, a Republican Congressman from the "Silk-Stocking" District
on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, carried Manhattan
, Queens
, and traditionally Republican Staten Island
(Richmond), while Abe Beame
, the City Comptroller, carried The Bronx
and his home borough of Brooklyn
, both of which he had also won in the Democratic primary. However, while Beame had also carried Queens in the primary, he lost it to Lindsay in the general election. (Five years later, Bill Buckley's brother James L. Buckley
would win the 1970 New York state election for U.S. Senator on the Conservative Party
line against divided opposition.)
, in the Democratic primary 61% to 39%. At the same time, after running successfully with Lawrence Gerosa for Comptroller
in the previous two elections, Wagner chose to run instead with Abraham Beame
in 1961. Gerosa ran against Wagner for Mayor as the "real Democrat" on a pro-taxpayer platform. 211,000 of Wagner's 1,237,000 votes came on the Liberal Party line, and 55,000 on the purpose-built Brotherhood line.
The Wagner-Christenberry campaign has left us one of the great campaign anecdotes: Christenberry was railing against Wagner's police department for not doing enough to fight corruption and vice, so the cops raided Christenberry's illegal casino in the basement of the hotel he was manager of.
"Industrial Government" is a ballot title sometimes used, to avoid confusion or to meet election laws, by the Socialist Labor Party. The Liberal Party of New York
won over five times as many votes as the American Labor Party
in Manhattan, and eight-to-ten times as many in the other boroughs. The ALP lost its ballot status after the 1954 Governor's race, and voted to dissolve itself in 1956.
Vincent Impellitteri, the mayor who succeeded mid-term after William O'Dwyer
resigned on August 31, 1950, swept Manhattan
, Queens
and Staten Island
in this special election, while Ferdinand Pecora
(aided by the Liberal Party
) took very narrow leads in The Bronx
and Brooklyn
. In this election, the Liberals heavily outpolled the American Labor Party
in every borough but Manhattan
and Staten Island
, where the two parties' votes were almost equal.
The No Deal Party (according to Chris McNickle in The Encyclopedia of New York City
) was founded by the retiring maverick Republican Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to draw Republican votes towards Newbold Morris
and away from the official Republican Party with whom La Guardia was having a dispute. The No Deal Party dissolved soon after the 1945 election. Newbold Morris was a Republican, while Jonah Goldstein was a Democrat until nomination day.
and Staten Island
over La Guardia, shrinking the Mayor's overall citywide percentage lead from 20% to 6%. As in 1937, La Guardia's overall margin of victory depended on the American Labor Party
, which again won more votes than the Republicans in The Bronx
. While the total vote and Republican vote were almost identical in 1937 and 1941, the ALP line lost 47,000 votes (2.4%), almost entirely from Manhattan (-18,000) and Brooklyn (-26,000), as the vote on La Guardia's other lines (Fusion, Progressive and United City) dropped from 187,000 (8.3%) to 86,000 (3.7%). The Democratic Party gained about 160,000 votes lost by La Guardia (and about 7½ % of the total). In both Queens and Richmond (Staten Island), the swing was even greater: La Guardia lost over 15% of the total vote (and the Democrats gained over 15%) from 1937, as his lead there flipped from roughly 56%-44% to 39%-60%.
Note that the leading line in every borough, and in the City as a whole, is the Democratic line for Judge Mahoney. Running on the Republican line alone (as he did when losing the election of 1929), Mayor La Guardia would have lost every borough, but he carried all five when the American Labor Party
line was added. The ALP line did better than the Republican line in The Bronx
, although worse than the Democratic one.
| width="20%" align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|1933>
party
Manhattan
The Bronx
Brooklyn
Queens
Richmond [Staten Is.]
Total
%
Fiorello H. La Guardia
Republican - Fusion
203,479
151,669
331,920
154,369
27,085
868,522
40.4%
38.4%
38.8%
44.4%
39.3%
43.7%
Joseph V. McKee
Recovery
123,707
131,280
194,558
141,296
18,212
609,053
28.3%
23.3%
33.6%
26.0%
36.0%
29.4%
John P. O'Brien
Democratic
192,649
93,403
194,335
90,501
15,784
586,672
27.3%
36.3%
23.9%
26.0%
23.0%
25.4%
Charles Solomon
Socialist
10,525
14,758
26,941
6,669
953
59,846
3.0%
( s u b t o t a l )
530,360
391,110
747,754
392,835
62,034
Robert Minor
Communist
26,044
1.3%
T O T A L
2,150,137
While opposed by Tammany Hall
, McKee
enjoyed the support of Democratic President (and former Governor) Franklin D. Roosevelt
, who declared neutrality when his ally Mayor La Guardia was running for reelection in #1937. (See Ed Flynn's comments about FDR's 1936 contribution to starting the American Labor Party
in the #References below.) According to Michael Tomasky
, La Guardia, who had lost the #1921 Republican Mayoral primary to Manhattan Borough President
Henry Curran, did not enjoy the support of a united Republican Party when he won the party's nomination and lost the general election in #1929, but was able to win over Republican organizational support in 1933.
chances, the New Deal
began, Morris Hillquit
died, Norman Thomas
refused to run again for Mayor, and the Socialist vote (previously as high as one-eighth to one-fifth of the total) collapsed irretrievably from a quarter of a million to sixty thousand (one-thirtieth of the total). Many supporters of Thomas's 1929 campaign defected (some, like Paul Blanshard
, also leaving the Party) to support Fiorello La Guardia. By the time of the next Mayoral election in 1937, which the Socialist Party decided by internal referendum not to contest, many reformers and trade-unionists who wanted to support major-party progressives like La Guardia (R-ALP-Fusion), Gov. Herbert Lehman (D-ALP) and Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D-ALP) from outside the two-party structure backed the American Labor Party
(ALP), the Social Democratic Federation and later the Liberal Party of New York
. After a disastrous gubernatorial campaign in 1938 (where Thomas and George Hartmann won only 25,000 votes out of over 4.7 million), the Socialist Party lost its separate line on the New York ballot, allowed its members to join the ALP, and in fact encouraged them to do so. In 1939, the Socialist Harry W. Laidler
, a co-founder of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society and League for Industrial Democracy
, was elected (with the help of proportional representation
) to the New York City Council
on the ALP's ticket, but lost its renomination two years later because of rivalry with the Communists.
[Click on the year for fuller details. ALP = American Labor Party
(see commentary above). Socialist Labor Party candidates and votes not retrievable for every year from the sources used for this article. Readers are encouraged to supply any missing details.]
† In 1894 and in 1897, Lucien Sanial was the mayoral candidate of the Socialist Labor Party before both the SLP and the Social Democratic Party
each split in two. In 1901, one faction of the SLP, led by Morris Hillquit
, and one faction of the SDP, led by Eugene V. Debs
, united to form the Socialist Party of America
, which soon drew away many votes formerly cast for the SLP. For further details, see Hillquit's History of Socialism in the United States (1910) and Howard Quint's Forging of American Socialism (1964), both cited in the #References at the end of this article.
Joseph V. McKee
, as the (popularly elected) President of the Board of Aldermen, became Acting Mayor upon the resignation of elected Mayor Jimmy Walker
on September 1, 1932. McKee's write-in total is, in fact, the highest any New York City election would ever see. For the election after the next one, voting machines which would make write-in voting much more difficult were introduced. Machines of this basic design are still being used.
Lewis Humphrey Pounds was President of the Borough of Brooklyn from June 1913 to December 1917.
This was the last of many campaigns for different offices by Morris Hillquit
, a co-founder of the Socialist Party of America
, who died in 1933. Hillquit had won over 21% of the vote for Mayor in 1917.
The great stock market crash hit Wall Street
on October 24–29, 1929, less than two weeks before Election Day. Richard Edward Enright was New York City Police Commissioner
from 1918 to 1925.
, was unseated in a venomous Democratic primary by "Gentleman" Jimmy Walker
, the Democratic party leader in the New York State Senate
, who had been recruited to oppose Hylan by Hearst's inveterate enemy, Democratic Governor Al Smith
. After the death of Tammany Hall
leader Charles F. Murphy in 1924, the regular Democratic organizations also split their allegiances, with Hylan receiving support from John McCooey, the leader in Brooklyn, and Walker from Ed Flynn of the Bronx. (Hearst had run for Mayor on third-party tickets in 1909 and 1913, while Al Smith had lost a bid for the Democratic nomination for Mayor in 1917, instead winning the Presidency of the New York City Council
as Hylan's running-mate.)
Henry Curran was the Borough President
of Manhattan and heavily defeated Fiorello H. La Guardia, President of the Board of Aldermen, in the Republican primary election
for Mayor.
[Others and Total from The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale, 1995), which does not exactly match the other numbers, taken from The World Almanac for 1929 & 1943.]
The Fall 1917 election would have been exciting even had it occurred in peacetime. In September, the City held its first-ever primary elections for Mayor. The sitting independent Democratic Mayor, John P. Mitchel, who had enjoyed Republican support under Fusion in 1913, narrowly lost the Republican primary to William Bennett, after mistakes and frauds led to a series of recounts. When negotiations between the parties failed, Mitchel ran alone as a Fusion candidate against Bennett, the Socialist Morris Hillquit
and John F. Hylan
, the regular Democrat supported by Tammany Hall
and William Randolph Hearst
.
However, the elections happened after the United States had declared war on April 6. Hillquit and the Socialist Party
quickly and vigorously opposed the war, which Mitchel vigorously supported. Hillquit's anti-war position helped the Socialists win their highest-ever vote for Mayor, but also led to vitriolic denunciations by many including The New York Times
and former President Theodore Roosevelt
. Mitchel and Hillquit each won less than quarter of the vote, while Hylan, who had been non-committal about the war, won the election with less than half the vote. However, as in 1897, the numbers suggest that Tammany Hall might have won even against a unified opposition.
and Manhattan
, although separate Boroughs since 1898, shared New York County and reported their votes together until Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and came into its separate existence on January 1, 1914.
[ The World Almanac does not list separate returns for the two boroughs until 1917, but The Encyclopedia of New York City
(see Sources) gives these major candidates' results for 1913:
Mayor William Jay Gaynor
, who had survived being shot in the throat by a disappointed office-seeker in 1910, died at sea from the indirect effects of his injury on September 10, 1913. He was succeeded for the rest of 1913 by Ardolph Loges Kline
, the acting President of the Board of Aldermen.
The election of 1897 was held just before the Five Boroughs formally consolidated
into Greater New York
in 1898, so it was the present City's first Mayoral election. For preliminary results for all the municipal offices, broken down into smaller districts, see "DEMOCRATS TAKE ALL; The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City. ONLY TWO REPUBLICANS IN THE COUNCIL..." in The New-York Times, November 4, 1897 (seen April 11, 2008).
† Henry George
, author of Progress and Poverty and proponent of the Single Tax on land, died (probably from the strain of campaign speeches) on October 29, four days before Election Day; his son was nominated to take his place representing "The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson".
[In 1886, George had been the United Labor Party's candidate for Mayor of the smaller City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan
, winning 68,110 votes to 90,552 for the Democrat Abram Hewitt and 60,435 for the Republican Theodore Roosevelt
, although George's supporters maintained that he had lost the election through fraud.]
For Lucien Sanial, see the table notes under #Collapse of the Socialist Party vote above (1933) and ALL THEY NEED IS VOTES; THREE CANDIDATES FOR MAYOR WHO WOULD MAKE A STIR. in The New-York Times for Wednesday, November 4, 1894, page 19.
It appears from the percentages to be an open question whether the Republican Party's decision in 1897 not to support Seth Low
's Fusion campaign caused his defeat by splitting the vote against Tammany Hall
. Republicans withdrew in Low's favor in 1901 (when he won) and in 1903 (when he lost).
Mayor of New York City
The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York City's government. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.The budget overseen by the...
is elected in early November every four years and takes office at the beginning of the following year. The city
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
which elects the Mayor as its chief executive consists of the Five Boroughs (Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
, The Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
, Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
, Queens
Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
and Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
) which consolidated to form "Greater" New York
City of Greater New York
The City of Greater New York was a term commonly used originally to refer to the expanded city created on January 1, 1898 by the incorporation into the city of Richmond County, Kings County, Queens County, and the eastern part of what is now called The Bronx...
on January 1, 1898.
The consolidated city's first mayor, Robert A. Van Wyck, was elected with other municipal officers in November 1897. Mayoral elections had previously been held since 1834 by the City of Brooklyn
History of Brooklyn
The history of Brooklyn, a present-day borough of New York City, spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898...
and the smaller, unconsolidated City of New York
History of New York City
The history of New York, New York begins with the first European documentation of the area by Giovanni da Verrazzano, in command of the French ship, La Dauphine, when he visited the region in 1524. It is believed he sailed in Upper New York Bay where he encountered native Lenape, returned through...
(Manhattan, later expanded into the Bronx).
The current mayor, now in his third term is Michael R. Bloomberg
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States...
. He was reelected on November 3, 2009, for a third term beginning on January 1, 2010.
Scope of this article
The vast bulk of this page's contents is statistical: the main results, city-wide and by borough, of each of the 32 elections to the Mayoralty of the City of New YorkMayor of New York City
The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York City's government. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.The budget overseen by the...
since Greater New York
City of Greater New York
The City of Greater New York was a term commonly used originally to refer to the expanded city created on January 1, 1898 by the incorporation into the city of Richmond County, Kings County, Queens County, and the eastern part of what is now called The Bronx...
was consolidated
History of New York City (1898-1945)
The history of New York City began with the formation of the consolidated city of the five boroughs in 1898. New transportation links, most notably the New York City Subway, first opened 1904, helped bind the new city together. Increased European immigration brought social upheaval...
from The Five Boroughs in 1897-1898.
For many years, but not all, there are also results for minor candidates and for the different parties nominating the same major candidate. (Because minor parties' votes are not uniformly available, totals and thus percentages can be slightly inconsistent, either between different elections or between individual boroughs and the whole City in the same election.)
There are brief comments about some of the elections, and separate articles have been written for those of 1917
New York City mayoral election, 1917
The 1917 Election for Mayor of the City of New York replaced sitting Mayor John P. Mitchel, a reform Democrat running on the Fusion Party ticket, with John F. Hylan, the regular Democrat supported by Tammany Hall and William Randolph Hearst....
, 1977
New York City mayoral election, 1977
The New York City mayoral election of 1977 occurred on Tuesday, November 8, 1977.Incumbent mayor Abraham Beame, a Democrat, was challenged by five other Democrats, including Representative Ed Koch, New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo, and feminist activist and former Representative Bella Abzug...
, 1997
New York City mayoral election, 1997
The New York City mayoral election of 1997 occurred on Tuesday November 4, 1997, with incumbent Republican mayor Rudy Giuliani soundly defeating Manhattan Borough President and former New York City Council member Ruth Messinger, the Democratic nominee...
, 2001
New York City mayoral election, 2001
-Republican:- General election campaign:Unlike his cash-poor Democratic rival, who had just emerged from an expensive primary and expected to rely on traditionally reliable free media coverage that never materialized, Bloomberg continued to spend $74 million on TV ads and direct mail in the weeks...
, 2005
New York City mayoral election, 2005
The New York City mayoral election of 2005 occurred on Tuesday November 8, 2005, with incumbent Republican mayor Michael Bloomberg soundly defeating former Bronx borough president Fernando Ferrer, the Democratic nominee. They also faced several third party candidates.This was the fourth straight...
and 2009
New York City mayoral election, 2009
The 2009 election for Mayor of New York City took place on Tuesday, November 3. The incumbent Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, an independent who left the Republican Party in 2008, won reelection on the Republican and Independence Party/Jobs & Education lines with 50.7% of the vote over the retiring City...
. Different elections are compared in many of the individual notes, in two summary tables and in one specialized table.
New York City's Mayoral elections have been marked by an interplay of factors that are magnified by the sheer size of the population. There was a history of a large socialist vote, there is a history of tension between 'regular' and 'reform' politicians, and there is the factor, not seen in most of the United States, of electoral fusion
Electoral fusion
Electoral fusion is an arrangement where two or more political parties on a ballot list the same candidate, pooling the votes for that candidate...
with the resulting plethora of smaller, yet influential, third parties.
Terms and term limits (since 1834)
Direct elections to the mayoralty of the unconsolidated City of New York began in 1834 for a term of one year, extended to two years after 1849. The 1897 Charter of the consolidated City doubled the term to four years which could not be renewed. In 1901, the term limit was removed, but the term halved to two years. In 1905, the four-year term, without limit, was restored. (Mayors Fiorello La Guardia, Robert F. Wagner, Jr.Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:...
and Ed Koch
Ed Koch
Edward Irving "Ed" Koch is an American lawyer, politician, and political commentator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977 and three terms as mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989...
were later able to serve for twelve years each.) In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit, and reconfirmed this limit when the issue was submitted to referendum in 1996. In 2008, the New York City Council
New York City Council
The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs. The Council serves as a check against the mayor in a "strong" mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and...
voted to extend the two-term limit to three terms (without submitting the issue to the voters). Legal challenges to the Council's action were rejected by Federal courts in January and April, 2009..
| 1834 | 1 year | (no limit) | (unlimited) | all from Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence was a politician from New York. He became the first popularly elected Mayor of New York City after the law was changed in 1834.-Biography:... to Caleb S. Woodhull Caleb Smith Woodhull Caleb Smith Woodhull was the Mayor of New York from 1849 to 1851.... |
| 1849 | 2 years | (no limit) | (unlimited) | all from Ambrose Kingsland Ambrose Kingsland Ambrose Cornelius Kingsland was a wealthy sperm oil merchant who served as mayor of New York from 1851 to 1853... to William L. Strong William L. Strong William Lafayette Strong was the Mayor of New York from 1895 to 1897. He was the last mayor of New York before the Consolidation of the City of New York on January 1, 1898.-Biography:... 2 |
| 1897 | 4 years | Robert A. Van Wyck | ||
| 1901 | 2 years | (no limit) | (unlimited) | Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... and George B. McClellan, Jr. George B. McClellan, Jr. George Brinton McClellan, Jr., was an American politician, statesman, and educator. The son of American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B... 3 |
| 1905 | 4 years | (no limit) | (unlimited) | all from George B. McClellan, Jr. George B. McClellan, Jr. George Brinton McClellan, Jr., was an American politician, statesman, and educator. The son of American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B... 3 to David Dinkins David Dinkins David Norman Dinkins is a former politician from New York City. He was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993; he was the first and is, to date, the only African American to hold that office.-Early life:... 4 |
| 1993 | 4 years | Rudolph Giuliani 5 | ||
| 2008 | 4 years | Michael Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... 6 and his successors |
||
Principal source: The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City is a comprehensive reference book on New York City. Historian and Columbia University professor Kenneth T...
(see Sources below), entries for "charter" and "mayoralty".
- See List of mayors of New York City.
- Mayor Strong, elected in 1894, served an extra year because no municipal election was held in 1896, in anticipation of the consolidated City's switch to odd-year elections.
- George B. McClellan, Jr. was elected to one two-year term (1904–1905) and one four-year term (1906–1909)
- David Dinkins was not affected by the term limit enacted in 1993 because he had served only one term by 1993 and failed to win re-election.
- The September 11 attacks on the World Trade CenterWorld Trade CenterThe original World Trade Center was a complex with seven buildings featuring landmark twin towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. The complex opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with five new...
and the PentagonThe PentagonThe Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. As a symbol of the U.S. military, "the Pentagon" is often used metonymically to refer to the Department of Defense rather than the building itself.Designed by the American architect...
, coincided with the primary elections for a successor to Mayor Giuliani, who was completing his second and final term of office. Many were so impressed by both the urgency of the situation and Giuliani's response that they wanted keep him in office beyond December 31, 2001, either by removing the term limit or by extending his service for a few months. However, neither happened, the primary elections (with the same candidates) were re-run on September 25, the general election was held as scheduled on November 6, and Michael BloombergMichael BloombergMichael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States...
took office on the regularly appointed date of January 1, 2002. - On October 2, 2008, Michael Bloomberg announced that he would ask the City Council to extend the limit for Mayor, Council and other officers from two terms to three, and that, should such an extended limit prevail, he himself would seek re-election as Mayor. On October 23, the New York City CouncilNew York City CouncilThe New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs. The Council serves as a check against the mayor in a "strong" mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and...
voted 29-22 to extend the two-term limit to three terms. (A proposed amendment to submit the vote to a public referendum had failed earlier the same day by a vote of 22-28 with one abstention.)
Interrupted terms
Mayors John T. HoffmanJohn T. Hoffman
John Thompson Hoffman was the 23rd Governor of New York . He was also Recorder of New York City and Mayor of New York City...
(1866–68, elected Governor 1868), William Havemeyer (1845–46, 1848-49 & 1873-74), William Jay Gaynor
William Jay Gaynor
William Jay Gaynor was an American politician from New York City, associated with the Tammany Hall political machine. He served as mayor of the City of New York from 1910 to 1913, as well as stints as a New York Supreme Court Justice from 1893 to 1909.-Early life:Gaynor was born in Oriskany, New...
(1910–13), Jimmy Walker
Jimmy Walker
James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932...
(1926–32) and William O'Dwyer
William O'Dwyer
William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood...
(1946–50) failed to complete the final terms to which they were elected. The uncompleted mayoral terms of Hoffman, Walker and O'Dwyer were added to the other offices elected in (respectively) 1868, 1932 and 1950.
| Dec.1868 (special) | A. Oakey Hall (D) | ||||
| Nov. 1874 (regular) | William H. Wickham William H. Wickham William H. Wickham was a New York mayor and anti-Ring Democrat who helped to topple corrupt politician Boss Tweed.-Biography:... (D) |
||||
| Nov. 1913 (regular) | John P. Mitchel (Fusion) | ||||
| Nov. 1932 (special) | John P. O'Brien John P. O'Brien John Patrick O'Brien was an Irish-American politician who served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1 to December 31, 1933.-Biography:He was born on February 1, 1873 to Mary and Patrick O'Brien.... (D) |
||||
| Nov. 1950 (special) | Vincent Impellitteri (Experience) |
||||
† Became Acting Mayor as the President of the Board of Aldermen or (in 1950) City Council.
(D) = (Democratic)
(R) = (Republican)
- Mayor Havemeyer was a Democrat who ran as a Republican against the Democratic Tweed Ring in 1872.
- Acting Mayors Coman, Vance and Kline did not seek election as Mayor.
- Acting Mayors McKee and Impellitteri were Democrats who lost the Democratic primary to succeed themselves, but still ran in the general election as independents.
- Elected Mayor Oakey Hall won re-election, while Mayor Wickham did not seek it. Mayors Mitchel and O'Brien lost attempts at re-election, while Mayor Impellitteri did not run for a full term in the 1953 regular general election after losing the Democratic primary.
Principal candidates' City-wide vote since 1897
This chart has several purposes. One is to provide ordinary readers with simple, basic information from a very detailed page. Another is to provide a handy index for those looking for a particular candidate or campaign. (Just click on the year, the candidate's name, or the party name or abbreviation for more details.)A slightly more sophisticated purpose is to sketch out on one screen the flow of votes across parties and candidates, as affected by fusion, splitting, cross-endorsement and the emergence of new movements or personalities.
Votes in thousands for principal candidates only, generally those winning more than 4.0% (1/25) of the total vote. (Therefore, low votes may not be shown in a particular year for an otherwise significant party, such as Socialist or Conservative. For some of the lesser left-wing candidates before 1945, see #Collapse of the Socialist Party vote below.) Total vote includes that for all candidates and parties, major and minor.
Winner in bold-face in a colored box. Sitting mayor (elected or acting) at the time of the election in italics.
To determine the meaning of abbreviations, click the link or check the list below this table. (Different first names, initials and nicknames may be used for the same person purely to fit the available space.)
| year | Total '000 |
Democratic | '000 | Fusion, Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... , Independent, etc. |
'000 | Republican | '000 | other major candidates | '000 |
| | | |||||||||
| 1897 | 532 | Robert A. Van Wyck | Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... , Citizens Union Citizens Union Citizens Union is one of the United States' first good government groups. Founded in 1897 as a political party, the group was reconstituted in 1908 as a non-partisan member organization with the broad mission of serving "as a watchdog for the public interest and an advocate for the common... |
Benjamin F. Tracy Benjamin F. Tracy Benjamin Franklin Tracy was a United States political figure who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1889 through 1893, during the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison.-Biography:... |
Henry George Henry George Henry George was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land... , Jeff'n D |
||||
| 1901 | 562 | Edward Shepard | Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... , Fusion |
||||||
| 1903 | 595 | Geo. B. McClellan, Jr George B. McClellan, Jr. George Brinton McClellan, Jr., was an American politician, statesman, and educator. The son of American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B... |
Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... , Fusion |
||||||
| 1905 | 606 | George B. McClellan, Jr. George B. McClellan, Jr. George Brinton McClellan, Jr., was an American politician, statesman, and educator. The son of American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B... |
Wm Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father... , Municipal Ownership League Municipal Ownership League The Municipal Ownership League was an American third party formed in 1904 by controversial newspaper magnate and Congressman William Randolph Hearst for the purpose of contesting elections in New York City.... |
William M. Ivins (Senior) | |||||
| 1909 | 604 | William Jay Gaynor William Jay Gaynor William Jay Gaynor was an American politician from New York City, associated with the Tammany Hall political machine. He served as mayor of the City of New York from 1910 to 1913, as well as stints as a New York Supreme Court Justice from 1893 to 1909.-Early life:Gaynor was born in Oriskany, New... |
Wm R. Hearst William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father... , Civic All'ce |
Otto Bannard, R-Fusion | |||||
| 1913 | 627 | Edward E. McCall | John P. Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel was the mayor of New York from 1914 to 1917. At age 34 he was the second-youngest ever; he is sometimes referred to as "The Boy Mayor of New York." Mayor Mitchel is remembered for his short career as leader of Reform politics in New York, as well as for his early death as an... , Fusion |
Chas E. Russell Charles Edward Russell Charles Edward Russell was an American journalist, politician, and a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People... , Soc Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||||
| 1917 | 692 | John Francis Hylan | John P. Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel was the mayor of New York from 1914 to 1917. At age 34 he was the second-youngest ever; he is sometimes referred to as "The Boy Mayor of New York." Mayor Mitchel is remembered for his short career as leader of Reform politics in New York, as well as for his early death as an... , Fusion |
William M. Bennett | Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... , Soc. Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
||||
| 1921 | 1,196 | John Francis Hylan | Henry Curran, R-Coalition | Jacob Panken Jacob Panken Jacob Panken was an American socialist politician, best remembered for his tenure as a New York municipal judge and frequent candidacies for high elected office on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... , Soc. Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||||
| 1925 | 1,161 | Jimmy Walker Jimmy Walker James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932... |
Frank D. Waterman | Norman Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... , Soc Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||||
| 1929 | 1,465 | Jimmy Walker Jimmy Walker James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932... |
Fiorello H. La Guardia | Norman Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... , Soc Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||||
| 1932 | 2,254 | John P. O'Brien John P. O'Brien John Patrick O'Brien was an Irish-American politician who served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1 to December 31, 1933.-Biography:He was born on February 1, 1873 to Mary and Patrick O'Brien.... |
1,054 | Joseph McKee Joseph V. McKee Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:... , Ind write-in |
Lewis H. Pounds Lewis H. Pounds Lewis Humphrey Pounds was an American businessman and politician.-Life:... |
Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... , Soc. Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||
| 1933 | 2,205 | John P. O'Brien John P. O'Brien John Patrick O'Brien was an Irish-American politician who served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1 to December 31, 1933.-Biography:He was born on February 1, 1873 to Mary and Patrick O'Brien.... |
| | Jos.V. McKee Joseph V. McKee Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:... , Recovery |
F.H. La Guardia, R-Fusion | Chas Solomon Charles Solomon (politician) Charles "Charley" Solomon was a socialist politician from New York City, elected to the New York State Assembly in 1919 and expelled with four of his fellows on the first day of the legislative session, one week after the sensational Palmer Raids... , Soc. Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||
| 1937 | 2,300 | Jeremiah Mahoney, D-Trades Union-Anticommunist | Fiorello H. La Guardia, R-ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... -Fusion-Progressive |
1,345 | |||||
| 1941 | 2,294 | |William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood... |
1,054 | Fiorello H. La Guardia, R-ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... -Fusion-United City |
1,187 | ||||
| 1945 | 2,037 | William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood... , D-ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
1,125 | Newbold Morris Newbold Morris Newbold Morris was an American politician, lawyer, president of the New York City Council, and two-time candidate for mayor of New York City.... , No Deal |
Jonah Goldstein, R-Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Fus. |
||||
| 1949 | 2,663 | William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood... |
1,267 | Newbold Morris Newbold Morris Newbold Morris was an American politician, lawyer, president of the New York City Council, and two-time candidate for mayor of New York City.... , R-Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Fusion |
Vito Marcantonio Vito Marcantonio Vito Anthony Marcantonio was an American lawyer and democratic socialist politician. Originally a member of the Republican Party and a supporter of Fiorello LaGuardia, he switched to the American Labor Party.-Early life:... ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
||||
| 1950 | 2,697 | |Ferdinand Pecora Ferdinand Pecora Ferdinand Pecora was an American lawyer and judge who became famous in the 1930s as Chief Counsel to the United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency during its investigation of Wall Street banking and stock brokerage practices.-Early career:Ferdinand Pecora was born in Nicosia, Sicily,... , D-Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
Vincent Impellitteri, Exp | 1,161 | Edward Corsi | Paul Ross, ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
|||
| 1953 | 2,224 | Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... |
1,023 | Rudolph Halley Rudolph Halley Rudolph Halley was an attorney and politician from New York City.-Early life and career:Born and raised in Queens, Halley graduated from Townsend Harris High School at age 14, and was forced to wait until age 16 to enroll at Columbia University, from which he graduated with a Juris Doctor at age 20... , Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Ind. |
Harold Riegelman | ||||
| 1957 | 2,224 | Robt Wagner Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... , D-Lib Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Fus |
1,509 | Robert Christenberry | |||||
| 1961 | 2,467 | Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... , D-Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Brotherhood |
1,237 | Lawrence Gerosa, Ind.- Citizens Party | Louis Lefkowitz Louis Lefkowitz Louis J. Lefkowitz was an American lawyer and politician.-Life:... , R-Nonpartisan-Civic Action |
||||
| 1965 | 2,652 | Abraham Beame Abraham Beame Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.... , D-Civil Service Fusion |
1,046 | John V. Lindsay, R-Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Independent Citizens |
1,149 | Wm F. Buckley, Jr William F. Buckley, Jr. William Frank Buckley, Jr. was an American conservative author and commentator. He founded the political magazine National Review in 1955, hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line from 1966 until 1999, and was a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist. His writing was noted for... , Conservative Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
|||
| 1969 | 2,458 | Mario Procaccino Mario Procaccino Mario Angelo Procaccino was a lawyer, comptroller, and candidate for mayor of New York City.Procaccino was born in Bisaccia, Italy. When he was nine years old, his family relocated to the United States, and despite poverty, he graduated from City College and Fordham Law School, becoming a lawyer... , D-Nonpartisan-Civil Service Ind |
John V. Lindsay, Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
1,013 | John Marchi John Marchi John J. Marchi was a New York State Senator who represented Staten Island for a record 50 years. Marchi , a Republican, retired on December 31, 2006, from the seat that he had held since January 1, 1957.... , R-Conservative Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
||||
| 1973 | 1,701 | Abraham Beame Abraham Beame Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.... |
Albert Blumenthal, Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
John Marchi John Marchi John J. Marchi was a New York State Senator who represented Staten Island for a record 50 years. Marchi , a Republican, retired on December 31, 2006, from the seat that he had held since January 1, 1957.... |
Mario Biaggi Mario Biaggi Mario Biaggi is a former U.S. Representative from New York and former New York City police officer. He was elected as a Democrat from The Bronx in New York City... , Cons. Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
||||
| 1977 | 1,370 | Edward Koch | Mario Cuomo Mario Cuomo Mario Matthew Cuomo served as the 52nd Governor of New York from 1983 to 1994, and is the father of Andrew Cuomo, the current governor of New York.-Early life:... , Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
Roy M. Goodman Roy M. Goodman Roy M. Goodman is an American politician. He was born in New York City and is the grandson of Israel Matz, founder of the Ex-Lax company.-Political career:... |
Barry Farber Barry Farber Barry M. Farber is an American conservative radio talk show host, author and language-learning enthusiast. In 2002, industry publication Talkers magazine ranked him the 9th greatest radio talk show host of all time. He has also written articles appearing in the New York Times, Reader's Digest,... , Cons. Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
||||
| 1981 | 1,223 | Edward Koch, D-R | Frank Barbaro, Unity | ||||||
| 1985 | 1,107 | Edward Koch, D-Ind. | Carol Bellamy Carol Bellamy Carol Bellamy has been Director of the Peace Corps, Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund , and President and CEO of World Learning. In April, 2009, Bellamy was appointed as Chair of the International Baccalaureate Board of Governors... , Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
Diane McGrath, R-Cons. Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
|||||
| 1989 | 1,900 | David Dinkins David Dinkins David Norman Dinkins is a former politician from New York City. He was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993; he was the first and is, to date, the only African American to hold that office.-Early life:... |
Rudolph Giuliani, R-L. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... -Ind Fu. |
||||||
| 1993 | 1,889 | David Dinkins David Dinkins David Norman Dinkins is a former politician from New York City. He was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993; he was the first and is, to date, the only African American to hold that office.-Early life:... |
Rudolph Giuliani, R-Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
||||||
| 1997 | 1,117 | Ruth Messinger Ruth Messinger Ruth Wyler Messinger is a former political leader in New York City and a member of the Democratic Party as well as the Democratic Socialists of America. She was the Democratic nominee for Mayor of New York City in 1997, losing to incumbent mayor Rudy Giuliani. She is married to Andrew Lachman, her... |
Rudolph Giuliani, R-Lib. Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
||||||
| 2001 | 1,481 | Mark Green Mark Green Mark Andrew Green is an American politician and a former United States Ambassador to Tanzania, a position he held from August 2007 until January 2009. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing... , D-Working Families Working Families Party The Working Families Party is a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998. There are "sister" parties to the New York WFP in Connecticut, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Oregon, but there is as yet no national WFP... |
Michael Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... , R–Independence Party Independence Party of New York The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994... |
||||||
| 2005 | 1,290 | Fernando Ferrer Fernando Ferrer Fernando James "Freddy" Ferrer was the Borough President of The Bronx from 1987 to 2001, and was a candidate for Mayor of New York in 2001 and the Democratic Party nominee for Mayor in 2005.- Background :... |
Michael Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... , R/Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... – Independence Party Independence Party of New York The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994... |
||||||
| 2009 | 1,155 | Bill Thompson Bill Thompson (New York) William Colridge Thompson, Jr. , known as Bill or Billy, was the 42nd Comptroller of New York City. Sworn into office on January 1, 2002, he was reelected to serve a second term that began on January 1, 2006. He left office on December 31, 2009, having been succeeded by John Liu... , D-Working Families Working Families Party The Working Families Party is a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998. There are "sister" parties to the New York WFP in Connecticut, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Oregon, but there is as yet no national WFP... |
Michael Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... , Indep'ce Independence Party of New York The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994... /Jobs & Educ. – R |
||||||
Abbreviations used in this table: Fu. or Fus = Fusion, Ind. = Independent, Ind Fu. = Independent Fusion (1989), Independence or Indep'ce = Independence Party of New York
Independence Party of New York
The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994...
, L or Lib. = Liberal Party of New York
Liberal Party of New York
The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal...
, Cons. = Conservative Party of New York
Conservative Party of New York
The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years....
, ALP = American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
, Soc. = Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
, Jeff'n D = The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson (Henry George
Henry George
Henry George was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land...
, 1897), Civic All'ce = Civic Alliance (Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father...
1909), Exp = Experience party (Impellitteri's label for his independent campaign in 1950), Jobs & Educ. = Independent Jobs & Education party (Bloomberg
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States...
's personal label sharing a ballot line with Independence Party in 2009)
How the boroughs voted
See the table above for more information about the candidates and parties involved. Blue indicates a candidate endorsed by the Democratic Party; pink one endorsed by the Republicans; and buff (or beige) one endorsed by neither party. (Darker shades indicate where a borough voted for a candidate who lost the city-wide vote.) In 1981, Edward Koch ran on the tickets of both the Democrats and the Republicans.Click a year to see the table or tables for that particular election (# indicates a link devoted to one specific election rather than to a set of two to six.)
Although separate boroughs since 1898, the Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
and Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
shared New York County and reported elections together until the separate Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and started her separate existence on January 1, 1914. The borough of Richmond changed its name to Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
in 1975, although the co-extensive Richmond County still retains that name.
| borough | Manhattan and The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [S.I.] | City of New York | |
| county | ||||||
| 1897 | Van Wyck 48% | Van Wyck 40% | Van Wyck 41% | Van Wyck 44% | Van Wyck 45% | |
| 1901 | Low 49% | Low 55% | Shepard 49% | Low 52% | Low 51% | |
| 1903 | McClellan 56% | McClellan 49% | McClellan 56% | Low 48% | McClellan 53% | |
| 1905 | McClellan 42% | Hearst 39% | Hearst 39% | McClellan 44% | McClellan 38% | |
| 1909 | Gaynor 43% | Gaynor 42% | Gaynor 38% | Gaynor 47% | Gaynor 42% | |
| borough | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [S.I.] | City of New York |
| county | ||||||
| 1913 | Mitchel | Mitchel | Mitchel 60% | Mitchel 60% | Mitchel 54% | Mitchel 57% |
| #1917 | Hylan 46% | Hylan 43% | Hylan 47% | Hylan 52% | Hylan 58% | Hylan 47% |
| #1921 | Hylan 63% | Hylan 68% | Hylan 62% | Hylan 69% | Hylan 71% | Hylan 64% |
| #1925 | Walker 70% | Walker 72% | Walker 61% | Walker 63% | Walker 67% | Walker 66% |
| #1929 | Walker 64% | Walker 63% | Walker 58% | Walker 62% | Walker 58% | Walker 61% |
| #1932 | O'Brien 61% | O'Brien 52% | O'Brien 51% | O'Brien 48% | O'Brien 54% | O'Brien 53% |
| #1933 | La Guardia 38% | La Guardia 39% | La Guardia 44% | La Guardia 39% | La Guardia 44% | La Guardia 40% |
| #1937 | La Guardia 58% | La Guardia 62% | La Guardia 63% | La Guardia 55% | La Guardia 56% | La Guardia 60% |
| #1941 | La Guardia 56% | La Guardia 58% | La Guardia 55% | O'Dwyer 60% | O'Dwyer 60% | La Guardia 52% |
| #1945 | O'Dwyer 56% | O'Dwyer 55% | O'Dwyer 57% | O'Dwyer 61% | O'Dwyer 66% | O'Dwyer 55% |
| #1949 | O'Dwyer 45% | O'Dwyer 49% | O'Dwyer 49% | O'Dwyer 53% | O'Dwyer 65% | O'Dwyer 48% |
| #1950 | Impellitteri 40% | Pecora 42% | Pecora 41% | Impellitteri 55% | Impellitteri 60% | Impellitteri 44% |
| #1953 | Wagner 48% | Wagner 46% | Wagner 47% | Wagner 41% | Wagner 52% | Wagner 46% |
| #1957 | Wagner 74% | Wagner 77% | Wagner 75% | Wagner 64% | Wagner 65% | Wagner 68% |
| #1961 | Wagner 56% | Wagner 56% | Wagner 53% | Wagner 46% | Lefkowitz 42% | Wagner 50.1% |
| #1965 | Lindsay 56% | Beame 47% | Beame 47% | Lindsay 47% | Lindsay 46% | Lindsay 43% |
| #1969 | Lindsay 67% | Procaccino 41% | Procaccino 42% | Lindsay 36% | Marchi 62% | Lindsay 41% |
| #1973 | Beame 49% | Beame 57% | Beame 63% | Beame 57% | Beame 47% | Beame 57% |
| borough | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | City of New York |
| county | ||||||
| #1977 | Koch | Koch | Koch | Cuomo | Cuomo | Koch 52% |
| #1981 | Koch | Koch | Koch | Koch | Koch | Koch 75% |
| #1985 | Koch | Koch | Koch | Koch | Koch | Koch 78% |
| #1989 | Dinkins | Dinkins | Dinkins | Giuliani | Giuliani | Dinkins 48% |
| #1993 | Dinkins | Dinkins | Dinkins | Giuliani | Giuliani | Giuliani 49% |
| #1997 | Giuliani | Messinger | Giuliani | Giuliani | Giuliani | Giuliani 55% |
| #2001 | Green 52% | Green 55% | Green 52% | Bloomberg 55% | Bloomberg 77% | Bloomberg 50.3% |
| #2005 | Bloomberg 60% | Ferrer 60% | Bloomberg 58% | Bloomberg 64% | Bloomberg 77% | Bloomberg 58.4% |
| #2009 | Bloomberg 56% | Thompson 61% | Thompson 52% | Bloomberg 54% | Bloomberg 66% | Bloomberg 50.7% |
Although it was not uncommon for a candidate to carry all five boroughs in the same election, variations in voting patterns are noticeable. Since it started reporting separate returns in 1913, the Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
has supported only one Republican (Fiorello La Guardia) and Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
has opposed only two successful candidates (Giuliani in 1993 and Bloomberg in 2001). On the other hand, in the eleven elections since 1965 that were contested between Democratic and Republican candidates (i.e. excluding 1981, when Ed Koch
Ed Koch
Edward Irving "Ed" Koch is an American lawyer, politician, and political commentator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977 and three terms as mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989...
was endorsed by both parties), Queens
Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
and Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
have voted for only two Democratic candidates, Abe Beame in 1973 and Koch in 1985. The City as a whole elected four of the Democratic candidates in those same eleven elections from 1965 to 2009. The Bronx supported all eleven, Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
nine, and Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
six.
2009
The principal candidates were Mayor Michael BloombergMichael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States...
, an independent running for the third time on the Republican and Independence Party
Independence Party of New York
The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994...
lines, and New York City Comptroller Bill Thompson
Bill Thompson (New York)
William Colridge Thompson, Jr. , known as Bill or Billy, was the 42nd Comptroller of New York City. Sworn into office on January 1, 2002, he was reelected to serve a second term that began on January 1, 2006. He left office on December 31, 2009, having been succeeded by John Liu...
, running for the Democratic and Working Families
Working Families Party
The Working Families Party is a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998. There are "sister" parties to the New York WFP in Connecticut, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Oregon, but there is as yet no national WFP...
Parties. Bloomberg had enjoyed pluralities of about 9% to 16% in most independent published pre-election polls and on Tuesday, November 3, he won his third term with 50.7% of votes over Thompson's 46%.
Other candidates included:
- Steven Christopher of Memorial Baptist Church in Brooklyn, Conservative Party of New York State
- Joseph Dobrian, Libertarian Party of New YorkLibertarian Party of New YorkThe Libertarian Party of New York is a political party in the United States active in the state of New York. It is the recognized affiliate of the national Libertarian Party....
- Reverend Billy Talen of the Church of Life After Shopping, Green Party of New YorkGreen Party of New YorkThe Green Party of New York is a ballot-qualified political party in New York, which was founded in 1992. It is a part of the national Green Party movement...
- Dan Fein, Socialist Workers PartySocialist Workers Party (United States)The Socialist Workers Party is a far-left political organization in the United States. The group places a priority on "solidarity work" to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba...
- Francisca Villar, Party for Socialism and LiberationParty for Socialism and LiberationThe Party for Socialism and Liberation is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States. It was originally created as the result of a split within the ranks of Workers World Party , although their political line is nearly identical. The San Francisco branch as well as several other...
- Jimmy McMillanJimmy McMillanJames "Jimmy" McMillan III is an American political activist, perennial candidate, Vietnam War veteran, and karate expert, as well as a former postal worker and private investigator from Brooklyn, New York. He is best known as the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a New York-based...
, Rent Is Too Damn High PartyRent Is Too Damn High PartyThe Rent Is Too Damn High Party is a political party in New York that has nominated candidates for mayor of New York City in 2005 and 2009 and for governor and senator in 2010. Jimmy McMillan was the mayoral candidate both times and a candidate for governor. In 2005, he received more than 4,000... - Tyrell Eiland, New Voice Party
- Jonny PorkpieJonny PorkpieJonny Porkpie is a New York City-based writer, director, and performer in neo-burlesque. So called for his pork pie hat, Jonny Porkpie creates and hosts scripted theme-based burlesque shows as part of his production company, Pinchbottom, as well as solo productions under the title "Jonny Porkpie's...
, independent - John M. Finan, independent
- Walter Iwachiw, independent
General election, Tuesday, November 3, 2009
| 2009 General election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total | % |
| Bloomberg's margin over Mark Green Mark Green Mark Andrew Green is an American politician and a former United States Ambassador to Tanzania, a position he held from August 2007 until January 2009. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing... (2001) |
– 22,777 | – 21,683 | – 28,182 | + 46,904 | + 61,227 | + 35,489 | + 2.4% | |
| change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2001-2005 | + 98,973 | – 19,634 | + 97,622 | + 48,125 | – 10,705 | + 214,381 | + 17.0% | |
| Bloomberg's margin over Fernando Ferrer Fernando Ferrer Fernando James "Freddy" Ferrer was the Borough President of The Bronx from 1987 to 2001, and was a candidate for Mayor of New York in 2001 and the Democratic Party nominee for Mayor in 2005.- Background :... (2005) |
+ 76,196 | – 41,317 | + 69,440 | + 95,029 | + 50,522 | + 249,870 | + 19.4% | |
| change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2005-2009 | – 35,010 | + 6,268 | – 91,392 | – 59,742 | – 19,397 | – 199,273 | – 15.0% | |
| Bloomberg's margin over Bill Thompson (2009) | + 41,186 | – 35,049 | – 21,952 | + 35,287 | + 31,125 | + 50,597 | + 4.4% | |
| net change in Bloomberg's margin, 2001-2009 | + 63,963 | – 13,366 | + 6,230 | – 11,617 | – 30,102 | + 15,108 | + 2.0% | |
| Michael R. Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... |
Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S... |
102,903 | 42,066 | 117,706 | 126,569 | 46,149 | 435,393 | 37.7% |
| 35.9% | 29.0% | 34.6% | 42.3% | 55.4% | ||||
| Independence Independence Party of New York The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994... /Jobs and Education |
56,934 | 11,730 | 36,033 | 36,364 | 9,012 | 150,073 | 13.0% | |
| 19.9% | 8.1% | 10.6% | 12.2% | 10.8% | ||||
| | | ||||||||
| Total | 159,837 | 53,796 | 153,739 | 162,933 | 55,161 | 585,466 | 50.7% | |
| 55.8% | 37.0% | 45.1% | 54.5% | 66.2% | ||||
| William C. Thompson, Jr. | Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous... |
110,975 | 86,899 | 163,230 | 122,935 | 22,956 | 506,995 | 43.9% |
| 38.7% | 59.8% | 47.9% | 41.1% | 27.5% | ||||
| Working Families Working Families Party The Working Families Party is a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998. There are "sister" parties to the New York WFP in Connecticut, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Oregon, but there is as yet no national WFP... |
7,676 | 1,946 | 12,461 | 4,711 | 1,080 | 27,874 | 2.4% | |
| 2.7% | 1.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 1.3% | ||||
| Total | 118,651 | 88,845 | 175,691 | 127,646 | 24,036 | 534,869 | 46.3% | |
| 41.4% | 61.2% | 51.6% | 42.7% | 28.8% | ||||
| Stephen Christopher | Conservative | 2,217 | 1,480 | 5,690 | 5,267 | 3,359 | 18,013 | 1.6% |
| 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 4.0% | ||||
| Billy Talen | Green Green Party (United States) The Green Party of the United States is a nationally recognized political party which officially formed in 1991. It is a voluntary association of state green parties. Prior to national formation, many state affiliates had already formed and were recognized by other state parties... |
3,083 | 434 | 3,338 | 1,680 | 367 | 8,902 | 0.8% |
| 1.1% | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.4% | ||||
| Jimmy McMillan Jimmy McMillan James "Jimmy" McMillan III is an American political activist, perennial candidate, Vietnam War veteran, and karate expert, as well as a former postal worker and private investigator from Brooklyn, New York. He is best known as the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a New York-based... |
Rent Is Too High Rent Is Too Damn High Party The Rent Is Too Damn High Party is a political party in New York that has nominated candidates for mayor of New York City in 2005 and 2009 and for governor and senator in 2010. Jimmy McMillan was the mayoral candidate both times and a candidate for governor. In 2005, he received more than 4,000... |
823 | 217 | 764 | 404 | 124 | 2,332 | 0.2% |
| Francisca Villar | Socialism and Liberation Party for Socialism and Liberation The Party for Socialism and Liberation is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States. It was originally created as the result of a split within the ranks of Workers World Party , although their political line is nearly identical. The San Francisco branch as well as several other... |
674 | 253 | 577 | 420 | 72 | 1,996 | 0.2% |
| Joseph Dobrian | Libertarian Libertarian Party (United States) The Libertarian Party is the third largest and fastest growing political party in the United States. The political platform of the Libertarian Party reflects its brand of libertarianism, favoring minimally regulated, laissez-faire markets, strong civil liberties, minimally regulated migration... |
556 | 104 | 413 | 388 | 155 | 1,616 | 0.1% |
| Dan Fein | Socialist Workers Socialist Workers Party (United States) The Socialist Workers Party is a far-left political organization in the United States. The group places a priority on "solidarity work" to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba... |
493 | 120 | 376 | 263 | 59 | 1,311 | 0.1% |
| Write-ins † | 100 | 30 | 77 | 60 | 30 | 297 | .03% | |
| Total recorded votes | 286,434 | 145,279 | 340,665 | 299,061 | 83,363 | 1,154,802 | 100.00% | |
| unrecorded ballots | 5,172 | 3,659 | 6,645 | 6,254 | 1,525 | 23,255 | ||
| Total ballots cast | 291,606 | 148,938 | 347,310 | 305,315 | 84,888 | 1,178,057 | ||
| † The three candidates who received more than seven write-in votes each were C. Montgomery Burns (Homer Simpson Homer Simpson Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the patriarch of the eponymous family. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987... 's fictional boss), 27; City Councilman Tony Avella Tony Avella Tony Avella is an American politician and Democratic State Senator from the 11th New York Senate district. Avella was a member of the New York City Council from the borough of Queens from 2002 to 2009... (who lost the Democratic mayoral primary), 13; and former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (Republican), 11. |
||||||||
| Source: Board of Elections in the City of New York, November 24, 2009 | ||||||||
Democratic primary, Tuesday, September 15, 2009
From the Board of Elections in the City of New York
New York City Board of Elections
The Board of Elections in the City of New York meets once a week at 32 Broadway, New York NY, on the Sixth Floor. By law, there are ten commissioners, two from each of the five boroughs of New York City. One of these two is from each of the two parties whose candidates got the most votes in the...
, September 26, 2009
| 2009 Democratic primary | Manhattan Manhattan Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York... |
The Bronx The Bronx The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated... |
Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated... |
Queens Queens Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States.... |
Staten Island Staten Island Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay... |
Total | % |
| William C. Thompson, Jr. | 70,881 | 31,950 | 75,519 | 49,063 | 7,484 | 234,897 | 71.0% |
| 73.7% | 73.5% | 73.9% | 63.2% | 67.0% | |||
| Tony Avella Tony Avella Tony Avella is an American politician and Democratic State Senator from the 11th New York Senate district. Avella was a member of the New York City Council from the borough of Queens from 2002 to 2009... |
18,213 | 7,754 | 17,945 | 22,903 | 2,959 | 69,774 | 21.1% |
| 18.9% | 17.8% | 17.6% | 29.5% | 26.5% | |||
| Roland Rogers | 6,975 | 3,751 | 8,612 | 5,553 | 700 | 25,591 | 7.7% |
| 7.3% | 8.6% | 8.4% | 7.2% | 6.3% | |||
| all Write-In votes | 127 | 10 | 153 | 81 | 26 | 397 | 0.1% |
| 0.1% | 0.02% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | |||
| T O T A L | 96,196 | 43,465 | 102,229 | 77,600 | 11,169 | 330,659 | |
Tony Avella represents a Queens district on the New York City Council
New York City Council
The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs. The Council serves as a check against the mayor in a "strong" mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and...
. Out of the nearly 400 write-in votes, almost half or 184 (representing about one Democratic voter in 2,000) were some form or spelling of Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
2005
In 2005, Mayor BloombergMichael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States...
won every borough but The Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
(of which his Democratic opponent was the former Borough President) against a Democratic Party split by a divisive primary, in contrast to his first victory in 2001, when Bloomberg carried only Queens
Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
and Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
.
| 2005 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total | % |
| change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2001-2005 | + 98,973 | – 19,634 | + 97,622 | + 48,125 | – 10,705 | + 214,381 | + 17.0% | |
| Bloomberg's margin over Mark Green Mark Green Mark Andrew Green is an American politician and a former United States Ambassador to Tanzania, a position he held from August 2007 until January 2009. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing... (2001) |
– 22,777 | – 21,683 | – 28,182 | + 46,904 | + 61,227 | + 35,489 | + 2.4% | |
| Bloomberg's margin over Ferrer (2005) | + 76,196 | – 41,317 | + 69,440 | + 95,029 | + 50,522 | + 249,870 | + 19.4% | |
| Michael R. Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... |
Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S... /Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
171,593 | 69,577 | 189,581 | 184,426 | 63,267 | 678,444 | 52.6% |
| 52.6% | 35.3% | 52.7% | 57.9% | 71.5% | ||||
| Independence Independence Party of New York The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994... |
25,416 | 6,840 | 20,141 | 17,689 | 4,559 | 74,645 | 5.8% | |
| 7.8% | 3.5% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 5.2% | ||||
| | | ||||||||
| Total | 197,010 | 76,417 | 209,723 | 202,116 | 67,827 | 753,089 | 58.4% | |
| 60.4% | 38.8% | 58.2% | 63.5% | 76.7% | ||||
| Fernando Ferrer Fernando Ferrer Fernando James "Freddy" Ferrer was the Borough President of The Bronx from 1987 to 2001, and was a candidate for Mayor of New York in 2001 and the Democratic Party nominee for Mayor in 2005.- Background :... |
Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous... |
120,813 | 117,734 | 140,282 | 107,086 | 17,304 | 503,219 | 39.0% |
| 37.0% | 59.8% | 39.0% | 33.6% | 19.6% | ||||
| Thomas V. Ognibene Tom Ognibene -Biography:Ognibene was elected in 1992 as New York City Council member, where he served through 2001, representing the 30th District in Queens, including the neighborhoods of Middle Village, Glendale, Ridgewood, Richmond Hill, Woodhaven, and Forest Hills... |
Conservative | 1,729 | 1,185 | 3,573 | 5,645 | 2,498 | 14,630 | 1.1% |
| Anthony Gronowicz | Green Green Party (United States) The Green Party of the United States is a nationally recognized political party which officially formed in 1991. It is a voluntary association of state green parties. Prior to national formation, many state affiliates had already formed and were recognized by other state parties... |
3,195 | 466 | 3,112 | 1,285 | 239 | 8,297 | 0.6% |
| Jimmy McMillan Jimmy McMillan James "Jimmy" McMillan III is an American political activist, perennial candidate, Vietnam War veteran, and karate expert, as well as a former postal worker and private investigator from Brooklyn, New York. He is best known as the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a New York-based... |
Rent Is Too Damn High Rent Is Too Damn High Party The Rent Is Too Damn High Party is a political party in New York that has nominated candidates for mayor of New York City in 2005 and 2009 and for governor and senator in 2010. Jimmy McMillan was the mayoral candidate both times and a candidate for governor. In 2005, he received more than 4,000... |
1,369 | 474 | 1,293 | 799 | 176 | 4,111 | 0.3% |
| Audrey Silk | Libertarian Libertarian Party (United States) The Libertarian Party is the third largest and fastest growing political party in the United States. The political platform of the Libertarian Party reflects its brand of libertarianism, favoring minimally regulated, laissez-faire markets, strong civil liberties, minimally regulated migration... |
991 | 234 | 841 | 617 | 205 | 2,888 | 0.2% |
| Martin Koppel Martin Koppel Martín Koppel is one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers Party in the United States.-Early life:Before joining the staff of the SWP's paper The Militant in 1991, he was a steelworker in Chicago and member of the United Steelworkers of America union.... |
Socialist Workers Socialist Workers Party (United States) The Socialist Workers Party is a far-left political organization in the United States. The group places a priority on "solidarity work" to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba... |
758 | 231 | 766 | 384 | 117 | 2,256 | 0.2% |
| Seth A Blum | Education | 322 | 131 | 382 | 264 | 77 | 1,176 | 0.1% |
| Write-ins | 109 | 1 | 90 | 57 | 12 | 269 | .02% | |
| TOTAL | 326,295 | 196,873 | 360,061 | 318,252 | 88,454 | 1,289,935 | ||
Source: Board of Elections in the City of New York http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html
2001
The 2001 mayoral election was held on Tuesday, November 6.Republican incumbent Rudy Giuliani
Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani KBE is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from New York. He served as Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001....
could not run again due to term limits. As Democrats outnumber Republicans by 5 to 1 in the city, it was widely believed that a Democrat would succeed him in City Hall. However, billionaire Michael Bloomberg
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States...
, a lifelong Democrat, changed his party affiliation a few months before the election in order to avoid a crowded primary, and ran as a Republican. The Democratic primary was meant to be held on September 11 but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks; it was instead held on September 25. The primary opened the way to a bitter run-off between the Bronx-born Puerto Rican Fernando Ferrer
Fernando Ferrer
Fernando James "Freddy" Ferrer was the Borough President of The Bronx from 1987 to 2001, and was a candidate for Mayor of New York in 2001 and the Democratic Party nominee for Mayor in 2005.- Background :...
, and Mark J. Green
Mark J. Green
Mark J. Green is an author, public interest lawyer and a Democratic politician who lives in New York City. He worked with Ralph Nader from 1970-1980, eventually as director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch, and is also the former president of Air America Radio .He was New York City Consumer...
, a non-Hispanic who attacked Ferrer's close ties to Rev. Al Sharpton
Al Sharpton
Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton, Jr. is an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist, and television/radio talk show host. In 2004, he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election...
, leaving the party divided along racial lines.
Bloomberg spent $74 million on his election campaign, which was a record amount at the time for a non-presidential election (Bloomberg would break his own record in 2005). http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=1289253 Thanks also in part to active support from Giuliani, whose approval ratings shot up after the September 11 attacks, Bloomberg won a very close general election.
| 2001 General Election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total | % |
| Bloomberg's margin over Green | – 22,777 | – 21,683 | – 28,182 | + 46,904 | + 61,227 | + 35,489 | + 2.4% | |
| Michael R. Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg is the current Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $19.5 billion in 2011, he is also the 12th-richest person in the United States... |
Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S... |
162,096 | 72,551 | 174,053 | 196,241 | 80,725 | 685,666 | 46.3% |
| Independence Independence Party of New York The Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994... |
17,701 | 8,046 | 14,987 | 14,191 | 4,166 | 59,091 | 4.0% | |
| Total | 179,797 | 80,597 | 189,040 | 210,432 | 84,891 | 744,757 | 50.3% | |
| 46.1% | 43.1% | 45.7% | 55.3% | 77.1% | ||||
| Mark Green Mark J. Green Mark J. Green is an author, public interest lawyer and a Democratic politician who lives in New York City. He worked with Ralph Nader from 1970-1980, eventually as director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch, and is also the former president of Air America Radio .He was New York City Consumer... |
Democratic Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous... |
193,372 | 97,087 | 206,005 | 157,897 | 22,356 | 676,717 | 45.7% |
| Working Families Working Families Party The Working Families Party is a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998. There are "sister" parties to the New York WFP in Connecticut, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Oregon, but there is as yet no national WFP... |
9,202 | 5,193 | 11,217 | 5,631 | 1,308 | 32,551 | 2.2% | |
| Total | 202,574 | 102,280 | 217,222 | 163,528 | 23,664 | 709,268 | 47.9% | |
| 52.0% | 54.7% | 52.5% | 43.0% | 21.5% | ||||
| Alan G. Hevesi | Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
2,684 | 847 | 2,124 | 1,886 | 486 | 8,027 | 0.5% |
| Better Schools | 416 | 772 | 628 | 407 | 81 | 2,304 | 0.2% | |
| Total | 3,100 | 1,619 | 2,752 | 2,293 | 567 | 10,331 | 0.7% | |
| Julia Willebrand Julia Willebrand Julia Willebrand is an environmental, peace and education activist and was the Green Party nominee for the office of Comptroller of the State of New York in the 2006 New York state elections.- Biography :... |
Green Green Party (United States) The Green Party of the United States is a nationally recognized political party which officially formed in 1991. It is a voluntary association of state green parties. Prior to national formation, many state affiliates had already formed and were recognized by other state parties... |
2,241 | 670 | 2,456 | 1,579 | 209 | 7,155 | 0.5% |
| Terrance M. Gray | Conservative | 507 | 642 | 844 | 1,219 | 365 | 3,577 | 0.2% |
| Thomas K. Leighton | Marijuana Reform Marijuana Reform Party The Marijuana Reform Party is a progressive minor political party in the U.S. state of New York dedicated to the legalization of cannabis... |
791 | 529 | 680 | 418 | 145 | 2,563 | 0.2% |
| Kenny Kramer Kenny Kramer Kenny Kramer is an American stand-up comedian and is the real-life inspiration for the character of Cosmo Kramer from the television sitcom Seinfeld.-Pre-Seinfeld:... |
Libertarian Libertarian Party (United States) The Libertarian Party is the third largest and fastest growing political party in the United States. The political platform of the Libertarian Party reflects its brand of libertarianism, favoring minimally regulated, laissez-faire markets, strong civil liberties, minimally regulated migration... |
368 | 296 | 338 | 306 | 100 | 1,408 | 0.1% |
| Bernhard H. Goetz Bernhard Goetz Bernhard Goetz is an American man best known for shooting four young African American men who tried to mug him on a New York City Subway train, resulting in his conviction for illegal possession of a firearm. He came to symbolize New Yorkers’ frustrations with the high crime rates of the early... |
Fusion | 203 | 201 | 333 | 253 | 59 | 1,049 | 0.1% |
| Kenneth B. Golding | American Dream | 96 | 112 | 163 | 81 | 22 | 474 | .03% |
| scattered votes | 114 | 57 | 26 | 106 | 29 | 332 | .02% | |
| TOTAL RECORDED VOTE | 389,791 | 187,003 | 413,854 | 380,215 | 110,051 | 1,480,914 | (100.0%) | |
| (unrecorded votes) | 9,186 | 6,125 | 12,097 | 10,285 | 1,836 | 39,529 | ||
| Total vote | 398,977 | 193,128 | 425,951 | 390,500 | 111,887 | 1,520,443 | ||
1997
Notes:- In the Democratic Primary, Messinger defeated Rev. Al SharptonAl SharptonAlfred Charles "Al" Sharpton, Jr. is an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist, and television/radio talk show host. In 2004, he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election...
, avoiding a runoff election. - Figures are for 99% of precincts reporting
1993
| ||||||||||||1989
| |||||||||||||||}
1985
Yehuda LevinYehuda Levin
Yehuda Levin is the Rabbi and founder of Congregation Mevakshei Hashem Synagogue in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.-Beliefs and political activities:...
was the Right to Life Party
New York State Right to Life Party
The New York State Right to Life Party was founded to oppose the legalization of abortion in New York in 1970. The party first made the state ballot in the 1978 gubernatorial election, where its candidate Mary Jane Tobin won 130,000 votes...
candidate.
1981
1977
In his 2005 book Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx Is Burning, historian Jonathan Mahler argues that the New York City blackout of 1977New York City blackout of 1977
The New York City blackout of 1977 was an electricity blackout affected most of New York City from July 13, 1977 to July 14, 1977. The only neighborhoods in New York City that were not affected were in southern Queens, and neighborhoods of the Rockaways, which are part of the Long Island Lighting...
, with its accompanying rioting, enabled the law-and-order advocate Ed Koch
Ed Koch
Edward Irving "Ed" Koch is an American lawyer, politician, and political commentator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977 and three terms as mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989...
to beat out his more left-wing opponents, including incumbent mayor Abe Beame, in the 1977 election.
|}
|}
Note that the eventual winner, Rep. Ed Koch, could not win a plurality in any of the Five Boroughs for the initial Democratic primary. Rep. Bella Abzug
Bella Abzug
Bella Savitsky Abzug was an American lawyer, Congresswoman, social activist and a leader of the Women's Movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan to found the National Women's Political Caucus...
took Manhattan, Mayor Abe Beame Brooklyn, Rep. Herman Badillo
Herman Badillo
Herman Badillo is a Bronx, New York politician who has been a borough president, United States Representative, and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to be elected to these posts and be a mayoral candidate in the continental United States.-Early years:Badillo was...
the Bronx, and NY Sec. of State Mario Cuomo
Mario Cuomo
Mario Matthew Cuomo served as the 52nd Governor of New York from 1983 to 1994, and is the father of Andrew Cuomo, the current governor of New York.-Early life:...
Queens & Staten Island. In the Democratic run-off with Cuomo, Koch took Queens and three other boroughs, leaving Cuomo with only Staten Island. In the general election, Cuomo kept Staten Island and won back Queens, but lost the other three boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx) to Koch.
In the Republican primary, Roy M. Goodman
Roy M. Goodman
Roy M. Goodman is an American politician. He was born in New York City and is the grandson of Israel Matz, founder of the Ex-Lax company.-Political career:...
, a member of the New York State Senate
New York State Senate
The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms. There are no limits on the number of terms one may serve...
, defeated Barry Farber
Barry Farber
Barry M. Farber is an American conservative radio talk show host, author and language-learning enthusiast. In 2002, industry publication Talkers magazine ranked him the 9th greatest radio talk show host of all time. He has also written articles appearing in the New York Times, Reader's Digest,...
, a radio commentator, by a vote of 44,667 to 34,782 (56.2% to 43.8%). Farber, however, won the nomination of the Conservative Party of New York
Conservative Party of New York
The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years....
and won almost as many votes in the general election (57,437 or 4.0%) as Goodman did as the Republican nominee (58,606 or 4.1%).
1929 to 1973
Some figures and anecdotes courtesy James Trager's New York Chronology (HarperCollinsHarperCollins
HarperCollins is a publishing company owned by News Corporation. It is the combination of the publishers William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd, a British company, and Harper & Row, an American company, itself the result of an earlier merger of Harper & Brothers and Row, Peterson & Company. The worldwide...
: 2003). Other numbers are from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, then published by The New York World-Telegram
New York World-Telegram
The New York World-Telegram, later known as the New York World-Telegram and Sun, was a New York City newspaper from 1931 to 1966.-History:...
(Scripps-Howard), for 1943 (page 412) and 1957 (page 299), and from The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City is a comprehensive reference book on New York City. Historian and Columbia University professor Kenneth T...
(see Sources below).
Before 1975, the present Borough of Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
was formally known as The Borough of Richmond.
1973
| 1973 General Election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Abraham Beame Abraham Beame Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.... |
Democratic | 158,050 | 160,774 | 321,477 | 283,474 | 37,355 | 961,130 | 56.5% |
| 49.0% | 57.0% | 63.4% | 56.6% | 46.7% | ||||
| John Marchi John Marchi John J. Marchi was a New York State Senator who represented Staten Island for a record 50 years. Marchi , a Republican, retired on December 31, 2006, from the seat that he had held since January 1, 1957.... |
Republican | 45,803 | 37,609 | 73,776 | 90,942 | 28,445 | 276,575 | 16.3% |
| 14.2% | 13.3% | 14.5% | 18.2% | 35.5% | ||||
| Albert H. Blumenthal | Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
101,117 | 32,661 | 60,340 | 66,059 | 5,120 | 265,297 | 15.6% |
| 31.3% | 11.6% | 11.9% | 13.2% | 6.4% | ||||
| Mario Biaggi Mario Biaggi Mario Biaggi is a former U.S. Representative from New York and former New York City police officer. He was elected as a Democrat from The Bronx in New York City... |
Conservative Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
17,882 | 50,805 | 51,713 | 60,490 | 9,096 | 189,986 | 11.2% |
| 5.5% | 18.0% | 10.2% | 12.1% | 11.4% | ||||
| subtotal | 322,852 | 281,849 | 507,306 | 500,965 | 80,016 | 1,692,988 | 99.5% | |
| others | 7,883 | 0.5% | ||||||
| 1,700,871 | ||||||||
note: All the candidates except Marchi
John Marchi
John J. Marchi was a New York State Senator who represented Staten Island for a record 50 years. Marchi , a Republican, retired on December 31, 2006, from the seat that he had held since January 1, 1957....
had run in the Democratic primary.
| 1973 Democratic initial primary | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Abraham Beame Abraham Beame Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.... |
45,901 | 41,508 | 96,621 | 73,520 | 8,912 | 266,462 | 34% |
| 26% | 27% | 41% | 40% | 42% | |||
| Herman Badillo Herman Badillo Herman Badillo is a Bronx, New York politician who has been a borough president, United States Representative, and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to be elected to these posts and be a mayoral candidate in the continental United States.-Early years:Badillo was... |
73,676 | 55,432 | 57,836 | 33,990 | 2,902 | 223,836 | 29% |
| 41% | 36% | 25% | 19% | 14% | |||
| Albert H. Blumenthal | 41,906 | 18,400 | 31,913 | 28,960 | 2,062 | 123,241 | 16% |
| 23% | 12% | 14% | 16% | 10% | |||
| Mario Biaggi Mario Biaggi Mario Biaggi is a former U.S. Representative from New York and former New York City police officer. He was elected as a Democrat from The Bronx in New York City... |
17,830 | 39,462 | 48,352 | 45,992 | 7,524 | 159,160 | 21% |
| 10% | 25% | 21% | 25% | 35% | |||
| subtotal (for the top 4 candidates only) | 179,313 | 154,802 | 234,722 | 182,462 | 21,400 | 772,699 | [100%] |
| 1973 Democratic run-off primary | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Abraham Beame Abraham Beame Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.... |
77,928 | 97,415 | 201,866 | 153,415 | 17,999 | 548,623 | 60.7% |
| 41% | 53% | 68% | 73% | 78% | |||
| Herman Badillo Herman Badillo Herman Badillo is a Bronx, New York politician who has been a borough president, United States Representative, and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to be elected to these posts and be a mayoral candidate in the continental United States.-Early years:Badillo was... |
112,482 | 86,482 | 93,140 | 57,658 | 4,819 | 354,581 | 39.3% |
| 59% | 47% | 32% | 27% | 21% | |||
| T O T A L | 190,410 | 183,897 | 295,006 | 211,073 | 22,818 | 903,204 | |
1969
Note: In one of the most unusual primary seasons since the conglomeration of greater New York, the incumbent Mayor (Lindsay) and a former incumbent (Robert F. Wagner, Jr.Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:...
) both lost their parties' primaries. Procaccino won with less than 33% of the vote against four opponents, which inspired the use of runoffs in future primaries. In the general election, Lindsay carried Manhattan (the only borough he had carried in losing the Republican primary to Marchi
John March
John March was in a variety of businesses in Newbury, Massachusetts. He was a colonel in the Massachusetts Bay militia and, in that position, was active in a number of military operations against the French and Indians by the English in King William's War and Queen Anne's War.March was in charge...
, 107,000 to 113,000) as he did in 1965, but he was only 4,000 votes ahead of giving first place in Queens to Procaccino
Mario Procaccino
Mario Angelo Procaccino was a lawyer, comptroller, and candidate for mayor of New York City.Procaccino was born in Bisaccia, Italy. When he was nine years old, his family relocated to the United States, and despite poverty, he graduated from City College and Fordham Law School, becoming a lawyer...
. Turnout dropped to 2.4 million from 2.6 million in 1965. (In the same election, Lindsay's 1965 opponent Abe Beame
Abraham Beame
Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy....
was easily returned to his old job of Comptroller.)
| 1969 General Election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| John V. Lindsay | Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... - Independent |
328,564 | 161,953 | 256,046 | 249,330 | 16,740 | 1,012,633 | 41.2% |
| 67.1% | 40.1% | 36.0% | 36.3% | 17.5% | ||||
| Mario Procaccino Mario Procaccino Mario Angelo Procaccino was a lawyer, comptroller, and candidate for mayor of New York City.Procaccino was born in Bisaccia, Italy. When he was nine years old, his family relocated to the United States, and despite poverty, he graduated from City College and Fordham Law School, becoming a lawyer... |
Democratic - Civil Service Fusion | 99,460 | 165,647 | 301,324 | 245,783 | 19,558 | 831,772 | 33.8% |
| 20.3% | 41.0% | 42.4% | 35.8% | 20.5% | ||||
| John Marchi John Marchi John J. Marchi was a New York State Senator who represented Staten Island for a record 50 years. Marchi , a Republican, retired on December 31, 2006, from the seat that he had held since January 1, 1957.... |
Republican - Conservative Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
61,539 | 76,711 | 152,933 | 192,008 | 59,220 | 542,411 | 22.1% |
| 12.6% | 19.0% | 21.5% | 27.9% | 62.0% | ||||
| 489,563 | 404,311 | 710,303 | 687,121 | 95,518 | 2,386,816 | 97.1% | ||
| others | 71,387 | 2.9% | ||||||
| 2,458,203 | ||||||||
1965
| 1965 General Election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| John V. Lindsay | Republican - Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... - Independent Citizens |
291,326 | 181,072 | 308,398 | 331,162 | 37,148 | 1,149,106 | 43.3% |
| 55.8% | 39.5% | 40.0% | 46.9% | 45.8% | ||||
| Abraham Beame Abraham Beame Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.... |
Democratic - Civil Service Fusion | 193,230 | 213,980 | 365,360 | 250,662 | 23,467 | 1,046,699 | 39.4% |
| 37.0% | 46.6% | 47.4% | 35.5% | 28.9% | ||||
| William F. Buckley, Jr. William F. Buckley, Jr. William Frank Buckley, Jr. was an American conservative author and commentator. He founded the political magazine National Review in 1955, hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line from 1966 until 1999, and was a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist. His writing was noted for... |
Conservative Conservative Party of New York The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years.... |
37,694 | 63,858 | 97,679 | 123,544 | 20,451 | 343,226 | 12.9% |
| 7.2% | 13.9% | 12.7% | 17.5% | 25.2% | ||||
| 522,250 | 458,910 | 771,437 | 705,368 | 81,066 | 2,539,031 | 95.7% | ||
| others | 115,420 | 4.3% | ||||||
| 2,654,451 | ||||||||
Over a quarter of Lindsay's vote (293,194) was on the Liberal Party
Liberal Party of New York
The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal...
line, while over 60,000 of Beame's votes were on the Civil Service Fusion line. John Lindsay
John Lindsay
John Vliet Lindsay was an American politician, lawyer and broadcaster who was a U.S. Congressman, Mayor of New York City, candidate for U.S...
, a Republican Congressman from the "Silk-Stocking" District
Carolyn B. Maloney
Carolyn Bosher Maloney is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1993. She is a member of the Democratic Party. The district, popularly known as the "silk stocking district", includes most of Manhattan's East Side; Astoria and Long Island City in Queens; and Roosevelt Island.-Early life,...
on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, carried Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
, Queens
Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
, and traditionally Republican Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
(Richmond), while Abe Beame
Abraham Beame
Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy....
, the City Comptroller, carried The Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
and his home borough of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
, both of which he had also won in the Democratic primary. However, while Beame had also carried Queens in the primary, he lost it to Lindsay in the general election. (Five years later, Bill Buckley's brother James L. Buckley
James L. Buckley
James Lane Buckley is a retired judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and previously served as a United States Senator from the state of New York as a member of the Conservative Party of New York from January 3, 1971 to January 3, 1977...
would win the 1970 New York state election for U.S. Senator on the Conservative Party
Conservative Party of New York
The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years....
line against divided opposition.)
1961
Mayor Wagner broke with the regular Democratic organization which had supported him in 1953 and 1957, defeating their candidate, Arthur LevittArthur Levitt, Sr.
Arthur Levitt was an American lawyer and politician.-Life:He served in the U.S...
, in the Democratic primary 61% to 39%. At the same time, after running successfully with Lawrence Gerosa for Comptroller
New York City Comptroller
The Office of Comptroller of New York City is the chief fiscal officer and chief auditing officer of the city. The comptroller is elected, citywide, to a four-year term and can hold office for three consecutive terms. The current comptroller is Democrat John Liu, formerly a member of the New York...
in the previous two elections, Wagner chose to run instead with Abraham Beame
Abraham Beame
Abraham David "Abe" Beame was mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As such, he presided over the city during the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, during which the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy....
in 1961. Gerosa ran against Wagner for Mayor as the "real Democrat" on a pro-taxpayer platform. 211,000 of Wagner's 1,237,000 votes came on the Liberal Party line, and 55,000 on the purpose-built Brotherhood line.
| 1961 General Election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... |
Democratic - Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... - Brotherhood |
265,015 | 255,528 | 396,539 | 290,194 | 30,145 | 1,237,421 | 50.15% |
| 55.6% | 55.8% | 52.7% | 45.8% | 41.0% | ||||
| Louis Lefkowitz Louis Lefkowitz Louis J. Lefkowitz was an American lawyer and politician.-Life:... |
Republican - Nonpartisan - Civic Action | 174,471 | 134,964 | 251,258 | 243,836 | 31,162 | 835,691 | 33.87% |
| 36.6% | 29.5% | 33.4% | 38.5% | 42.3% | ||||
| Lawrence E. Gerosa Lawrence E. Gerosa Lawrence Ettore Gerosa was an Italian-American politician who served as New York City Comptroller from 1954–1961.... |
Independent - Citizens' Party | 36,893 | 67,213 | 105,232 | 99,987 | 12,279 | 321,604 | 13.03% |
| 7.7% | 14.7% | 14.0% | 15.8% | 16.7% | ||||
| subtotal | 476,379 | 457,705 | 753,029 | 634,017 | 73,586 | 2,394,716 | 97.05% | |
| others | 72,830 | 2.95% | ||||||
| T O T A L | 2,467,546 | |||||||
| 1961 Democratic primary | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... |
122,607 | 78,626 | 136,440 | 102,845 | 15,498 | 456,016 | 61% |
| 65% | 62% | 57% | |62% | 60% | |||
| Arthur Levitt Arthur Levitt, Sr. Arthur Levitt was an American lawyer and politician.-Life:He served in the U.S... |
66,917 | 47,885 | 103,296 | 64,157 | 10,471 | 292,726 | 39% |
| 35% | 38% | 43% | 38% | 40% | |||
| subtotal (for Wagner and Levitt only) | 189,524 | 126,511 | 239,736 | 167,002 | 25,969 | 748,742 | [100%] |
1957
| 1957 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... |
Democratic - Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... - Fusion |
316,203 | 316,299 | 494,078 | 341,212 | 40,983 | 1,508,775 | 67.8% |
| 73.8% | 76.6% | 75.1% | 64.1% | 64.7% | ||||
| Robert Christenberry | Republican | 112,173 | 96,726 | 163,427 | 191,061 | 22,381 | 585,768 | 26.3% |
| 26.2% | 23.4% | 24.9% | 35.9% | 35.3% | ||||
| 428,376 | 413,025 | 657,505 | 532,273 | 63,364 | 2,094,543 | 94.2% | ||
| others | 129,511 | 5.8% | ||||||
| 2,224,054 | ||||||||
The Wagner-Christenberry campaign has left us one of the great campaign anecdotes: Christenberry was railing against Wagner's police department for not doing enough to fight corruption and vice, so the cops raided Christenberry's illegal casino in the basement of the hotel he was manager of.
1953
| 1953 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner, Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965.-Biography:... |
Democratic | 236,960 | 206,771 | 339,970 | 207,918 | 31,007 | 1,022,626 | 45.6% |
| 47.9% | 46.2% | 46.6% | 40.6% | 51.8% | ||||
| Harold Riegelman | Republican | 147,876 | 97,224 | 183,968 | 208,829 | 23,694 | 661,591 | 29.5% |
| 29.9% | 21.7% | 25.2% | 40.8% | 39.6% | ||||
| Rudolph Halley Rudolph Halley Rudolph Halley was an attorney and politician from New York City.-Early life and career:Born and raised in Queens, Halley graduated from Townsend Harris High School at age 14, and was forced to wait until age 16 to enroll at Columbia University, from which he graduated with a Juris Doctor at age 20... |
Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
76,884 | 112,825 | 162,275 | 73,192 | 3,514 | 428,690 | 19.1% |
| Independent | 7,648 | 9,853 | 13,264 | 7,356 | 295 | 38,416 | 1.7% | |
| Total | 84,532 | 122,678 | 175,539 | 80,548 | 3,809 | 467,106 | 20.8% | |
| 17.1% | 27.4% | 24.1% | 15.7% | 6.4% | ||||
| Clifford T. McAvoy | American Labor Party American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
14,904 | 13,290 | 17,337 | 7,182 | 332 | 53,045 | 2.4% |
| David L. Weiss | Socialist Workers Socialist Workers Party (United States) The Socialist Workers Party is a far-left political organization in the United States. The group places a priority on "solidarity work" to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba... |
10,683 | 7,760 | 13,062 | 7,254 | 1,019 | 2,054 | 0.1% |
| Nathan Karp | Industrial Gov't [SLP] | 916 | .04% | |||||
| scattered | 180 | .01% | ||||||
| unrecorded (blank, spoiled, etc.) | 36,630 | 1.6% | ||||||
| T O T A L | 494,955 | 447,723 | 729,876 | 511,731 | 59,861 | 2,244,146 | ||
"Industrial Government" is a ballot title sometimes used, to avoid confusion or to meet election laws, by the Socialist Labor Party. The Liberal Party of New York
Liberal Party of New York
The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal...
won over five times as many votes as the American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
in Manhattan, and eight-to-ten times as many in the other boroughs. The ALP lost its ballot status after the 1954 Governor's race, and voted to dissolve itself in 1956.
1950
| 1950 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Vincent Impellitteri | Experience | 246,608 | 215,913 | 357,322 | 303,448 | 37,884 | 1,161,175 | 44.2% |
| 40.4% | 41.3% | 40.5% | 55.5% | 60.0% | ||||
| Ferdinand Pecora Ferdinand Pecora Ferdinand Pecora was an American lawyer and judge who became famous in the 1930s as Chief Counsel to the United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency during its investigation of Wall Street banking and stock brokerage practices.-Early career:Ferdinand Pecora was born in Nicosia, Sicily,... |
Democratic | 166,240 | 157,537 | 271,670 | 104,734 | 11,177 | 711,358 | 27.1% |
| Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... |
48,370 | 59,717 | 90,576 | 24,489 | 841 | 223,993 | 8.5% | |
| Total | 214,610 | 217,254 | 362,246 | 129,223 | 12,018 | 935,351 | 35.6% | |
| 35.1% | 41.6% | 41.0% | 23.6% | 19.0% | ||||
| Edward Corsi | Republican | 102,575 | 54,796 | 113,392 | 99,225 | 12,384 | 382,372 | 14.6% |
| 16.8% | 10.5% | 12.8% | 18.1% | 19.6% | ||||
| Paul Ross | American Labor Party American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
47,201 | 34,575 | 49,999 | 14,904 | 899 | 147,578 | 5.6% |
| T O T A L | 610,994 | 522,538 | 882,959 | 546,800 | 63,185 | 2,626,476 | ||
Vincent Impellitteri, the mayor who succeeded mid-term after William O'Dwyer
William O'Dwyer
William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood...
resigned on August 31, 1950, swept Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
, Queens
Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
and Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
in this special election, while Ferdinand Pecora
Ferdinand Pecora
Ferdinand Pecora was an American lawyer and judge who became famous in the 1930s as Chief Counsel to the United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency during its investigation of Wall Street banking and stock brokerage practices.-Early career:Ferdinand Pecora was born in Nicosia, Sicily,...
(aided by the Liberal Party
Liberal Party of New York
The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal...
) took very narrow leads in The Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
and Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
. In this election, the Liberals heavily outpolled the American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
in every borough but Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
and Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
, where the two parties' votes were almost equal.
1949
| 1949 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood... |
Democratic | 278,343 | 254,014 | 425,225 | 270,062 | 38,868 | 1,266,512 | 47.6% |
| 44.8% | 48.7% | 48.8% | 53.4% | 64.5% | ||||
| Newbold Morris Newbold Morris Newbold Morris was an American politician, lawyer, president of the New York City Council, and two-time candidate for mayor of New York City.... |
Republican - Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... - Fusion |
219,430 | 185,248 | 332,433 | 200,552 | 18,406 | 956,069 | 35.9% |
| 35.3% | 35.5% | 38.2% | 39.7% | 30.6% | ||||
| Vito Marcantonio Vito Marcantonio Vito Anthony Marcantonio was an American lawyer and democratic socialist politician. Originally a member of the Republican Party and a supporter of Fiorello LaGuardia, he switched to the American Labor Party.-Early life:... |
American Labor American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
123,128 | 82,386 | 113,478 | 34,677 | 2,957 | 356,626 | 13.4% |
| 19.8% | 15.8% | 13.0% | 6.9% | 4.9% | ||||
| 620,901 | 521,648 | 871,136 | 505,291 | 60,231 | 2,579,207 | 96.9% | ||
| others | 83,710 | 3.1% | ||||||
| 2,662,917 | ||||||||
1945
| 1945 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood... |
Democratic - American Labor American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
253,371 | 227,818 | 386,335 | 228,275 | 29,558 | 1,125,357 | 55.3% |
| 55.8% | 55.3% | 56.5% | 61.5% | 66.3% | ||||
| Jonah J. Goldstein | Republican - Liberal Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal... - Fusion |
100,591 | 95,582 | 161,119 | 65,240 | 9,069 | 431,601 | 21.2% |
| 22.2% | 23.2% | 23.6% | 17.6% | 20.4% | ||||
| Newbold Morris Newbold Morris Newbold Morris was an American politician, lawyer, president of the New York City Council, and two-time candidate for mayor of New York City.... |
No Deal | 100,064 | 88,404 | 136,262 | 77,687 | 5,931 | 408,348 | 20.0% |
| 22.0% | 21.5% | 19.9% | 20.9% | 13.3% | ||||
| 454,026 | 411,804 | 683,716 | 371,202 | 44,558 | 1,965,306 | 96.5% | ||
| others | 71,385 | 3.5% | ||||||
| 2,036,691 | ||||||||
The No Deal Party (according to Chris McNickle in The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City is a comprehensive reference book on New York City. Historian and Columbia University professor Kenneth T...
) was founded by the retiring maverick Republican Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to draw Republican votes towards Newbold Morris
Newbold Morris
Newbold Morris was an American politician, lawyer, president of the New York City Council, and two-time candidate for mayor of New York City....
and away from the official Republican Party with whom La Guardia was having a dispute. The No Deal Party dissolved soon after the 1945 election. Newbold Morris was a Republican, while Jonah Goldstein was a Democrat until nomination day.
1941
As in 1937, more voters in every borough voted on the Democratic line than on any other single line; but this time (unlike 1937) the Democrat carried QueensQueens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
and Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
over La Guardia, shrinking the Mayor's overall citywide percentage lead from 20% to 6%. As in 1937, La Guardia's overall margin of victory depended on the American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
, which again won more votes than the Republicans in The Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
. While the total vote and Republican vote were almost identical in 1937 and 1941, the ALP line lost 47,000 votes (2.4%), almost entirely from Manhattan (-18,000) and Brooklyn (-26,000), as the vote on La Guardia's other lines (Fusion, Progressive and United City) dropped from 187,000 (8.3%) to 86,000 (3.7%). The Democratic Party gained about 160,000 votes lost by La Guardia (and about 7½ % of the total). In both Queens and Richmond (Staten Island), the swing was even greater: La Guardia lost over 15% of the total vote (and the Democrats gained over 15%) from 1937, as his lead there flipped from roughly 56%-44% to 39%-60%.
| 1941 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| change in La Guardia's margin of victory, 1937-1941 | – 21,481 | – 31,205 | –116,061 | –133,684 | – 19,160 | – 321,591 | – 14.5% | |
| La Guardia's margin over Jeremiah Mahoney (1937) | + 91,989 | +105,517 | +207,869 | + 40,966 | + 7,533 | + 453,874 | + 20.3% | |
| La Guardia's margin over O'Dwyer (1941) | + 70,508 | + 74,312 | + 91,808 | – 92,718 | – 11,627 | + 132,283 | + 5.8% | |
| Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican | 188,851 | 103,420 | 242,537 | 116,359 | 17,318 | 668,485 | 29.5% |
| 35.6% | 22.9% | 30.5% | 27.1% | 30.7% | ||||
| American Labor Party American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
81,642 | 135,900 | 174,601 | 39,693 | 3,538 | 435,374 | 19.2% | |
| 15.4% | 30.1% | 21.9% | 9.3% | 6.3% | ||||
| City Fusion | 21,642 | 14,719 | 17,024 | 8,759 | 1,223 | 63,367 | 2.8% | |
| United City | 6,090 | 5,568 | 5,694 | 1,770 | 170 | 19,292 | 0.9% | |
| Total | 298,225 | 259,607 | 439,856 | 166,581 | 22,249 | 1,186,518 | 52.4% | |
| 56.2% | 57.6% | 55.2% | 38.8% | 39.4% | ||||
| | | ||||||||
| William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer William O'Dwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.-Biography:O'Dwyer was born in County Mayo, Ireland and migrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood... |
Democratic | 227,717 | 185,295 | 348,048 | 259,299 | 33,876 | 1,054,235 | 46.6% |
| 42.9% | 41.1% | 43.7% | 60.5% | 60.1% | ||||
| | | ||||||||
| George W. Hartmann | Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
4,790 | 6,005 | 8,574 | 2,973 | 274 | 22,616 | 1.0% |
| | | ||||||||
| T O T A L | 530,732 | 450,907 | 796,478 | 428,853 | 56,399 | 2,263,369 | ||
1937
| 1937 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| La Guardia's margin over Mahoney | + 91,989 | +105,517 | +207,869 | + 40,966 | + 7,533 | + 453,874 | + 20.3% | |
| Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican | 181,518 | 96,468 | 228,313 | 144,433 | 23,879 | 674,611 | 30.2% |
| 32.1% | 22.0% | 29.2% | 37.3% | 38.4% | ||||
| American Labor Party American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... |
99,735 | 138,756 | 200,783 | 40,153 | 3,363 | 482,790 | 21.6% | |
| 17.6% | 31.6% | 25.7% | 10.4% | 5.4% | ||||
| Fusion | 39,959 | 30,677 | 55,423 | 26,217 | 7,280 | 159,556 | 7.1% | |
| 7.1% | 7.0% | 7.1% | 6.8% | 11.7% | ||||
| Progressive Progressive Party (United States, 1924) The Progressive Party of 1924 was a new party created as a vehicle for Robert M. La Follette, Sr. to run for president in the 1924 election. It did not run candidates for other offices, and it disappeared after the election except in Wisconsin. Its name resembles the 1912 Progressive Party, which... |
7,783 | 6,421 | 9,997 | 3,136 | 336 | 27,673 | 1.2% | |
| 328,995 | 272,322 | 494,516 | 213,939 | 34,858 | 1,344,630 | 60.2% | ||
| 58.1% | 62.0% | 63.3% | 55.3% | 56.1% | ||||
| Jeremiah T. Mahoney | Democratic | 233,120 | 163,856 | 282,137 | 171,002 | 27,100 | 877,215 | 39.2% |
| 41.2% | 37.3% | 36.1% | 44.2% | 43.6% | ||||
| Trades Union | 2,044 | 1,378 | 2,490 | 1,014 | 122 | 7,048 | 0.3% | |
| Anti-Communist | 1,842 | 1,571 | 2,020 | 957 | 103 | 6,493 | 0.3% | |
| 237,006 | 166,805 | 286,647 | 172,973 | 27,325 | 890,756 | 39.8% | ||
| 41.9% | 38.0% | 36.7% | 44.7% | 43.9% | ||||
| 566,001 | 439,127 | 781,163 | 386,912 | 62,183 | 2,235,386 | |||
Note that the leading line in every borough, and in the City as a whole, is the Democratic line for Judge Mahoney. Running on the Republican line alone (as he did when losing the election of 1929), Mayor La Guardia would have lost every borough, but he carried all five when the American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
line was added. The ALP line did better than the Republican line in The Bronx
The Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
, although worse than the Democratic one.
1933
Joseph V. McKee
Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:...
John P. O'Brien
John Patrick O'Brien was an Irish-American politician who served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1 to December 31, 1933.-Biography:He was born on February 1, 1873 to Mary and Patrick O'Brien....
Charles Solomon (politician)
Charles "Charley" Solomon was a socialist politician from New York City, elected to the New York State Assembly in 1919 and expelled with four of his fellows on the first day of the legislative session, one week after the sensational Palmer Raids...
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
Robert Minor
Robert Berkeley "Bob" Minor was political cartoonist, a radical journalist, and a leading member of the American Communist Party.-Early life:...
While opposed by Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a New York political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society...
, McKee
Joseph V. McKee
Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:...
enjoyed the support of Democratic President (and former Governor) Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt , also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war...
, who declared neutrality when his ally Mayor La Guardia was running for reelection in #1937. (See Ed Flynn's comments about FDR's 1936 contribution to starting the American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
in the #References below.) According to Michael Tomasky
Michael Tomasky
Michael Tomasky is a liberal American columnist, journalist and author. He is the editor in chief of Democracy, a special correspondent for Newsweek / The Daily Beast, a contributing editor for The American Prospect, and a contributor to The New York Review of Books.-Biography:Tomasky was born...
, La Guardia, who had lost the #1921 Republican Mayoral primary to Manhattan Borough President
Borough president
Borough President is an elective office in each of the five boroughs of New York City.-Reasons for establishment:...
Henry Curran, did not enjoy the support of a united Republican Party when he won the party's nomination and lost the general election in #1929, but was able to win over Republican organizational support in 1933.
Collapse of the Socialist Party vote
In 1933, a year that might otherwise have favored the Socialist Party'sSocialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
chances, the New Deal
New Deal
The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were Roosevelt's responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call...
began, Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:...
died, Norman Thomas
Norman Thomas
Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:...
refused to run again for Mayor, and the Socialist vote (previously as high as one-eighth to one-fifth of the total) collapsed irretrievably from a quarter of a million to sixty thousand (one-thirtieth of the total). Many supporters of Thomas's 1929 campaign defected (some, like Paul Blanshard
Paul Blanshard
Paul Beecher Blanshard was a controversial American author, assistant editor of The Nation magazine, lawyer, socialist, secular humanist, and from 1949 an outspoken critic of Catholicism....
, also leaving the Party) to support Fiorello La Guardia. By the time of the next Mayoral election in 1937, which the Socialist Party decided by internal referendum not to contest, many reformers and trade-unionists who wanted to support major-party progressives like La Guardia (R-ALP-Fusion), Gov. Herbert Lehman (D-ALP) and Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D-ALP) from outside the two-party structure backed the American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
(ALP), the Social Democratic Federation and later the Liberal Party of New York
Liberal Party of New York
The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal...
. After a disastrous gubernatorial campaign in 1938 (where Thomas and George Hartmann won only 25,000 votes out of over 4.7 million), the Socialist Party lost its separate line on the New York ballot, allowed its members to join the ALP, and in fact encouraged them to do so. In 1939, the Socialist Harry W. Laidler
Harry W. Laidler
Harry Wellington Laidler was an American socialist functionary, writer, magazine editor, and politician. He is best remembered as Executive Director of the League for Industrial Democracy, successor to the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, and for his close political association with perennial...
, a co-founder of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society and League for Industrial Democracy
League for Industrial Democracy
The League for Industrial Democracy , from 1960-1965 known as the Students for a Democratic Society , was founded in 1905 by a group of notable socialists including Harry W. Laidler, Jack London, Norman Thomas, Upton Sinclair, and J.G. Phelps Stokes...
, was elected (with the help of proportional representation
Proportional representation
Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...
) to the New York City Council
New York City Council
The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs. The Council serves as a check against the mayor in a "strong" mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and...
on the ALP's ticket, but lost its renomination two years later because of rivalry with the Communists.
- [Although not apparent from the table below, the Communist Party's vote for other municipal offices, such as City CouncilNew York City CouncilThe New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs. The Council serves as a check against the mayor in a "strong" mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and...
and President of the Board of Aldermen, was increasing at the same time that the Socialist Party's was declining below the Communists'. But in 1936, when the foundation of the ALP coincided with world CommunismCominternThe Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern, also known as the Third International, was an international communist organization initiated in Moscow during March 1919...
's shift from independent actionThird PeriodThe Third Period is a ideological concept adopted by the Communist International at its 6th World Congress, held in Moscow in the summer of 1928....
towards the Popular FrontPopular frontA popular front is a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists. Being very broad, they can sometimes include centrist and liberal forces as well as socialist and communist groups...
, New York City Communists redirected much of their own energy towards supporting the ALP.]
| year | Social-Democratic Party Social Democratic Party (United States) The Social Democratic Party of America was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America , and was a predecessor to the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901.-Forerunners:Following the... & Socialist Party of America Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
votes | % | Socialist Labor Party | votes | % | other left, labor & reform | votes | % |
| 1897 | Lucien Sanial † | 14,467 | 2.8% | Henry George Henry George Henry George was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land... , Jefferson Dem. |
21,693 | 4.1% | |||
| 1901 | Ben Hanford [Social Dem.] | 9,834 | 1.7% | Keinard | 6,213 | 1.1% | |||
| 1903 | Forman [Social Dem.] | 16,956 | 2.9% | Hunter | 5,205 | 0.9% | |||
| 1905 | Algernon Lee Algernon Lee Algernon H. Lee was an American socialist politician and educator, best known as the Director of Education at the Rand School of Social Science for 35 years.-Early years:... |
11,817 | 2.0% | Kinneally | 2,276 | 0.4% | W.R. Hearst William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father... , Muni. Own'ship Municipal Ownership League The Municipal Ownership League was an American third party formed in 1904 by controversial newspaper magnate and Congressman William Randolph Hearst for the purpose of contesting elections in New York City.... |
224,989 | 37.2% |
| 1909 | Joseph Cassidy | 11,768 | 2.0% | Hunter | 1,256 | 0.2% | Wm R. Hearst William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father... , Civic Alliance |
154,187 | 25.9% |
| 1913 | Charles Edward Russell Charles Edward Russell Charles Edward Russell was an American journalist, politician, and a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People... |
32,057 | 5.1% | Walters | 1,647 | 0.3% | |||
| 1917 | Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... |
145,332 | 21.7% | Edmund Seidel | |||||
| 1921 | Jacob Panken Jacob Panken Jacob Panken was an American socialist politician, best remembered for his tenure as a New York municipal judge and frequent candidacies for high elected office on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... |
82,607 | 7.1% | John P. Quinn | 1,049 | 0.1% | Jerome De Hunt, Farmer-Labor | 1,008 | 0.1% |
| 1925 | Norman Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... |
39,574 | 3.5% | Brandon | 1,643 | 0.1% | Fisher, Progressive Progressive Party (United States, 1924) The Progressive Party of 1924 was a new party created as a vehicle for Robert M. La Follette, Sr. to run for president in the 1924 election. It did not run candidates for other offices, and it disappeared after the election except in Wisconsin. Its name resembles the 1912 Progressive Party, which... |
1,498 | 0.1% |
| 1929 | Norman Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... |
175,697 | 12.0% | Olive M. Johnson | 6,401 | 0.4% | Richard Edward Enright, Square Deal | 5,965 | 0.4% |
| 1932 | Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... |
251,656 | 12.6% | ||||||
| 1933 | Charles Solomon Charles Solomon (politician) Charles "Charley" Solomon was a socialist politician from New York City, elected to the New York State Assembly in 1919 and expelled with four of his fellows on the first day of the legislative session, one week after the sensational Palmer Raids... |
59,846 | 3.0% | Robert Minor Robert Minor Robert Berkeley "Bob" Minor was political cartoonist, a radical journalist, and a leading member of the American Communist Party.-Early life:... , Communist |
26,044 | 1.3% | |||
| 1937 | [no candidate] | F.H. La Guardia, ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... line only |
482,790 | 21.6% | |||||
| 1941 | George W. Hartmann | 22,616 | 1.0% | F.H. La Guardia, ALP American Labor Party The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic... line only |
435,374 | 19.2% |
[Click on the year for fuller details. ALP = American Labor Party
American Labor Party
The American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
(see commentary above). Socialist Labor Party candidates and votes not retrievable for every year from the sources used for this article. Readers are encouraged to supply any missing details.]
† In 1894 and in 1897, Lucien Sanial was the mayoral candidate of the Socialist Labor Party before both the SLP and the Social Democratic Party
Social Democratic Party (United States)
The Social Democratic Party of America was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America , and was a predecessor to the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901.-Forerunners:Following the...
each split in two. In 1901, one faction of the SLP, led by Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:...
, and one faction of the SDP, led by Eugene V. Debs
Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World , and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States...
, united to form the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
, which soon drew away many votes formerly cast for the SLP. For further details, see Hillquit's History of Socialism in the United States (1910) and Howard Quint's Forging of American Socialism (1964), both cited in the #References at the end of this article.
1932
Totals after a court-ordered recount:| Year | Candidate | Party | Total | percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 (after recount) | John P. O'Brien John P. O'Brien John Patrick O'Brien was an Irish-American politician who served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1 to December 31, 1933.-Biography:He was born on February 1, 1873 to Mary and Patrick O'Brien.... |
Democratic | ||
| Lewis H. Pounds Lewis H. Pounds Lewis Humphrey Pounds was an American businessman and politician.-Life:... |
Republican | |||
| Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
|||
| Joseph V. McKee Joseph V. McKee Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:... |
Independent/Write-in | |||
Joseph V. McKee
Joseph V. McKee
Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:...
, as the (popularly elected) President of the Board of Aldermen, became Acting Mayor upon the resignation of elected Mayor Jimmy Walker
Jimmy Walker
James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932...
on September 1, 1932. McKee's write-in total is, in fact, the highest any New York City election would ever see. For the election after the next one, voting machines which would make write-in voting much more difficult were introduced. Machines of this basic design are still being used.
Lewis Humphrey Pounds was President of the Borough of Brooklyn from June 1913 to December 1917.
This was the last of many campaigns for different offices by Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:...
, a co-founder of the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
, who died in 1933. Hillquit had won over 21% of the vote for Mayor in 1917.
- Borough returns before the recount (which did not significantly affect the outcome):
| 1932 (before recount) | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| John P. O'Brien John P. O'Brien John Patrick O'Brien was an Irish-American politician who served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1 to December 31, 1933.-Biography:He was born on February 1, 1873 to Mary and Patrick O'Brien.... |
Democratic | 308,944 | 181,639 | 358,945 | 176,070 | 30,517 | 1,056,115 | 53.2% |
| 60.8% | 52.0% | 51.0% | 47.9% | 54.3% | ||||
| Lewis H. Pounds Lewis H. Pounds Lewis Humphrey Pounds was an American businessman and politician.-Life:... |
Republican | 116,729 | 48,366 | 157,152 | 105,068 | 16,586 | 443,901 | 22.4% |
| 23.0% | 13.9% | 22.3% | 28.6% | 29.5% | ||||
| Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
40,011 | 68,980 | 113,622 | 24,981 | 2,293 | 249,887 | 12.6% |
| 7.9% | 19.8% | 16.2% | 6.8% | 4.1% | ||||
| Joseph V. McKee Joseph V. McKee Joseph V. McKee, Sr. was originally a teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, but later became a politically active Democrat and briefly served as the Mayor of New York City.-Biography:... |
Independent (write-in) | 42,299 | 50,212 | 73,431 | 61,648 | 6,782 | 234,372 | 11.8% |
| 8.3% | 14.4% | 10.4% | 16.8% | 12.1% | ||||
| T O T A L | 507,983 | 349,197 | 703,150 | 367,767 | 56,178 | 1,984,275 | ||
1929
| 1929 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Jimmy Walker Jimmy Walker James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932... |
Democratic | 232,370 | 159,948 | 283,432 | 166,188 | 25,584 | 867,522 | 59.2% |
| 63.8% | 62.9% | 57.7% | 61.7% | 57.8% | ||||
| Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican | 91,944 | 52,646 | 132,095 | 75,911 | 15,079 | 367,675 | 25.1% |
| 25.3% | 20.7% | 26.9% | 28.2% | 34.0% | ||||
| Norman Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
37,316 | 39,181 | 71,145 | 24,897 | 3,248 | 175,697 | 12.0% |
| 10.3% | 15.4% | 14.5% | 9.2% | 7.3% | ||||
| Olive M. Johnson | Socialist Labor | 1,238 | 1,577 | 2,585 | 906 | 95 | 6,401 | 0.4% |
| Richard Edward Enright | Square Deal | 1,121 | 845 | 2,361 | 1,354 | 284 | 5,965 | 0.4% |
| 363,989 | 254,197 | 491,618 | 269,256 | 44,290 | 1,423,260 | 97.2% | ||
| others | 41,429 | 2.8% | ||||||
| 1,464,689 | ||||||||
The great stock market crash hit Wall Street
Wall Street
Wall Street refers to the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, or...
on October 24–29, 1929, less than two weeks before Election Day. Richard Edward Enright was New York City Police Commissioner
New York City Police Commissioner
The New York City Police Commissioner is the head of the New York City Police Department, appointed by the Mayor of New York City. Governor Theodore Roosevelt, in one of his final acts before becoming Vice President of the United States in March 1901, signed legislation replacing the Police Board...
from 1918 to 1925.
1897 to 1925
¶ Basic numbers for the elections of 1897 to 1925 come from The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 and 1943. Percentages and borough totals calculated independently. (Because of some anomalies, not all columns and rows add precisely.) First names and informational links gathered from Wikipedia and several external sources, including the free public archive of The New York Times.1925
Mayor Hylan, an ally of the newspaper publisher William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father...
, was unseated in a venomous Democratic primary by "Gentleman" Jimmy Walker
Jimmy Walker
James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932...
, the Democratic party leader in the New York State Senate
New York State Senate
The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms. There are no limits on the number of terms one may serve...
, who had been recruited to oppose Hylan by Hearst's inveterate enemy, Democratic Governor Al Smith
Al Smith
Alfred Emanuel Smith. , known in private and public life as Al Smith, was an American statesman who was elected the 42nd Governor of New York three times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928...
. After the death of Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a New York political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society...
leader Charles F. Murphy in 1924, the regular Democratic organizations also split their allegiances, with Hylan receiving support from John McCooey, the leader in Brooklyn, and Walker from Ed Flynn of the Bronx. (Hearst had run for Mayor on third-party tickets in 1909 and 1913, while Al Smith had lost a bid for the Democratic nomination for Mayor in 1917, instead winning the Presidency of the New York City Council
New York City Council
The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs. The Council serves as a check against the mayor in a "strong" mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and...
as Hylan's running-mate.)
| 1925 General Election | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Jimmy Walker Jimmy Walker James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932... |
Democratic | 247,079 | 131,226 | 244,029 | 103,629 | 22,724 | 748,687 | 65.8% |
| 69.4% | 71.8% | 60.9% | 63.0% | |67.3% | ||||
| Frank D. Waterman | Republican | 98,617 | 39,615 | 139,060 | 58,478 | 10,794 | 346,564 | 30.5% |
| 21.7% | 34.7% | 35.6% | 32.0% | |||||
| Norman Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
9,482 | 11,133 | 16,809 | 1,943 | 207 | 39,574 | 3.5% |
| Brandon | Socialist Labor | 388 | 488 | 591 | 155 | 21 | 1,643 | 0.1% |
| Fisher | Progressive Progressive Party (United States, 1924) The Progressive Party of 1924 was a new party created as a vehicle for Robert M. La Follette, Sr. to run for president in the 1924 election. It did not run candidates for other offices, and it disappeared after the election except in Wisconsin. Its name resembles the 1912 Progressive Party, which... |
387 | 262 | 528 | 284 | 37 | 1,498 | 0.1% |
| TOTAL | 355,953 | 182,724 | 401,017 | 164,489 | 33,783 | 1,137,966 | ||
| 1925 Democratic primary | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Jimmy Walker Jimmy Walker James John Walker, often known as Jimmy Walker and colloquially as Beau James , was the mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932... |
102,835 | 45,308 | 65,671 | 28,203 | 6,321 | 248,338 | 62% |
| 79% | 68% | 52% | 47% | 34% | |||
| John Francis Hylan | 27,802 | 21,228 | 60,814 | 32,163 | 12,197 | 154,204 | 38% |
| 21% | 32% | 48% | 53% | 66% | |||
| subtotal (for Walker and Hylan only) | 130,637 | 66,536 | 126,485 | 60,366 | 18,518 | 402,542 | [100%] |
1921
| 1921 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| John Francis Hylan | Democratic | 261,452 | 118,235 | 260,143 | 87,676 | 22,741 | 750,247 | 64.2% |
| 62.9% | 67.6% | 62.1% | 69.0% | 70.8% | ||||
| Henry H. Curran | Republican - Coalition | 124,253 | 34,919 | 128,259 | 36,415 | 9,000 | 332,846 | 28.5% |
| 29.9% | 20.0% | 30.6% | 28.6% | 28.0% | ||||
| Jacob Panken Jacob Panken Jacob Panken was an American socialist politician, best remembered for his tenure as a New York municipal judge and frequent candidacies for high elected office on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
28,756 | 21,255 | 29,580 | 2,741 | 275 | 82,607 | 7.1% |
| 6.9% | 12.2% | 7.1% | 2.2% | 0.9% | ||||
| Jerome T. De Hunt | Farmer Labor | 321 | 133 | 395 | 88 | 71 | 1,008 | 0.1% |
| John P. Quinn | Socialist Labor | 316 | 244 | 346 | 123 | 20 | 1,049 | 0.1% |
| George K. Hinds | Prohibition Prohibition Party The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the oldest existing third party in the US. The party was an integral part of the temperance movement... |
375 | 120 | 390 | 111 | 14 | 1,010 | 0.1% |
| TOTAL | 415,473 | 174,906 | 419,113 | 127,154 | 32,121 | 1,168,767 | ||
Henry Curran was the Borough President
Borough president
Borough President is an elective office in each of the five boroughs of New York City.-Reasons for establishment:...
of Manhattan and heavily defeated Fiorello H. La Guardia, President of the Board of Aldermen, in the Republican primary election
Primary election
A primary election is an election in which party members or voters select candidates for a subsequent election. Primary elections are one means by which a political party nominates candidates for the next general election....
for Mayor.
1917
| 1917 | party | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| John Francis Hylan | Democratic | 113,728 | 41,546 | 114,487 | 35,399 | 8,850 | 314,010 | 46.8% |
| 46.4% | 42.9% | 46.5% | 51.7% | 58.3% | ||||
| John Purroy Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel was the mayor of New York from 1914 to 1917. At age 34 he was the second-youngest ever; he is sometimes referred to as "The Boy Mayor of New York." Mayor Mitchel is remembered for his short career as leader of Reform politics in New York, as well as for his early death as an... |
Fusion | 66,748 | 19,247 | 52,921 | 13,641 | 2,940 | 155,497 | 23.2% |
| 27.3% | 19.9% | 21.5% | 19.9% | 19.4% | ||||
| Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
51,176 | 30,374 | 48,880 | 13,477 | 1,425 | 145,332 | 21.7% |
| 20.9% | 31.4% | 19.9% | 19.7% | 9.4% | ||||
| William M. Bennett | Republican | 13,230 | 5,576 | 29,748 | 5,916 | 1,968 | 56,438 | 8.4% |
| 5.4% | 5.8% | 12.1% | 8.6% | 13.0% | ||||
| Subtotal | 244,882 | 96,743 | 246,036 | 68,433 | 15,183 | 671,277 | ||
| Edmund Seidel | Socialist Labor | 20,586 | ||||||
| others | ||||||||
| T O T A L | 691,809 |
[Others and Total from The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale, 1995), which does not exactly match the other numbers, taken from The World Almanac for 1929 & 1943.]
The Fall 1917 election would have been exciting even had it occurred in peacetime. In September, the City held its first-ever primary elections for Mayor. The sitting independent Democratic Mayor, John P. Mitchel, who had enjoyed Republican support under Fusion in 1913, narrowly lost the Republican primary to William Bennett, after mistakes and frauds led to a series of recounts. When negotiations between the parties failed, Mitchel ran alone as a Fusion candidate against Bennett, the Socialist Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:...
and John F. Hylan
John F. Hylan
John Francis Hylan , nicknamed "Red Mike", was the Mayor of New York City from 1918 to 1925.-Biography:Hylan was born in Hunter, New York a town in upstate Greene County where his family owned a farm. Hylan married young, became dissatisfied with farm life and moved to Brooklyn with his bride, and...
, the regular Democrat supported by Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a New York political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society...
and William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father...
.
However, the elections happened after the United States had declared war on April 6. Hillquit and the Socialist Party
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
quickly and vigorously opposed the war, which Mitchel vigorously supported. Hillquit's anti-war position helped the Socialists win their highest-ever vote for Mayor, but also led to vitriolic denunciations by many including The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
and former President Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...
. Mitchel and Hillquit each won less than quarter of the vote, while Hylan, who had been non-committal about the war, won the election with less than half the vote. However, as in 1897, the numbers suggest that Tammany Hall might have won even against a unified opposition.
1897 to 1913
¶ The BronxThe Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also known as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated...
and Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
, although separate Boroughs since 1898, shared New York County and reported their votes together until Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and came into its separate existence on January 1, 1914.
[ The World Almanac does not list separate returns for the two boroughs until 1917, but The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City
The Encyclopedia of New York City is a comprehensive reference book on New York City. Historian and Columbia University professor Kenneth T...
(see Sources) gives these major candidates' results for 1913:
- Manhattan: McCall 103,429 - Mitchel 131,280, and The Bronx: McCall 25,684 - Mitchel 46,944. ]
| 1913 | party | The Bronx and Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| John Purroy Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel John Purroy Mitchel was the mayor of New York from 1914 to 1917. At age 34 he was the second-youngest ever; he is sometimes referred to as "The Boy Mayor of New York." Mayor Mitchel is remembered for his short career as leader of Reform politics in New York, as well as for his early death as an... |
Fusion | 178,224 | 137,074 | 34,279 | 8,604 | 358,181 | 57.1% |
| 54.7% | 60.2% | 59.6% | 54.4% | ||||
| Edward E. McCall | Democratic | 129,113 | 77,826 | 20,097 | 6,883 | 233,919 | 37.3% |
| 39.6% | 34.2% | 35.0% | 43.3% | ||||
| Charles Edward Russell Charles Edward Russell Charles Edward Russell was an American journalist, politician, and a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
17,383 | 11,560 | 2,865 | 249 | 32,057 | 5.1% |
| Walters | Socialist Labor | 952 | 538 | 129 | 28 | 1,647 | 0.3% |
| Raymond | Prohibition Prohibition Party The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the oldest existing third party in the US. The party was an integral part of the temperance movement... |
412 | 587 | 118 | 96 | 1,213 | 0.2% |
| TOTAL | 326,084 | 227,585 | 57,488 | 15,860 | 627,017 | ||
Mayor William Jay Gaynor
William Jay Gaynor
William Jay Gaynor was an American politician from New York City, associated with the Tammany Hall political machine. He served as mayor of the City of New York from 1910 to 1913, as well as stints as a New York Supreme Court Justice from 1893 to 1909.-Early life:Gaynor was born in Oriskany, New...
, who had survived being shot in the throat by a disappointed office-seeker in 1910, died at sea from the indirect effects of his injury on September 10, 1913. He was succeeded for the rest of 1913 by Ardolph Loges Kline
Ardolph Loges Kline
Ardolph Loges Kline , was a senior officer of the New York National Guard and a Republican politician who became acting Mayor of New York City on September 10, 1913 upon the death of Mayor William Jay Gaynor, serving for the rest of the year...
, the acting President of the Board of Aldermen.
| 1909 | party | The Bronx and Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| William Jay Gaynor William Jay Gaynor William Jay Gaynor was an American politician from New York City, associated with the Tammany Hall political machine. He served as mayor of the City of New York from 1910 to 1913, as well as stints as a New York Supreme Court Justice from 1893 to 1909.-Early life:Gaynor was born in Oriskany, New... |
Democratic | 134,075 | 91,666 | 17,570 | 7,067 | 250,378 | 42.1% |
| 42.5% | 41.9% | 38.4% | 47.1% | ||||
| William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father... |
Civic Alliance | 87,155 | 49,040 | 15,186 | 2,806 | 154,187 | 25.9% |
| 27.6% | 22.4% | 33.2% | 18.7% | ||||
| Otto T. Bannard | Republican - Fusion | 86,497 | 73,860 | 11,907 | 5,049 | 177,313 | 29.8% |
| 27.4% | 33.8% | 26.0% | 33.6% | ||||
| Joseph Cassidy | Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
6,811 | 3,874 | 1,004 | 79 | 11,768 | 2.0% |
| James T. Hunter | Socialist Labor | 813 | 369 | 56 | 18 | 1,256 | 0.2% |
| TOTAL | 315,351 | 218,809 | 45,723 | 15,019 | 594,902 | ||
| 1905 | party | The Bronx and Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| George B. McClellan, Jr. George B. McClellan, Jr. George Brinton McClellan, Jr., was an American politician, statesman, and educator. The son of American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B... |
Democratic | 140,264 | 68,788 | 13,228 | 6,127 | 228,407 | 37.8% |
| 41.6% | 31.4% | 37.6% | 44.1% | ||||
| William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst was an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father... |
Municipal Ownership League Municipal Ownership League The Municipal Ownership League was an American third party formed in 1904 by controversial newspaper magnate and Congressman William Randolph Hearst for the purpose of contesting elections in New York City.... |
123,292 | 84,835 | 13,766 | 3,096 | 224,989 | 37.2% |
| 36.6% | 38.8% | 39.2% | 22.3% | ||||
| William M. Ivins, Sr. | Republican Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S... |
64,280 | 61,192 | 7,213 | 4,499 | 137,184 | 22.7% |
| 19.1% | 28.0% | 20.5% | 32.4% | ||||
| Algernon Lee Algernon Lee Algernon H. Lee was an American socialist politician and educator, best known as the Director of Education at the Rand School of Social Science for 35 years.-Early years:... |
Socialist Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
7,466 | 3,387 | 847 | 117 | 11,817 | 2.0% |
| Kinneally | Socialist Labor | 1,485 | 657 | 95 | 39 | 2,276 | 0.4% |
| TOTAL | 336,787 | 218,859 | 35,149 | 13,878 | 604,673 | ||
| 1903 | party | The Bronx and Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| George B. McClellan, Jr. George B. McClellan, Jr. George Brinton McClellan, Jr., was an American politician, statesman, and educator. The son of American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B... |
Democratic | 188,681 | 102,569 | 17,074 | 6,458 | 314,782 | 53.4% |
| 56.1% | 48.8% | 56.5% | 48.1% | ||||
| Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... |
Fusion | 132,178 | 101,251 | 11,960 | 6,697 | 252,086 | 42.7% |
| 39.3% | 48.2% | 39.6% | 49.9% | ||||
| Forman | Social Democratic Social Democratic Party (United States) The Social Democratic Party of America was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America , and was a predecessor to the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901.-Forerunners:Following the... |
11,318 | 4,529 | 976 | 133 | 16,956 | 2.9% |
| James T. Hunter | Socialist Labor | 3,540 | 1,411 | 178 | 76 | 5,205 | 0.9% |
| John McKee | Prohibition Prohibition Party The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the oldest existing third party in the US. The party was an integral part of the temperance movement... |
376 | 396 | 47 | 50 | 869 | 0.1% |
| TOTAL | 336,093 | 210,156 | 30,235 | 13,414 | 589,898 | ||
| 1901 | party | The Bronx and Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Edward M. Shepard Edward M. Shepard Edward Morse Shepard was an American lawyer and politician from New York.-Life:... |
Democratic | 156,631 | 88,858 | 13,679 | 6,009 | 265,177 | 45.8% |
| 47.4% | 42.7% | 49.4% | 46.1% | ||||
| Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... |
Fusion | 162,298 | 114,625 | 13,118 | 6,772 | 296,813 | 51.2% |
| 49.1% | 55.0% | 47.4% | 51.9% | ||||
| Benjamin Hanford Benjamin Hanford Benjamin Hanford was an American politician during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He made two unsuccessful runs for the post of Vice President of the United States, as Eugene Debs' running mate as a candidate of the Social Democratic Party, in 1904 and 1908.-Early life:Benjamin Hanford... |
Social Democratic Social Democratic Party (United States) The Social Democratic Party of America was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America , and was a predecessor to the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901.-Forerunners:Following the... |
6,409 | 2,692 | 613 | 120 | 9,834 | 1.7% |
| Keinard | Socialist Labor | 4,323 | 1,638 | 181 | 71 | 6,213 | 1.1% |
| Alfred L. Manierre | Prohibition Prohibition Party The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the oldest existing third party in the US. The party was an integral part of the temperance movement... |
617 | 501 | 74 | 72 | 1,264 | 0.2% |
| TOTAL | 330,278 | 208,314 | 27,665 | 13,044 | 579,301 | ||
| 1897 | party | The Bronx and Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total | % |
| Robert A. Van Wyck | Democratic | 143,666 | 76,185 | 9,275 | 4,871 | 233,997 | 44.7% |
| 48.0% | 40.1% | 40.7% | 43.5% | ||||
| Seth Low Seth Low Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City... |
Citizens' Union Citizens Union Citizens Union is one of the United States' first good government groups. Founded in 1897 as a political party, the group was reconstituted in 1908 as a non-partisan member organization with the broad mission of serving "as a watchdog for the public interest and an advocate for the common... |
77,210 | 65,656 | 5,876 | 2,798 | 151,540 | 28.9% |
| 25.8% | 34.6% | 25.8% | 25.0% | ||||
| Benjamin F. Tracy | Republican | 55,834 | 37,611 | 5,639 | 2,779 | 101,863 | 19.5% |
| 18.6% | 19.8% | 24.7% | 24.8% | ||||
| † Henry George Henry George Henry George was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land... |
Jefferson Democracy | 13,076 | 6,938 | 1,096 | 583 | 21,693 | 4.1% |
| Lucien Sanial | Socialist Labor | 9,796 | 3,593 | 921 | 157 | 14,467 | 2.8% |
| TOTAL | 299,582 | 189,983 | 22,807 | 11,188 | 523,560 | ||
The election of 1897 was held just before the Five Boroughs formally consolidated
History of New York City (1898-1945)
The history of New York City began with the formation of the consolidated city of the five boroughs in 1898. New transportation links, most notably the New York City Subway, first opened 1904, helped bind the new city together. Increased European immigration brought social upheaval...
into Greater New York
City of Greater New York
The City of Greater New York was a term commonly used originally to refer to the expanded city created on January 1, 1898 by the incorporation into the city of Richmond County, Kings County, Queens County, and the eastern part of what is now called The Bronx...
in 1898, so it was the present City's first Mayoral election. For preliminary results for all the municipal offices, broken down into smaller districts, see "DEMOCRATS TAKE ALL; The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City. ONLY TWO REPUBLICANS IN THE COUNCIL..." in The New-York Times, November 4, 1897 (seen April 11, 2008).
† Henry George
Henry George
Henry George was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land...
, author of Progress and Poverty and proponent of the Single Tax on land, died (probably from the strain of campaign speeches) on October 29, four days before Election Day; his son was nominated to take his place representing "The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson".
[In 1886, George had been the United Labor Party's candidate for Mayor of the smaller City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
, winning 68,110 votes to 90,552 for the Democrat Abram Hewitt and 60,435 for the Republican Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...
, although George's supporters maintained that he had lost the election through fraud.]
For Lucien Sanial, see the table notes under #Collapse of the Socialist Party vote above (1933) and ALL THEY NEED IS VOTES; THREE CANDIDATES FOR MAYOR WHO WOULD MAKE A STIR. in The New-York Times for Wednesday, November 4, 1894, page 19.
It appears from the percentages to be an open question whether the Republican Party's decision in 1897 not to support Seth Low
Seth Low
Seth Low , born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and political figure who served as mayor of Brooklyn, as President of Columbia University, as diplomatic representative of the United States, and as Mayor of New York City...
's Fusion campaign caused his defeat by splitting the vote against Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a New York political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society...
. Republicans withdrew in Low's favor in 1901 (when he won) and in 1903 (when he lost).
Sources
Many sources have been consulted and compared, but the most important ones are these:- [2001-2009] The Board of Elections in the City of New York http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html
- [1997] Cable News Network (CNN) http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/election97/results.html
- [1834-1993] The Encyclopedia of New York CityThe Encyclopedia of New York CityThe Encyclopedia of New York City is a comprehensive reference book on New York City. Historian and Columbia University professor Kenneth T...
, edited by Kenneth T. JacksonKenneth T. JacksonKenneth Terry Jackson is a professor of history and social sciences at Columbia University. A frequent television guest, he is best known as an urban historian and a preeminent authority on New York City, where he lives on the Upper West Side....
(Yale University PressYale University PressYale University Press is a book publisher founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remains financially and operationally autonomous....
and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, ConnecticutNew Haven, ConnecticutNew Haven is the second-largest city in Connecticut and the sixth-largest in New England. According to the 2010 Census, New Haven's population increased by 5.0% between 2000 and 2010, a rate higher than that of the State of Connecticut, and higher than that of the state's five largest cities, and...
, 1995, ISBN 0-500-05536-6 ), especially the article "Mayoralty" by Charles W. Brecher with tables compiled by James Bradley
- [1929-1973] The New York Chronology by James Trager (HarperCollinsHarperCollinsHarperCollins is a publishing company owned by News Corporation. It is the combination of the publishers William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd, a British company, and Harper & Row, an American company, itself the result of an earlier merger of Harper & Brothers and Row, Peterson & Company. The worldwide...
, 2003, ISBN 0-06-074062-0 ) More details and preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=xvGhQoNT27IC
- [1950-1953] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1957, page 299
- [1909-1941] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 412
- [1897-1925] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1929 (1971 reprint by American HeritageAmerican Heritage (magazine)American Heritage is a quarterly magazine dedicated to covering the history of the United States for a mainstream readership. Until 2007, the magazine was published by Forbes. Since that time, Edwin S...
and Workman Publishing, ISBN 0-07-071881-4), page 893
- [1867-1923 and later] The New York TimesThe New York TimesThe New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
archives
See also
- Mayor of New York CityMayor of New York CityThe Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York City's government. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.The budget overseen by the...
- List of mayors of New York City
- History of New York CityHistory of New York CityThe history of New York, New York begins with the first European documentation of the area by Giovanni da Verrazzano, in command of the French ship, La Dauphine, when he visited the region in 1524. It is believed he sailed in Upper New York Bay where he encountered native Lenape, returned through...
- Government of New York CityGovernment of New York CityThe government of New York City is organized under the City Charter and provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S...
- Politics of New YorkPolitics of New YorkThe Politics of New York State tend to be more liberal than in most of the United States, with in recent decades a solid majority of Democratic voters, concentrated in New York City and some of its suburbs, and in the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Albany...
(State) - Elections in New YorkElections in New YorkUnlike in most states, New York electoral law permits electoral fusion. As a result, New York ballots tend to list a large number of political parties...
(State) - Tammany HallTammany HallTammany Hall, also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order, was a New York political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society...
- American Labor PartyAmerican Labor PartyThe American Labor Party was a political party in the United States established in 1936 which was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party who had established themselves as the Social Democratic...
- Liberal Party of New YorkLiberal Party of New YorkThe Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a standard set of social liberal policies: it supports right to abortion, increased spending on education, and universal health care.As of 2007, the Liberal...
- Conservative Party of New YorkConservative Party of New YorkThe Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party active in the state of New York. It is not part of any nationwide party, nor is it affiliated with the American Conservative Party, which it predates by over 40 years....
- Independence Party of New YorkIndependence Party of New YorkThe Independence Party is an affiliate in the U.S. state of New York of the Independence Party of America. The party was founded in 1991 by Dr. Gordon Black, Tom Golisano, and Laureen Oliver from Rochester, New York, and acquired ballot status in 1994...
- Working Families PartyWorking Families PartyThe Working Families Party is a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998. There are "sister" parties to the New York WFP in Connecticut, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Oregon, but there is as yet no national WFP...
- Green Party of New YorkGreen Party of New YorkThe Green Party of New York is a ballot-qualified political party in New York, which was founded in 1992. It is a part of the national Green Party movement...
- Libertarian Party of New YorkLibertarian Party of New YorkThe Libertarian Party of New York is a political party in the United States active in the state of New York. It is the recognized affiliate of the national Libertarian Party....
- New York City: the 51st StateNew York City: the 51st StateNew York City: the 51st State was the platform of the Norman Mailer-Jimmy Breslin candidacy in the 1969 New York City Democratic Mayoral Primary election...