The endemic flora of Trinidad and Tobago includes a total of 59 species of vascular plant

Vascular plant

Vascular plants are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, Equisetum, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms...

s belonging to 34 plant families

Family (biology)

In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...

. This is less than 3% of the total vascular plant flora

Flora

Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna.-Etymology:...

 of Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles...

. Thirty-nine of these species are endemic to Trinidad

Trinidad

Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands and numerous landforms which make up the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. It is the southernmost island in the Caribbean and lies just off the northeastern coast of Venezuela. With an area of it is also the fifth largest in...

, 12 are Tobago

Tobago

Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located in the southern Caribbean, northeast of the island of Trinidad and southeast of Grenada. The island lies outside the hurricane belt...

nian endemics, and six are present on both islands.

Island systems tend to be rich centres of endemism as a result of their isolation. The islands of the Greater Antilles

Greater Antilles

The Greater Antilles are one of three island groups in the Caribbean. Comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola , and Puerto Rico, the Greater Antilles constitute almost 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies.-Greater Antilles in context :The islands of the Caribbean Sea, collectively known as...

 have rates of endemism which range from 12-50% of their flora. Trinidad and Tobago has a far lower rate of endemism, probably as a result of its geological history. The islands of Trinidad and Tobago lie on the South America

South America

South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...

n continental shelf

Continental shelf

The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain. Much of the shelf was exposed during glacial periods, but is now submerged under relatively shallow seas and gulfs, and was similarly submerged during other interglacial periods. The continental margin,...

, and were both connected to the mainland during the Pleistocene

Pleistocene

The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....

. Tobago was separated from the mainland about 13,000 years ago; Trinidad was connected until more recently, and may only have become separated about 1,500 years ago.

The flora of Trinidad and Tobago has been estimated to include about 2,500 vascular plant species. Although historically as many as 222 species were thought to be endemic, a study by Veerle Van den Eynden and colleagues at the University of the West Indies

University of the West Indies

The University of the West Indies , is an autonomous regional institution supported by and serving 17 English-speaking countries and territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica,...

 found that only 59 of these species could validly be considered endemic, including eight species which they were unable to positively confirm as either endemic or non-endemic.

Conservation status of endemic species

Trinidad and Tobago is a small (5,126 km²), densely populated country. In addition, most endemic species are known from a relatively small number of localities—only eight of the 59 species are known from 5 or more localities. In addition to this, 22 of these species have not been collected since 1958, and one that was last collected between 1786 and 1791. Using the IUCN Red List

IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , founded in 1963, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species...

 criteria, 18 species have been classified as critically endangered

Critically endangered

Version 2010.3 of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 3744 Critically Endangered species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and subpopulations.Critically Endangered by kingdom:*1993 Animalia*2 Fungi*1745 Plantae*4 Protista-References:...

, 16 as endangered, 15 as vulnerable

Vulnerable species

On 30 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 9694 Vulnerable species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations.-References:...

, three as near threatened

Near Threatened

Near Threatened is a conservation status assigned to species or lower taxa that may be considered threatened with extinction in the near future, although it does not currently qualify for the threatened status...

 and three as data deficient

Data Deficient

Data Deficient is a category applied by the IUCN, other agencies, and individuals to a species when the available information is not sufficient for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made...

. Only four endemic plant species were classified as being of least concern

Least Concern

Least Concern is an IUCN category assigned to extant taxon or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category. As such they do not qualify as threatened, Near Threatened, or Conservation Dependent...

.

Concentrations of endemic species

Three areas in Trinidad and Tobago support relatively large numbers of endemic species—ridge-tops in the Northern Range

Northern Range

The Northern Range is the range of tall hills across the northern portion of Trinidad, the major island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The hills rise abruptly from the lowlands of northern Trinidad , but only the two tallest peaks, El Cerro del Aripo and El Tucuche top 900 m...

, and savanna

Savanna

A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses.Some...

s in Trinidad, and the Main Ridge in Tobago.

List of endemic species

Family	Species	Trinidad	Tobago	Conservation status
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae The family Acanthaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species....	Dicliptera aripoensis Dicliptera aripoensis Dicliptera aripoensis is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae which is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. The species is only known from the Heights of Aripo, in Trinidad's Northern Range... (Britton Nathaniel Lord Britton Nathaniel Lord Britton was an American botanist and taxonomist who founded the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, New York. Britton was born in New Dorp in Staten Island, New York... ) Leonard Emery Clarence Leonard Emery Clarence Leonard was an American botanist known for his work on the Acanthaceae plant family and on the flora of Haiti.-References:...	X		CR
Acanthaceae	Justicia flaviflora Justicia flaviflora Justicia flaviflora is a species of herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae. The species is endemic to the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Specifically, it is only known from several locations in the Heights of Aripo, one of the highest points in Trinidad's... (Turrill William Bertram Turrill William Bertram Turrill OBE was an English botanist.He was born in Woodstock, Oxfordshire to William Banbury and Thirza Mary Turrill and educated at the Woodstock National School... ) Wassh.	X		CR
Acanthaceae	Justicia tobagensis Justicia tobagensis Justicia tobagensis is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae which is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. The species is only known from two areas in the Main Ridge of Tobago... (Urb. Ignatz Urban Ignatz Urban was a German botanist. He is known for his contributions to the flora of the Caribbean and Brazil, and for his work as curator of the Berlin Botanical Garden. Born the son of a brewer, Urban showed an interest in botany as an undergraduate... ) Wassh.		X	VU
Acanthaceae	Odontonema brevipes Odontonema brevipes Odontonema brevipes is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae which is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. The species is only known from four localities in the Main Ridge of Tobago... Urb.		X	VU
Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae, also called the custard apple familyis a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely lianas.With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,...	Duguetia tobagensis Duguetia tobagensis Duguetia tobagensis is a small tree in the plant family Annonaceae which is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. The species is only known from Tobago.-Description:... (Urb.) R.E.Fr. Robert Elias Fries Robert Elias Fries , the youngest son of Thore M. Fries and grandson of Elias Magnus Friesand an expert on mushrooms...		X	VU
Apocynaceae Apocynaceae The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas.Many species are tall trees found in tropical rainforests, and most are from the tropics and subtropics, but some grow in tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also perennial herbs...	Cynanchum freemani (N.E.Br.) Woodson Robert Everard Woodson -References:...	X		EN
Apocynaceae	Gonolobus tobagensis Urb.	X	X	NT
Araceae Araceae Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially...	Philodendron simmondsii Mayo	X		EN
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochiaceae The Aristolochiaceae, or the Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with 7 genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales...	Aristolochia boosii Aristolochia boosii Aristolochia boosii is a species of woody vine in the Aristolochiaceae plant family which is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. Known only from a few locations in southern Trinidad, the species was first collected by Julius Boos in 1977... Panter	X		EN
Asteraceae Asteraceae The Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...	Mikania broadwayi B.L.Rob. Benjamin Lincoln Robinson Benjamin Lincoln Robinson was an American botanist.-External links:*...	X		CR
Begoniaceae Begoniaceae Begoniaceae is a family of flowering plants with about 1400 species occurring in the subtropics and tropics of both the New World and Old World. All but one of the species are in the genus Begonia. The only other genus in the family, Hillebrandia, is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and has a single...	Begonia eciliata O.E.Schulz. Otto Eugen Schulz Otto Eugen Schulz was a German botanist, born in Berlin. He published important systematic treatments of the families Brassicaceae and Erythroxylaceae, and he is the authority for many species in these families. The standard abbreviation used for species for which he is the authority is O. E....	X		CR
Begoniaceae	Begonia mariannensis Wassh. & McClellan	X		VU
Bromeliaceae Bromeliaceae Bromeliaceae is a family of monocot flowering plants of around 3,170 species native mainly to the tropical Americas, with a few species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, Pitcairnia feliciana...	Aechmea downsiana Pittendr.	X		CR
Bromeliaceae	Werauhia broadwayi (L.B.Sm. Lyman Bradford Smith Lyman Bradford Smith was an American botanist. His formal botanical author abbreviation is L.B.Sm.... ) J.R.Grant	X	X	NT
Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants, consisting of about a hundred species of herbaceous plants in roughly a dozen genera. Often they are quite remarkable plants, more often red than green, without much leaf area and not growing very big in any way.The APG II system,...	Marthella trinitatis (Johow) Urb.	X		CR
Celastraceae Celastraceae The Celastraceae , is a family of about 90-100 genera and 1,300 species of vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales...	Maytenus monticola Sandwith	X	X	LC
Celastraceae	Maytenus reflexa Urb.	X		DD
Clusiaceae Clusiaceae The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. is a family of plants formerly including about 37 genera and 1610 species of trees and shrubs, often with milky sap and fruits or capsules for seeds. It is primarily tropical...	Clusia aripoensis Britton	X		EN
Clusiaceae	Clusia intertexta Britton	X		CR
Clusiaceae	Clusia tocuchensis Britton	X		EN
Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of various squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, pumpkins, luffas, and watermelons...	Sicana trinitensis Cheesman	X		EN
Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthaceae is a family of flowering plants.-Classification:The APG system and the APG II system assign it to the order Pandanales in the clade monocots...	Dicranopygium insulare (Gleason Henry Gleason Henry Allan Gleason was a noted American ecologist, botanist, and taxonomist, most recognized for his endorsement of the individualistic/open community concept of ecological succession.- Life and work :... ) Harling		X	VU
Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae are a family of monocotyledonous graminoid flowering plants known as sedges, which superficially resemble grasses or rushes. The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. These species are widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group...	Rhynchospora aripoensis Britton	X		CR
Cyperaceae	Rhynchospora ebracteata (Standl. Paul Carpenter Standley Paul Carpenter Standley was an American botanist.Standley was born in Avalon, Missouri... ) H.Pfeiff.		X	VU
Cyperaceae	Rhynchospora ierensis C.Adams	X		EN
Cyperaceae	Scleria orchardii C.Adams	X		CR
Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulaceae The Eriocaulaceae or pipewort family is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales. The family is large, with about 1,150-1,200 species described in ten genera. The family is widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group occurring in tropical regions,...	Eriocaulon caesium Griseb. August Grisebach August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach was a German botanist and phytogeographer. Born in Hannover on April 17, 1814, he died at Göttingen on May 9, 1879.- Biography :...	X		CR
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae, the Spurge family are a large family of flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7,500 species. Most are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are also shrubs or trees. Some are succulent and resemble cacti....	Acalypha grisebachiana (Kuntze Otto Kuntze Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze was a German botanist.-Biography:Otto Kuntze was born in Leipzig.An apothecary in his early career, he published an essay entitled Pocket Fauna of Leipzig. Between 1863 and... ) Pax Ferdinand Albin Pax Ferdinand Albin Pax was a German botanist and entomologist. He specialised in Lepidoptera, Diptera, as well as in spermatophytes, describing several species....  & K.Hoffm. Käthe Hoffmann Käthe Hoffmann was a German botanist who discovered and catalogued many plant species in New Guinea and South East Asia including Annesijoa novoguineensis.-References:...	X		CR
Euphorbiaceae	Croton aripoensis Philcox	X		CR
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus acacioides Urb.		X	VU
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus mimicus G.L.Webster		X	CR
Fabaceae Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, is a large and economically important family of flowering plants. The group is the third largest land plant family, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with 730 genera and over 19,400 species...	Macrolobium trinitense Urb.	X		EN
Flacourtiaceae Flacourtiaceae Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various other families, mostly to Achariaceae, Samydaceae, and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it became a dumping ground for odd and anomalous...	Xylosma sanctae-annae Sleumer Hermann Otto Sleumer Hermann Otto Sleumer was a Dutch botanist of German birth. The plant genera Sleumerodendron Virot and Sleumeria Utteridge, Nagam. & Teo , are named for him....	X	X	EN
Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of ca. 150 genera and ca. 3,200 species in the Old World and New World tropics and subtropics, with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.Most...	Besleria seitzii Krug & Urb.		X	VU
Gesneriaceae	Besleria strigillosa Urb.	?	?	DD
Lauraceae Lauraceae The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 3500, perhaps as many as 4000, species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America...	Ocotea trinidadensis Kosterm. André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans Dr. André Joseph Guillaume Henri 'Doc' Kostermans was a botanist. He was born in Purworejo, Java, Dutch East Indies, and educated at Utrecht University, taking his doctoral degree in 1936 with a paper on Surinamese Lauraceae.He spent most of his professional life studying the plants of...	X		VU
Loranthaceae Loranthaceae Loranthaceae is a family of flowering plants, which has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemi-parasites, all of them except three having the mistletoe habit...	Phoradendron hartii Krug & Urb.	X		EN
Marcgraviaceae Marcgraviaceae Marcgraviaceae is a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales.The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes and lianas with alternate, pinnately-nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accompanied by modified, fleshy saccate bracts which produce nectar....	Marcgravia elegans Krug & Urb.	X		EN
Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae, or the Myrsine family, is a rather large family from the order Ericales. It consists of 35 genera and about 1000 species....	Cybianthus cruegeri Mez Carl Christian Mez Carl Christian Mez was a German botanist and university professor. He is denoted by the author abbreviation Mez when citing a botanical name.-Life and work:...	X		EN
Myrsinaceae	Cybianthus pittieri Agostini		X	VU
Myrtaceae Myrtaceae The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five...	Eugenia cruegeri Krug & Urb. ex Urb.	X	X	LC
Orchidaceae Orchidaceae The Orchidaceae, commonly referred to as the orchid family, is a morphologically diverse and widespread family of monocots in the order Asparagales. Along with the Asteraceae, it is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, with between 21,950 and 26,049 currently accepted species,...	Cochleanthes trinitatis (Ames Oakes Ames (botanist) Oakes Ames was an American botanist specializing in orchids. His estate is now the Borderland State Park in Massachusetts.... ) R.E.Schult. Richard Evans Schultes Richard Evans Schultes may be considered the father of modern ethnobotany, for his studies of indigenous peoples' uses of plants, including especially entheogenic or hallucinogenic plants , for his lifelong collaborations with chemists, and...  & Garay	X		EN
Orchidaceae	Epidendrum fusiforme (Lindl. John Lindley John Lindley FRS was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.-Early years:Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden... ) Rchb.f. Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach was an ornithologist, botanist and the foremost German orchidologist of the 19th century...	X		VU
Orchidaceae	Epidendrum hombersleyi Summerh.	X		VU
Orchidaceae	Epidendrum lanceolatum Bradford Edward Bradford Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, 1st Baronet, GCB, GCVO, KCSI, ADC was a British Indian Army officer who later served as Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police, from 1890 to 1903.... ex Griseb.	X		CR
Orchidaceae	Maxillaria broadwayi (Cogn.) R.E.Schult.		X	CR
Orchidaceae	Microchilus schultesianus (Garay) Ormerod Paul Ormerod Paul Ormerod is a Lancastrian economist who is currently researching complexity, complex systems, nonlinear feedback, the boom and bust cycle of business and economic competition...	X		EN
Poaceae Poaceae The Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges...	Neurolepis virgata (Griseb.) Pilg. Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger was a German botanist, who specialised in the study of conifers.The genera Pilgerodendron Florin and Pilgerochloa Eig are named in his honour.Selected bibliography...	X		CR
Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae is a large family of mainly Southern Hemisphere conifers, comprising about 156 species of evergreen trees and shrubs. It contains 19 genera if Phyllocladus is included and if Manoao and Sundacarpus are recognized....	Podocarpus trinitensis Podocarpus trinitensis Podocarpus trinitensis is a species of conifer in the Podocarpaceae family. It is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago, where it has only been recorded from the island of Trinidad... J.Buchholz John Theodore Buchholz John Theodore Buchholz was an American botanist, specialising in gymnosperms.Selected bibliography*Polyembryony among Abietineae. Bot. Gaz. 69: 153-167 ....  & N.E.Gray	X		LC
Polygalaceae Polygalaceae The Polygalaceae or Milkwort family is a family of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 17 genera and 900–1,000 species of herbs, shrubs and trees...	Polygala exserta S.F.Blake	X		CR
Polygalaceae	Securidaca lophosoma (S.F.Blake) Cheesman	X		VU
Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae is a family of flowering plants known informally as the "knotweed family" or "smartweed family"— "buckwheat family" in the United States. The name is based on the genus Polygonum and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, Genera Plantarum. The name refers...	Coccoloba nigrescens Lindau Gustav Lindau Gustav Lindau , was a German mycologist and botanist.- Biography :Gustav Lindau studied natural history in Heidelberg and Berlin, where he studied under Simon Schwendener . He completed his doctoral thesis on the apothecia of lichens in1888...	X		VU
Proteaceae Proteaceae Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...	Roupala tobagensis Sleumer Hermann Otto Sleumer Hermann Otto Sleumer was a Dutch botanist of German birth. The plant genera Sleumerodendron Virot and Sleumeria Utteridge, Nagam. & Teo , are named for him....		X	CR
Rubiaceae Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, variously called the coffee family, madder family, or bedstraw family. The group contains many commonly known plants, including the economically important coffee , quinine , and gambier , and the horticulturally valuable madder , west indian jasmine ,...	Psychotria rufidula Standl.	X		EN
Rubiaceae	Rondeletia hispidula (Griseb.) K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann Karl Moritz Schumann was a German botanist.Dr. Schumann was the curator of the Botanisches Museumin Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894...	X		EN
Rubiaceae	Rondeletia rohrii R.O.Williams & Cheesman	?	?	DD
Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica . Urticaceae includes a number of well-known and useful plants, including the aforementioned nettles, Ramie , māmaki , and ajlai .The family includes approximately 2600 species, grouped...	Pilea tobagensis Urb.		X	VU
Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae, commonly known as the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that...	Aegiphila obovata Andrews Henry Charles Andrews Henry Charles Andrews , was an English botanist, botanical artist and engraver.He lived in Knightsbridge and was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who assisted Andrews in the descriptions of the plants he illustrated.He was an accomplished and unusual botanical...	X	X	NT
Xyridaceae Xyridaceae Xyridaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the Yellow-eyed-grass Family....	Xyris grisebachii Malme	X		CR