Ernest William Goodpasture
Encyclopedia
Dr. Ernest William Goodpasture (October 17, 1886 – September 20, 1960) was an American
pathologist and physician
. Goodpasture advanced the scientific understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, parasitism, and a variety of rickettsia
l and viral
infections. Together with colleagues at Vanderbilt University
, he invented methods for growing viruses and rickettsiae in chicken
embryos and fertilized chicken eggs
. This enabled the development of vaccines against influenza
, chicken pox, smallpox
, yellow fever
, typhus
, Rocky mountain spotted fever
and other diseases. He also described Goodpasture's syndrome
(see below).
from Vanderbilt University in 1908. In 1912, Goodpasture graduated from Johns Hopkins Medical School
with an M.D. degree. It was there, under professors William H. Welch
and George H. Whipple, that he was subsequently appointed a Rockefeller Fellow in pathology
; he held this position from 1912-1915. Thereafter, Goodpasture joined the faculty of Harvard Medical School
, as an attending pathologist at the Penter Bent Brigham Hospital
and assistant professor of pathology in Boston
. During that time, Dr. Goodpasture took a 2-year leave of absence to serve during World War I as a medical officer in the United States Navy
. In 1919, he undertook a pathological study of the then-ongoing influenza pandemic. In doing so, he identified a patient whose infection was followed by a peculiar illness that featured hemoptysis and acute glomerulonephritis. That condition-- now known as Goodpasture's syndrome
-- is currently recognized as an immunologically-mediated disease caused by autoantibodies that bind to pulmonary-alveolar as well as glomerular-capillary basement membranes . After leaving Harvard in 1921, Goodpasture worked at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine
in Manila. From 1922-1924 he was the director of William H. Singer Memorial Laboratories in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
. In 1924 Goodpasture was invited to return to Vanderbilt as professor and chairman of the Department of Pathology, the School of Medicine having been recently reorganized. He accepted, and held that position until 1955. Goodpasture also was the Dean of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine from 1945 to 1950. After retirement from the latter institution in 1955, he was invited to serve as director of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
(AFIP) in Washington, D.C. He did so through 1959, helping to reorganize and expand the Institute's scientific mission.
As mentioned above, Dr. Goodpasture's scientific research principally concerned infectious diseases, such as the neural spread of herpes viruses, identification of the mumps
virus, development of antiviral vaccines, and studies of rickettsial, fungal, and protozoan human diseases. He was a dedicated and patient teacher for medical students, graduate students, and house officers in pathology.
, the National Academy of Science, the American Philosophical Society, the Trustees of Vanderbilt University, the Advisory Committee on Biology & Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission
, and the National Research Council
. Goodpasture received honorary doctorates from Yale University
, Washington University, the University of Chicago
, and Tulane University
.
(heart attack) in September 1960.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
pathologist and physician
Physician
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
. Goodpasture advanced the scientific understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, parasitism, and a variety of rickettsia
Rickettsia
Rickettsia is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can present as cocci , rods or thread-like . Being obligate intracellular parasites, the Rickettsia survival depends on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells...
l and viral
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...
infections. Together with colleagues at Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University is a private research university located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1873, the university is named for shipping and rail magnate "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided Vanderbilt its initial $1 million endowment despite having never been to the...
, he invented methods for growing viruses and rickettsiae in chicken
Chicken
The chicken is a domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the Red Junglefowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, and with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of bird...
embryos and fertilized chicken eggs
Egg (biology)
An egg is an organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop. In most birds, reptiles, insects, molluscs, fish, and monotremes, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum, which is expelled from the body and permitted to develop outside the body until the developing...
. This enabled the development of vaccines against influenza
Influenza
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals...
, chicken pox, smallpox
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"...
, yellow fever
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family....
, typhus
Typhus
Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters...
, Rocky mountain spotted fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the most lethal and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States. It has been diagnosed throughout the Americas. Some synonyms for Rocky Mountain spotted fever in other countries include “tick typhus,” “Tobia fever” , “São Paulo fever” or “febre...
and other diseases. He also described Goodpasture's syndrome
Goodpasture's syndrome
Goodpasture’s syndrome is a rare disease characterized by glomerulonephritis and hemorrhaging of the lungs...
(see below).
Education & professional career
Goodpasture was born in Clarksville, TN in 1886. He received his B.A.Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
from Vanderbilt University in 1908. In 1912, Goodpasture graduated from Johns Hopkins Medical School
Johns Hopkins University
The Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States...
with an M.D. degree. It was there, under professors William H. Welch
William H. Welch
William Henry Welch, M.D. was an American physician, pathologist, and medical school administrator. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital. William Henry Welch, M.D. (April 8, 1850 - April 30, 1934) was an American physician, pathologist, and medical school...
and George H. Whipple, that he was subsequently appointed a Rockefeller Fellow in pathology
Pathology
Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling....
; he held this position from 1912-1915. Thereafter, Goodpasture joined the faculty of Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts....
, as an attending pathologist at the Penter Bent Brigham Hospital
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Brigham and Women's Hospital is the largest hospital of the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, Massachusetts. It is directly adjacent to Harvard Medical School of which it is the second largest teaching affiliate with 793 beds...
and assistant professor of pathology in Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
. During that time, Dr. Goodpasture took a 2-year leave of absence to serve during World War I as a medical officer in the United States Navy
United States Navy
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world; its battle fleet tonnage is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined. The U.S...
. In 1919, he undertook a pathological study of the then-ongoing influenza pandemic. In doing so, he identified a patient whose infection was followed by a peculiar illness that featured hemoptysis and acute glomerulonephritis. That condition-- now known as Goodpasture's syndrome
Goodpasture's syndrome
Goodpasture’s syndrome is a rare disease characterized by glomerulonephritis and hemorrhaging of the lungs...
-- is currently recognized as an immunologically-mediated disease caused by autoantibodies that bind to pulmonary-alveolar as well as glomerular-capillary basement membranes . After leaving Harvard in 1921, Goodpasture worked at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine
University of the Philippines College of Medicine
The University of the Philippines College of Medicine is the medical school of the University of the Philippines Manila, one of the constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System.-History:...
in Manila. From 1922-1924 he was the director of William H. Singer Memorial Laboratories in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh is the second-largest city in the US Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it is the 22nd-largest urban area in the United States...
. In 1924 Goodpasture was invited to return to Vanderbilt as professor and chairman of the Department of Pathology, the School of Medicine having been recently reorganized. He accepted, and held that position until 1955. Goodpasture also was the Dean of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine from 1945 to 1950. After retirement from the latter institution in 1955, he was invited to serve as director of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology was a US government institution concerned with diagnostic consultation, education, and research in the medical specialty of pathology. It was founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum and was located in Washington, DC on the grounds of the Walter Reed Army...
(AFIP) in Washington, D.C. He did so through 1959, helping to reorganize and expand the Institute's scientific mission.
As mentioned above, Dr. Goodpasture's scientific research principally concerned infectious diseases, such as the neural spread of herpes viruses, identification of the mumps
Mumps
Mumps is a viral disease of the human species, caused by the mumps virus. Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide...
virus, development of antiviral vaccines, and studies of rickettsial, fungal, and protozoan human diseases. He was a dedicated and patient teacher for medical students, graduate students, and house officers in pathology.
Awards
Dr. Goodpasture received several prestigious scientific awards during his career. They included the H.T. Ricketts Award, the Kober Medal, the Kovalenko Medal of the National Academy of Science, and the Gold-Headed Cane Award from the American Association of Pathologists. He was on the boards of the Rockefeller FoundationRockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation is a prominent philanthropic organization and private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The preeminent institution established by the six-generation Rockefeller family, it was founded by John D. Rockefeller , along with his son John D. Rockefeller, Jr...
, the National Academy of Science, the American Philosophical Society, the Trustees of Vanderbilt University, the Advisory Committee on Biology & Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission
United States Atomic Energy Commission
The United States Atomic Energy Commission was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. President Harry S...
, and the National Research Council
United States National Research Council
The National Research Council of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names.The National Academies include:* National Academy of Sciences...
. Goodpasture received honorary doctorates from Yale University
Yale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...
, Washington University, the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
, and Tulane University
Tulane University
Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States...
.
Death
After retirement from the AFIP, Dr. Goodpasture returned to Nashville. He died suddenly from a myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die...
(heart attack) in September 1960.