Ferdinand II of Aragon
Encyclopedia
Ferdinand the Catholic (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon
(1479–1516, as Ferdinand II), Sicily
(1468–1516), Naples
(1504–1516), Valencia
, Sardinia
, and Navarre
, Count of Barcelona, jure uxoris
King
of Castile
(1474–1504, as Ferdinand V, in right of his wife, Isabella I
) and then regent of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his mentally unstable daughter Joanna the Mad
.
Ferdinand was born in Sos del Rey Católico
Aragon, and was the son of John II of Aragon
(whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez
. He married Infanta Isabella
, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile
, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid
. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile
. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement
on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto
". He became jure uxoris
King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile
. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit referred to as España
(Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania
. The various states were not formerly administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown. The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V
.
The first decade of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule included the conquest of the Nasrid dynasty
of the Emirate of Granada
(Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus
entity on the Iberian peninsula, in 1492.
The completion of the Reconquista
was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree
, a document which ordered all Jews to either be baptized and convert to Christianity or leave the country. That document was signed with the defeated Moorish Emir of Granada Muhammad XII. It allowed Mudéjar
Moors (Islamic) and converso
Marrano
Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews
from Castile and Aragon. 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus
for an expedition to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, instead resulting in the European arrival in the Americas.
In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
the entire world beyond Europe was split between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion
purposes—by two north-south lines down the Atlantic Ocean
and the Near East
.
peace treaty in 1502, by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar
Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso
Morisco
s, to Catholicism , or else be expelled. Some Muslims that remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practiced by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano
Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition
was King Ferdinand II. Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts
in Granada alone, burning them. He also converted the Great Mosque of Córdoba into a church, by inserting a chapel in the middle of the mosque.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France, the so-called Italian Wars
. In 1494, Charles VIII of France
invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II
(who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister) from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I
, to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples
and his succession by his uncle Frederick
, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII
, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan
, to partition Naples between them, with Campania
and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia
and Calabria
. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
conquered Naples from the French, having succeeded by 1504.
. Ferdinand II served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands
, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip
. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile
. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son, the future Emperor Charles V
, was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. Charles I (to later become Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V) became the King of Aragon in 1516, with his mother Joanna as Queen in name, upon Ferdinand's death.
Ferdinand disagreed with the policies and foreigness of Philip I. Ferdinand remarried to Germaine of Foix
in 1505, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor
of Navarre
and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope was to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realized. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon.
Ferdinand also had children from his mistress, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany of Cervera
. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop
of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías
.
In the 16th century his son Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop
of Saragossa in Aragon, found a hidden study under Ferdinand's palace containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand. In these documents Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Castile and Aragon. Also through these documents, Ferdinand wrote that during times of very complicated decision making he blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of a situation, and not let other things 'cloud his judgment'.
In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice
, which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II
joined together against as the 'League of Cambrai'. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello
, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League
' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England
signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France
. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre
, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed first to the Crown of Aragon, but later on under the pressure of Castille nobleman, to the Crown of Castille. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes
by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand II died in 1516 in Madrigalejo
, Extremadura
.
He is entombed at la Capilla Real
or the Royal Chapel of Granada
, in Andalucia. Isabell I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there.
Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective cosovereignity under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta (or monta tanto), Isabel como Fernando", ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever was, the crown power was centralized, at least in name, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parlaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Pincipaute of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna
as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón
, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon
, and his grandson Charles
became Governor General (regent). Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
and by Pope Leo X
. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent
, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.
His grandson and successor Charles
, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg
and Burgundian
lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas
and elswhere, of the first truly global Empire.
With his second wife, Germaine of Foix
, niece of King Louis XII of France
(whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois
) King Ferdinand had one son:
He also left several illegitimate children. With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had:
With an unknown mistress, he had:
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|1= 1. Ferdinand II of Aragon
|2= 2. John II of Aragon
|3= 3. Juana Enríquez
, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte
|4= 4. Ferdinand I of Aragon
|5= 5. Eleanor of Alburquerque
|6= 6. Fadrique Enríquez, 1st Count of Melba and Rueda
|7= 7. Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala
, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte
|8= 8. John I of Castile
|9= 9. Eleanor of Aragon
|10= 10. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque
|11= 11. Infanta Beatrice of Portugal
|12= 12. Alfonso Enriquez, 1st Lord of Medina de Rio Seco
|13= 13. Juana de Mendoza y Ayala
|14= 14. Diego Fernández de Córdova, 1st Lord of Baena
|15= 15. Inés de Ayala y Toledo, 3rd Lady of Casarrubios del Monte
|16= 16. Henry II of Castile
|17= 17. Juana Manuel
|18= 18. Peter IV of Aragon
|19= 19. Eleanor of Sicily
|20= 20. Alfonso XI of Castile
|21= 21. Eleanor of Guzman
|22= 22. Peter I of Portugal
|23= 23. Inês de Castro
|24= 24. Fadrique Alfonso, 1st Lord of Haro
|25= 25. Paloma
|26= 26. Pedro González de Mendoza, 9th Lord of Mendoza
|27= 27. Aldonza de Ayala y Ceballos
|28= 28. Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, 1st Lord of Aguilar
|29= 29. Maria Garcia Carrillo, 2nd Lady of Villaquirán de las Infantas
|30= 30. Pedro Suárez de Toledo, 2nd Lord of Casarrubios
|31= 31. Juana Meléndez de Orozco, 2nd Lady of Pinto
}}
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Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon Corona d'Aragón Corona d'Aragó Corona Aragonum controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain and southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean as far as Greece...
(1479–1516, as Ferdinand II), Sicily
Kingdom of Sicily
The Kingdom of Sicily was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy...
(1468–1516), Naples
Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples, comprising the southern part of the Italian peninsula, was the remainder of the old Kingdom of Sicily after secession of the island of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282. Known to contemporaries as the Kingdom of Sicily, it is dubbed Kingdom of...
(1504–1516), Valencia
Kingdom of Valencia
The Kingdom of Valencia , located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. When the Crown of Aragon merged by dynastic union with the Crown of Castile to form the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Valencia became a component realm of the...
, Sardinia
Kingdom of Sardinia
The Kingdom of Sardinia consisted of the island of Sardinia first as a part of the Crown of Aragon and subsequently the Spanish Empire , and second as a part of the composite state of the House of Savoy . Its capital was originally Cagliari, in the south of the island, and later Turin, on the...
, and Navarre
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre , originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean....
, Count of Barcelona, jure uxoris
Jure uxoris
Jure uxoris is a Latin term that means "by right of his wife" or "in right of a wife". It is commonly used to refer to a title held by a man whose wife holds it in her own right. In other words, he acquired the title simply by being her husband....
King
King
- Centers of population :* King, Ontario, CanadaIn USA:* King, Indiana* King, North Carolina* King, Lincoln County, Wisconsin* King, Waupaca County, Wisconsin* King County, Washington- Moving-image works :Television:...
of Castile
Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne...
(1474–1504, as Ferdinand V, in right of his wife, Isabella I
Isabella I of Castile
Isabella I was Queen of Castile and León. She and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon brought stability to both kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. Later the two laid the foundations for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor...
) and then regent of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his mentally unstable daughter Joanna the Mad
Joanna of Castile
Joanna , nicknamed Joanna the Mad , was the first queen regnant to reign over both the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon , a union which evolved into modern Spain...
.
Acquiring titles
Sos del Rey Católico
Sos del Rey Católico is a historic town and municipality located in the comarca of Cinco Villas, province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.-History:Sancho I of Pamplona founded Sos, in either 907 or 908, as a border town during the Reconquista....
Aragon, and was the son of John II of Aragon
John II of Aragon
John II the Faithless, also known as the Great was the King of Aragon from 1458 until 1479, and jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1425 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque...
(whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez
Juana Enríquez
Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte , was a Castilian noblewoman who became Queen of the Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon.-Biography:...
. He married Infanta Isabella
Isabella I of Castile
Isabella I was Queen of Castile and León. She and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon brought stability to both kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. Later the two laid the foundations for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor...
, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile
Henry IV of Castile
Henry IV , King of the Crown of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent , was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile...
, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid
Valladolid
Valladolid is a historic city and municipality in north-central Spain, situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers, and located within three wine-making regions: Ribera del Duero, Rueda and Cigales...
. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile
John I of Castile
John I was the king of Crown of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile...
. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement
Prenuptial agreement
A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a contract entered into prior to marriage, civil union or any other agreement prior to the main agreement by the people intending to marry or contract with each other...
on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto
Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando
Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando, , or "equal opposites in balance" was the motto of a prenuptial agreement made by the Spanish Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon...
". He became jure uxoris
Jure uxoris
Jure uxoris is a Latin term that means "by right of his wife" or "in right of a wife". It is commonly used to refer to a title held by a man whose wife holds it in her own right. In other words, he acquired the title simply by being her husband....
King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile
Isabella I of Castile
Isabella I was Queen of Castile and León. She and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon brought stability to both kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. Later the two laid the foundations for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor...
. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit referred to as España
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
(Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania
Hispania
Another theory holds that the name derives from Ezpanna, the Basque word for "border" or "edge", thus meaning the farthest area or place. Isidore of Sevilla considered Hispania derived from Hispalis....
. The various states were not formerly administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown. The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V
Philip V of Spain
Philip V was King of Spain from 15 November 1700 to 15 January 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son Louis, and from 6 September 1724, when he assumed the throne again upon his son's death, to his death.Before his reign, Philip occupied an exalted place in the royal family of France as a...
.
The first decade of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule included the conquest of the Nasrid dynasty
Nasrid dynasty
The Nasrid dynasty was the last Moorish and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa...
of the Emirate of Granada
Emirate of Granada
The Emirate of Granada , also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada , was an emirate established in 1238 following the defeat of Muhammad an-Nasir of the Almohad dynasty by an alliance of Christian kingdoms at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212...
(Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to a nation and territorial region also commonly referred to as Moorish Iberia. The name describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims , at various times in the period between 711 and 1492, although the territorial boundaries...
entity on the Iberian peninsula, in 1492.
The completion of the Reconquista
Reconquista
The Reconquista was a period of almost 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula broadly known as Al-Andalus...
was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree
Alhambra decree
The Alhambra Decree was an edict issued on 31 March 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain ordering the expulsion of Jews from the Kingdom of Spain and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.The edict was formally revoked on 16 December 1968, following the Second...
, a document which ordered all Jews to either be baptized and convert to Christianity or leave the country. That document was signed with the defeated Moorish Emir of Granada Muhammad XII. It allowed Mudéjar
Mudéjar
Mudéjar is the name given to individual Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not converted to Christianity...
Moors (Islamic) and converso
Converso
A converso and its feminine form conversa was a Jew or Muslim—or a descendant of Jews or Muslims—who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries. Mass conversions once took place under significant government pressure...
Marrano
Marrano
Marranos were Jews living in the Iberian peninsula who converted to Christianity rather than be expelled but continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret...
Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
from Castile and Aragon. 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the...
for an expedition to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, instead resulting in the European arrival in the Americas.
In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas , signed at Tordesillas , , divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagueswest of the Cape Verde islands...
the entire world beyond Europe was split between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion
Dominion
A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities that were nominally under British sovereignty, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, beginning in the latter part of the 19th century. They have included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland,...
purposes—by two north-south lines down the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...
and the Near East
Near East
The Near East is a geographical term that covers different countries for geographers, archeologists, and historians, on the one hand, and for political scientists, economists, and journalists, on the other...
.
Forced conversions
While during 1492 and beyond, Ferdinand did a lot more than sponsor for Christopher Columbus' voyage. Ferdinand violated the 1492 Alhambra DecreeAlhambra decree
The Alhambra Decree was an edict issued on 31 March 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain ordering the expulsion of Jews from the Kingdom of Spain and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.The edict was formally revoked on 16 December 1968, following the Second...
peace treaty in 1502, by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar
Mudéjar
Mudéjar is the name given to individual Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not converted to Christianity...
Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso
Converso
A converso and its feminine form conversa was a Jew or Muslim—or a descendant of Jews or Muslims—who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries. Mass conversions once took place under significant government pressure...
Morisco
Morisco
Moriscos or Mouriscos , meaning "Moorish", were the converted Christian inhabitants of Spain and Portugal of Muslim heritage. Over time the term was used in a pejorative sense applied to those nominal Catholics who were suspected of secretly practicing Islam.-Demographics:By the beginning of the...
s, to Catholicism , or else be expelled. Some Muslims that remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practiced by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano
Marrano
Marranos were Jews living in the Iberian peninsula who converted to Christianity rather than be expelled but continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret...
Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition , commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition , was a tribunal established in 1480 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the Medieval...
was King Ferdinand II. Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts
Islamic calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy, colloquially known as Perso-Arabic calligraphy, is the artistic practice of handwriting, or calligraphy, and by extension, of bookmaking, in the lands sharing a common Islamic cultural heritage. This art form is based on the Arabic script, which for a long time was used by all...
in Granada alone, burning them. He also converted the Great Mosque of Córdoba into a church, by inserting a chapel in the middle of the mosque.
Italian Wars
The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western...
. In 1494, Charles VIII of France
Charles VIII of France
Charles VIII, called the Affable, , was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. Charles was a member of the House of Valois...
invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II
Alfonso II of Naples
Alfonso II of Naples , also called Alfonso II d'Aragon, was King of Naples from 25 January 1494 to 22 February 1495 with the title King of Naples and Jerusalem...
(who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister) from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I , the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky...
, to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples
Ferdinand II of Naples
Ferdinand II or Ferrante II of Naples , sometimes known as Ferrandino, was King of Naples from 1495 to 1496...
and his succession by his uncle Frederick
Frederick IV of Naples
Frederick IV , sometimes known as Frederick I or Federico d'Aragona, was the last King of Naples of the House of Trastámara, ruling from 1496 to 1501...
, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII
Louis XII of France
Louis proved to be a popular king. At the end of his reign the crown deficit was no greater than it had been when he succeeded Charles VIII in 1498, despite several expensive military campaigns in Italy. His fiscal reforms of 1504 and 1508 tightened and improved procedures for the collection of taxes...
, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan
Duchy of Milan
The Duchy of Milan , was created on the 1st of may 1395, when Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan, purchased a diploma for 100,000 Florins from King Wenceslaus. It was this diploma that installed, Gian Galeazzo as Duke of Milan and Count of Pavia...
, to partition Naples between them, with Campania
Campania
Campania is a region in southern Italy. The region has a population of around 5.8 million people, making it the second-most-populous region of Italy; its total area of 13,590 km² makes it the most densely populated region in the country...
and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia
Apulia
Apulia is a region in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its most southern portion, known as Salento peninsula, forms a high heel on the "boot" of Italy. The region comprises , and...
and Calabria
Calabria
Calabria , in antiquity known as Bruttium, is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula. The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro....
. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba known as The Great Captain, Duke of Terranova and Santangelo, Andria, Montalto and Sessa, also known as Gonzalo de Córdoba, Italian: Gonsalvo or Consalvo Ernandes di Cordova was a Spanish general fighting in the times of the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars...
conquered Naples from the French, having succeeded by 1504.
After Isabella
After Isabella I's death in 1504, her kingdom went to their daughter JoannaJoanna of Castile
Joanna , nicknamed Joanna the Mad , was the first queen regnant to reign over both the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon , a union which evolved into modern Spain...
. Ferdinand II served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands
Seventeen Provinces
The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France , and a small part of Western Germany.The Seventeen Provinces were originally held by...
, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip
Philip I of Castile
Philip I , known as Philip the Handsome or the Fair, was the first Habsburg King of Castile...
. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile
Philip I of Castile
Philip I , known as Philip the Handsome or the Fair, was the first Habsburg King of Castile...
. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son, the future Emperor Charles V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
, was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. Charles I (to later become Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor is a term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who, as German King, had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope...
Charles V) became the King of Aragon in 1516, with his mother Joanna as Queen in name, upon Ferdinand's death.
Ferdinand disagreed with the policies and foreigness of Philip I. Ferdinand remarried to Germaine of Foix
Germaine of Foix
Germaine of Foix was queen consort of Aragon as the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon, whom he married in 1505 after the death of his first wife, Isabella I of Castile.-Birth and background:...
in 1505, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor
Eleanor of Navarre
Eleanor of Aragon , Regent and the queen regnant of Navarre in 1479...
of Navarre
Navarre
Navarre , officially the Chartered Community of Navarre is an autonomous community in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Country, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Aquitaine in France...
and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope was to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realized. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon.
Cervera
Cervera is the capital of the comarca of Segarra, in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. The title Compte de Cervera is a courtesy title, formerly part of the Crown of Aragon, that has been revived for Felipe, Prince of Asturias....
. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías
Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías
Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish nobleman and military figure of the last stages of the Reconquista....
.
In the 16th century his son Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
of Saragossa in Aragon, found a hidden study under Ferdinand's palace containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand. In these documents Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Castile and Aragon. Also through these documents, Ferdinand wrote that during times of very complicated decision making he blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of a situation, and not let other things 'cloud his judgment'.
In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
, which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II , nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope" , born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513...
joined together against as the 'League of Cambrai'. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello
Battle of Agnadello
The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was one of the more significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars....
, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League
War of the League of Cambrai
The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars...
' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France...
signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre , originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean....
, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed first to the Crown of Aragon, but later on under the pressure of Castille nobleman, to the Crown of Castille. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes
House of Sforza
Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan.-History:The dynasty was founded by Muzio Attendolo , called Sforza , a condottiero from Romagna serving the Angevin kings of Naples...
by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand II died in 1516 in Madrigalejo
Madrigalejo
Madrigalejo is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2006 census , the municipality has a population of 2075 inhabitants. In this village, Ferdinand II of Aragon died in 1516....
, Extremadura
Extremadura
Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Its component provinces are Cáceres and Badajoz. It is bordered by Portugal to the west...
.
He is entombed at la Capilla Real
Capilla real
with small text capilla real:* One of the musical Chapel Royals serving the kings of Spainwith capitalized text Capilla Real:* Royal Chapel of Granada, a mausoleum...
or the Royal Chapel of Granada
Royal Chapel of Granada
The Royal Chapel of Granada is a mausoleum located in the city of Granada in Andalusia, southern Spain.-Mausoleum:The mausoleum houses the remains of the Catholic Monarchs :...
, in Andalucia. Isabell I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there.
Legacy and succession
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parlaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Pincipaute of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna
Joanna of Castile
Joanna , nicknamed Joanna the Mad , was the first queen regnant to reign over both the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon , a union which evolved into modern Spain...
as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón
Alonso de Aragón
Alonso de Aragón or Alfonso de Aragón was Archbishop of Zaragoza, Archbishop of Valencia and Lieutenant General of Aragon. Born in Cervera, he was an illegitimate son of Ferdinand II of Aragon by a Catalan noblewoman called Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra .- Ecclesiastical career :Aragón was more a...
, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon Corona d'Aragón Corona d'Aragó Corona Aragonum controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain and southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean as far as Greece...
, and his grandson Charles
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
became Governor General (regent). Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I , the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky...
and by Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X , born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was the Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses...
. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent
Regent
A regent, from the Latin regens "one who reigns", is a person selected to act as head of state because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. Currently there are only two ruling Regencies in the world, sovereign Liechtenstein and the Malaysian constitutive state of Terengganu...
, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.
His grandson and successor Charles
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg
Habsburg
The House of Habsburg , also found as Hapsburg, and also known as House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and...
and Burgundian
Duke of Burgundy
Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks...
lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
and elswhere, of the first truly global Empire.
Issue
With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had 5 children:- Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Prince Afonso, Prince of Portugal, but after his death she married his cousin Prince Emanuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Michael of Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy.
- John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of King Maximilian IMaximilian I, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian I , the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky...
). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn. - Joanna IJoanna of CastileJoanna , nicknamed Joanna the Mad , was the first queen regnant to reign over both the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon , a union which evolved into modern Spain...
(1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip IPhilip I of CastilePhilip I , known as Philip the Handsome or the Fair, was the first Habsburg King of Castile...
(Philip the handsome) (son of the Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles VCharles V, Holy Roman EmperorCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
as Holy Roman Emperor). She was mentally unstable, and was incarcerated by her father, and then her son in TordesillasTordesillasTordesillas is a town and municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, central Spain.It is located 25 km southwest of the provincial capital, Valladolid at an elevation of 704 meters. The population was c. 9,000 in 2009....
for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of SpainPhilip II of SpainPhilip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count....
, was crowned 1556. - Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabel, and was the mother of King John III of PortugalJohn III of PortugalJohn III , nicknamed o Piedoso , was the fifteenth King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of King Manuel I and Maria of Aragon, the third daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile...
and of the Cardinal-King Henry I of Portugal. - CatherineCatherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon , also known as Katherine or Katharine, was Queen consort of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII of England and Princess of Wales as the wife to Arthur, Prince of Wales...
(1485–1536). She married first Arthur, Prince of WalesArthur, Prince of WalesArthur Tudor, Prince of Wales was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore, heir to the throne of England. As he predeceased his father, Arthur never became king...
, son of and heir to King Henry VII of EnglandHenry VII of EnglandHenry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor....
and after Prince Arthur's death she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIIIHenry VIII of EnglandHenry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France...
. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary IMary I of EnglandMary I was queen regnant of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death.She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded Henry in 1547...
.
With his second wife, Germaine of Foix
Germaine of Foix
Germaine of Foix was queen consort of Aragon as the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon, whom he married in 1505 after the death of his first wife, Isabella I of Castile.-Birth and background:...
, niece of King Louis XII of France
Louis XII of France
Louis proved to be a popular king. At the end of his reign the crown deficit was no greater than it had been when he succeeded Charles VIII in 1498, despite several expensive military campaigns in Italy. His fiscal reforms of 1504 and 1508 tightened and improved procedures for the collection of taxes...
(whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois
Blois
Blois is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.-History:...
) King Ferdinand had one son:
- John, Prince of GironaJohn, Prince of GironaThe Infante John, Prince of Girona was an Aragonese infante, only son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Germaine of Foix. He was born heir to the throne in 1509, the long awaited male heir of his father. King Ferdinand II hope to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile...
, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509.
He also left several illegitimate children. With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had:
- Alonso de AragónAlonso de AragónAlonso de Aragón or Alfonso de Aragón was Archbishop of Zaragoza, Archbishop of Valencia and Lieutenant General of Aragon. Born in Cervera, he was an illegitimate son of Ferdinand II of Aragon by a Catalan noblewoman called Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra .- Ecclesiastical career :Aragón was more a...
(1470–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon. - Juana (1471 - bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of FríasBernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of FríasBernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish nobleman and military figure of the last stages of the Reconquista....
.
With an unknown mistress, he had:
- Maria (? - ?), Abbess of the Royal Convent of Our Lady Mother of Grace at Avila.
Ancestry
ont-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;|border=1
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|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. Ferdinand II of Aragon
|2= 2. John II of Aragon
John II of Aragon
John II the Faithless, also known as the Great was the King of Aragon from 1458 until 1479, and jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1425 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque...
|3= 3. Juana Enríquez
Juana Enríquez
Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte , was a Castilian noblewoman who became Queen of the Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon.-Biography:...
, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte
|4= 4. Ferdinand I of Aragon
Ferdinand I of Aragon
Ferdinand I called of Antequera and also the Just or the Honest) was king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica and king of Sicily, duke of Athens and Neopatria, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya...
|5= 5. Eleanor of Alburquerque
Eleanor of Alburquerque
Eleanor, 2nd Countess of Alburquerque became Queen consort of Aragon by her marriage to Ferdinand I of Aragon. In Spanish, she is known as Leonor Urraca de Castilla, condesa de Alburquerque.- Family :...
|6= 6. Fadrique Enríquez, 1st Count of Melba and Rueda
Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza
Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza was the second Admiral of Castile, Count of Melgar and Rueda, and second Lord of Medina del Rioseco. He was a son of Alonso Enríquez, the first admiral of Castile.- 1426-1445 :...
|7= 7. Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala
Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala
Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala , also known as Mariana de Ayala Córdoba y Toledo, was the fourth Lady of Casarrubios del Monte in the province of Toledo...
, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte
|8= 8. John I of Castile
John I of Castile
John I was the king of Crown of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile...
|9= 9. Eleanor of Aragon
|10= 10. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque
|11= 11. Infanta Beatrice of Portugal
|12= 12. Alfonso Enriquez, 1st Lord of Medina de Rio Seco
|13= 13. Juana de Mendoza y Ayala
|14= 14. Diego Fernández de Córdova, 1st Lord of Baena
|15= 15. Inés de Ayala y Toledo, 3rd Lady of Casarrubios del Monte
|16= 16. Henry II of Castile
|17= 17. Juana Manuel
|18= 18. Peter IV of Aragon
Peter IV of Aragon
Peter IV, , called el Cerimoniós or el del punyalet , was the King of Aragon, King of Sardinia and Corsica , King of Valencia , and Count of Barcelona Peter IV, (Balaguer, September 5, 1319 – Barcelona, January 6, 1387), called el Cerimoniós ("the Ceremonious") or el del punyalet ("the one...
|19= 19. Eleanor of Sicily
Eleanor of Sicily
Eleanor of Sicily was Queen Consort of Aragon . She was the daughter of Peter II of Sicily and Elisabeth of Carinthia. She was the third wife of Peter IV of Aragon.- Early life and family :...
|20= 20. Alfonso XI of Castile
Alfonso XI of Castile
Alfonso XI was the king of Castile, León and Galicia.He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313...
|21= 21. Eleanor of Guzman
Eleanor of Guzman
Eleanor of Guzman or Leonor Núñez de Guzmán was a Castilian noblewoman and long-term mistress to Alfonso XI of Castile. She was the mother of King Henry II of Castile.- Life :...
|22= 22. Peter I of Portugal
Peter I of Portugal
Peter I , called the Just , was the eighth King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of Afonso IV of Portugal and his wife, princess Beatrice of Castile....
|23= 23. Inês de Castro
Inês de Castro
Inês Peres de Castro was a Galician noblewoman born of a Portuguese mother...
|24= 24. Fadrique Alfonso, 1st Lord of Haro
|25= 25. Paloma
|26= 26. Pedro González de Mendoza, 9th Lord of Mendoza
|27= 27. Aldonza de Ayala y Ceballos
|28= 28. Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, 1st Lord of Aguilar
|29= 29. Maria Garcia Carrillo, 2nd Lady of Villaquirán de las Infantas
|30= 30. Pedro Suárez de Toledo, 2nd Lord of Casarrubios
|31= 31. Juana Meléndez de Orozco, 2nd Lady of Pinto
}}
Films
| Year | Film | Director | Actor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | Christophe Colomb Christophe Colomb Christophe Colomb is an opera in two parts by the French composer Darius Milhaud. The libretto, by the poet Paul Claudel, is based on his own play Le livre de Christophe Colomb about the life of Christopher Columbus. The opera was first performed at the Staatsoper, Berlin on 5 May 1930 in a German... |
David MacDonald David MacDonald David Samuel Horne MacDonald, PC is a United Church of Canada minister and a former Canadian politician, and author.... |
Florence Eldridge Florence Eldridge Florence Eldridge was an American actress.-Personal life:... |
| 1976 | La espada negra | Francisco Rovira Beleta Francisco Rovira Beleta Francisco Rovira Beleta was a twice Academy Award nominee Spanish screenwriter and film director. His film Los atracadores was entered into the 12th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1962 film Los Tarantos was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Foreign Film category... |
Maribel Martin Maribel Martín Maribel Martín born Maria Isabel Martínez , is a Spanish actress .-Career:She made her acting debut at age seven in the film Tres de la Cruz Roja , by Fernado Palacios... |
| 1992 | 1492:La conquista del paraíso | Ridley Scott Ridley Scott Sir Ridley Scott is an English film director and producer. His most famous films include The Duellists , Alien , Blade Runner , Legend , Thelma & Louise , G. I... |
Sigourney Weaver Sigourney Weaver Sigourney Weaver is an American actress. She is best known for her critically acclaimed role of Ellen Ripley in the four Alien films: Alien, Aliens, Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection, for which she has received worldwide recognition .Other notable roles include Dana... |
| 2001 | Juana la Loca | Vicente Aranda Vicente Aranda Vicente Aranda , is a Spanish film director, screenwriter and producer.Due to his refined and personal style, he is one of the most renowned Spanish filmmakers. He started as a founded member of the Barcelona School of Film and became known for bringing contemporary Spanish novels to life on the... |
Susi Sánchez |
TV Series
| year | Serie | Channel |
|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Memoria de España | TVE |
| 2012 | Isabel, mi reina | TVE |
Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I)
1474–1492. |
After the conquest of Granada Emirate of Granada The Emirate of Granada , also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada , was an emirate established in 1238 following the defeat of Muhammad an-Nasir of the Almohad dynasty by an alliance of Christian kingdoms at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212... . With the arms of Granada. 1492–1504 |
Sovereign of Aragon
Common Design 1479-1492 |
Version with supporters 1513–1516 |
External links
- "Ferdinand II", from Encyclopædia BritannicaEncyclopædia BritannicaThe Encyclopædia Britannica , published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia that is available in print, as a DVD, and on the Internet. It is written and continuously updated by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 expert...
Online.
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