Field Elm
Encyclopedia
Ulmus minor Mill.
, the Field Elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor
; its northern outposts are the Baltic
islands of Öland
and Gotland
, although it may have been introduced here by man. The tree's typical habitat is low-lying forest along the main rivers, growing in association with oak
and ash, where it tolerates summer floods as well as droughts . Current treatment of the species owes much to Richens
, who sank a number of British elms as either subspecies or varieties in 1968. However, Melville
, writing 10 years later, identified five distinct species, several varieties and numerous complex hybrids. In 1992, 14 years after Melville, Armstrong
identified no fewer than 40 species and microspecies. Stace (1997) wrote of the British elms "The 2-species (glabra and minor) concept of Richens is not sufficiently discriminating to be of taxonomic value". Nevertheless, it is Richens’ classification which has been the most commonly adopted in recent years, although it is not used in Flora Europaea http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/parent=/filename=feout/firstval=11/SID=484.1161948890?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ulmus&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= .
Moreover, Dr Max Coleman of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh wrote (2009): "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, which have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers. Ergo: enigmatic British elms such as Plot's Elm
and English Elm
have been shewn to be single clones of Field Elm. Although Richens did not have the evidence to prove it, he was correct in recognising a series of clones and grouping them together as a variable species."
It is hoped that analysis of molecular markers will ultimately eliminate the taxonomic confusion.
e are typically ovate and notched, the notch extending to the central seed.
The species readily produces suckers from roots and stumps, even after devastation by Dutch elm disease
, consequently genetic resources are not considered endangered http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Networks/euforgen/Networks/Scattered_Broadleaves/NHStrategies/UlmusSppConsStrategy.htm..
, Thrace
, Greece http://gym-metax.evr.sch.gr/dimos_metaxadon/metax_history.htm. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm was growing beside a spring. An elm (reputedly the original) and the fountain have been the focal-point of the village ever since. A tree reputedly over 650 years old survived in the centre of Biscarrosse
south of Bordeaux
until the summer of 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease. http://krapooarboricole.wordpress.com/2008/02/05/lorme-multi-seculaire-de-biscarosse-40/ http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/08/28/l-orme-legendaire-171211-3307.php http://www.pijouls.com/albums/alblormedebiscarrosse/page_01.htm Another veteran with a 6-metre girth survives at Bettange
, France, close to the Belgian border, reputedly planted in 1593 http://arbresvenerables.free.fr/ArbresVenerables/France%20GB.htm http://krapooarboricole.wordpress.com/category/arbres-coup-de-coeur/ormes/page/2/. A tree approximately 400 years old and 5.55 metres in girth grows in the town of Mergozzo
in Piedmont
, Italy. http://www.regione.piemonte.it/sit/argomenti/pianifica/recupero/dwd/alberimonument/01_olmo.pdf 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by lopping. Another hollow veteran is the elm in the Plaza del Olmo in Navajas
, Valencia, 6.3 metres in girth, planted in 1636 and featuring on the town crest. Rare examples of centuries-old Field Elms that retain their heartwood and crowns are the majestic 360-year old specimen in the village square of Strinylas, Corfu
http://www.greeka.com/members/view_image_large.php?img=46100&username=jenike , and an immemorial elm opposite the village square of Aidona in Thessaly
, Greece http://www.aidona.gr/gallery/popup/square/popsquare23.html , which has been "listed" as a national "Monument of Nature". Trees reputedly even older (200 cm d.b.h.) can be found in Bulgaria
near Sliven
in the village of Zhelyo voevoda.
In the UK, despite its late leaf-flush in the north and its suckering habits, Ulmus minor was occasionally planted as an ornamental urban tree. Among mature survivors in Edinburgh (2010) are a fine specimen in the grounds of Holyrood Palace, opposite Abbeyhill Crescent, another in the forecourt of the Royal Forth Yacht Club, Boswall Road, and a third on the corner of Abbey Mount and Regent Road. Augustine Henry
says that the U. minor planted in parks in Scotland were of French origin..
Ulmus glabra to the north, and readily hybridizes with it to produce the so-called 'Dutch Elm' Ulmus × hollandica
, while in Spain
it has also naturally hybridized with the Siberian Elm
U. pumila introduced in the 16th century.
in the Netherlands
until 1992, whence a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease
pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease which were released after 1989 .
, who says it "appears to be a common variety in the forests of central Europe". Elwes
and Henry, having seen specimens in Slavonia
, Croatia, and in Gisselfelde, Denmark, as well as at Kew, describe it as having "branchlets of the second to the tenth year furnished with corky wings", but with "leaves and samarae as in the type". W. J. Bean reports it "to be often rather dwarf and to occur in dry habitats".
A fine specimen so labelled, with thick corky branchlets giving a dense winter silhouette, stands in the Botanic Gardens of Visby
in Gotland
, Sweden, and others are found in the University of Copenhagen Arboretum and in the Alexandru Buia Botanic Garden in the University of Craiova
, Rumania.
R. H. Richens regarded the tree as undifferentiated U. minor, not distinct enough to merit varietal status, and the name a relic of taxonomic conservatism.
Philip Miller
Philip Miller FRS was a Scottish botanist.Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 until he was pressured to retire shortly before his death...
, the Field Elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor
Asia Minor
Asia Minor is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey...
; its northern outposts are the Baltic
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and...
islands of Öland
Öland
' is the second largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden. Öland has an area of 1,342 km² and is located in the Baltic Sea just off the coast of Småland. The island has 25,000 inhabitants, but during Swedish Midsummer it is visited by up to 500,000 people...
and Gotland
Gotland
Gotland is a county, province, municipality and diocese of Sweden; it is Sweden's largest island and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. At 3,140 square kilometers in area, the region makes up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area...
, although it may have been introduced here by man. The tree's typical habitat is low-lying forest along the main rivers, growing in association with oak
Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
and ash, where it tolerates summer floods as well as droughts . Current treatment of the species owes much to Richens
Richard Hook Richens
Richard Hook Richens was a former Director of the Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics at Cambridge University, and became best known for his studies of elm...
, who sank a number of British elms as either subspecies or varieties in 1968. However, Melville
Ronald Melville
Ronald Melville was an English botanist, based at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. He is chiefly remembered for his wartime research into rosehips as a source of vitamin C, prompted by the epidemic of scurvy amongst children owing to the reduced importation of fresh fruit...
, writing 10 years later, identified five distinct species, several varieties and numerous complex hybrids. In 1992, 14 years after Melville, Armstrong
Jayne V. Armstrong
Jayne V. Armstrong is a British botanist who challenged the two-species taxonomy of British elms proposed by fellow Cambridge alumnus Richard Hook Richens in 1984. Armstrong in her Ph.D thesis proposed a classification featuring 40 species, subspecies and microspecies...
identified no fewer than 40 species and microspecies. Stace (1997) wrote of the British elms "The 2-species (glabra and minor) concept of Richens is not sufficiently discriminating to be of taxonomic value". Nevertheless, it is Richens’ classification which has been the most commonly adopted in recent years, although it is not used in Flora Europaea http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/parent=/filename=feout/firstval=11/SID=484.1161948890?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ulmus&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= .
Moreover, Dr Max Coleman of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh wrote (2009): "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, which have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers. Ergo: enigmatic British elms such as Plot's Elm
Plot's Elm
Ulmus minor var. plotii Richens, known as Plot's Elm, or Lock Elm, is found only in England, where it is encountered mainly in the East Midlands, notably around the River Witham in Lincolnshire and in the Trent Valley around Newark on Trent...
and English Elm
English Elm
Ulmus procera Salisb., the English, Common, or more lately Atinian, Elm was, before the advent of Dutch elm disease, one of the largest and fastest-growing deciduous trees in Europe...
have been shewn to be single clones of Field Elm. Although Richens did not have the evidence to prove it, he was correct in recognising a series of clones and grouping them together as a variable species."
It is hoped that analysis of molecular markers will ultimately eliminate the taxonomic confusion.
Description
The tree typically grows to < 30 m and bears a rounded crown. The bark of the trunk is rough, furrowed lightly in older trees to form a block pattern. Young branchlets occasionally have corky wings. The leaves are smaller than those of the other European species, hence the specific epithet minor, however they can vary greatly according to the maturity of the tree. Leaves on juvenile growth (suckers, seedlings etc.) are coarse and pubescent, whereas those on mature growth are generally smooth, though remaining highly variable in form; there are generally fewer than 12 pairs of side veins. A common characteristic is the presence of minute black glands along the leaf veins, detectable with the aid of a magnifying glass . The samaraSamara (fruit)
A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. A samara is a simple dry fruit and indehiscent . It is a winged achene...
e are typically ovate and notched, the notch extending to the central seed.
The species readily produces suckers from roots and stumps, even after devastation by Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease is a disease caused by a member of the sac fungi category, affecting elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced into America and Europe, where it has devastated native...
, consequently genetic resources are not considered endangered http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Networks/euforgen/Networks/Scattered_Broadleaves/NHStrategies/UlmusSppConsStrategy.htm..
Cultivation
Owing to its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease, U. minor is now uncommon in cultivation.Notable trees
An ancient Field Elm stood until recently in the village square of MetaxadesMetaxades
Metaxades is a town and a former municipality in the Evros peripheral unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Didymoteicho, of which it is a municipal unit. Its 2001 population was 874 for the village, 914 for the community and...
, Thrace
Thrace
Thrace is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. As a geographical concept, Thrace designates a region bounded by the Balkan Mountains on the north, Rhodope Mountains and the Aegean Sea on the south, and by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara on the east...
, Greece http://gym-metax.evr.sch.gr/dimos_metaxadon/metax_history.htm. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm was growing beside a spring. An elm (reputedly the original) and the fountain have been the focal-point of the village ever since. A tree reputedly over 650 years old survived in the centre of Biscarrosse
Biscarrosse
Biscarrosse is a commune in the Landes department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It is located southwest of Bordeaux, and inland from the seaside resort of Biscarrosse-Plage on the Atlantic coast....
south of Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...
until the summer of 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease. http://krapooarboricole.wordpress.com/2008/02/05/lorme-multi-seculaire-de-biscarosse-40/ http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/08/28/l-orme-legendaire-171211-3307.php http://www.pijouls.com/albums/alblormedebiscarrosse/page_01.htm Another veteran with a 6-metre girth survives at Bettange
Bettange
Bettange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France....
, France, close to the Belgian border, reputedly planted in 1593 http://arbresvenerables.free.fr/ArbresVenerables/France%20GB.htm http://krapooarboricole.wordpress.com/category/arbres-coup-de-coeur/ormes/page/2/. A tree approximately 400 years old and 5.55 metres in girth grows in the town of Mergozzo
Mergozzo
Mergozzo is a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 120 km northeast of Turin and about 9 km northwest of Verbania....
in Piedmont
Piedmont
Piedmont is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital of Piedmont is Turin. The main local language is Piedmontese. Occitan is also spoken by a minority in the Occitan Valleys situated in the Provinces of...
, Italy. http://www.regione.piemonte.it/sit/argomenti/pianifica/recupero/dwd/alberimonument/01_olmo.pdf 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by lopping. Another hollow veteran is the elm in the Plaza del Olmo in Navajas
Navajas
Navajas is a municipality in the comarca of Alto Palancia, Castellón, Valencia, Spain.-External links:*...
, Valencia, 6.3 metres in girth, planted in 1636 and featuring on the town crest. Rare examples of centuries-old Field Elms that retain their heartwood and crowns are the majestic 360-year old specimen in the village square of Strinylas, Corfu
Corfu
Corfu is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the edge of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The island is part of the Corfu regional unit, and is administered as a single municipality. The...
http://www.greeka.com/members/view_image_large.php?img=46100&username=jenike , and an immemorial elm opposite the village square of Aidona in Thessaly
Thessaly
Thessaly is a traditional geographical region and an administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus in Homer's Odyssey....
, Greece http://www.aidona.gr/gallery/popup/square/popsquare23.html , which has been "listed" as a national "Monument of Nature". Trees reputedly even older (200 cm d.b.h.) can be found in Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
near Sliven
Sliven
Sliven is the eighth-largest city in Bulgaria and the administrative and industrial centre of Sliven Province and municipality. It is a relatively large town with 89,848 inhabitants, as of February 2011....
in the village of Zhelyo voevoda.
Augustine Henry
Augustine Henry was an Irish plantsman and sinologist. He is best known for sending over 15,000 dry specimens and seeds and 500 plant samples to Kew Gardens in the United Kingdom. By 1930, he was a recognised authority and was honoured with society membership in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland,...
says that the U. minor planted in parks in Scotland were of French origin..
Cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been raised in Europe since the 18th century, although most are now probably extinct owing to the ravages of Dutch elm disease:- Albo-dentata, Amplifolia, Biltii, Concavaefolia, Cucullata, Dijkwel, Erecta, Folia Alba-punctata, Hoersholmiensis, Holmstruph, Hunnybunii, Koopmannii, Laciniata, Lanuginosa, Latifolia, Microphylla Purpurea, Microphylla Rubra, Pendula, Picturata, Propendens, Purpurascens, Reverti, Rueppellii, Schuurhoek, Silvery Gem, Sowerbyi, Tortuosa, Umbraculifera, Umbraculifera Gracilis, Virgata
Hybrids
The tree's natural range generously overlaps that of Wych ElmWych Elm
Ulmus glabra, the Wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese in Greece; it is also found in Iran...
Ulmus glabra to the north, and readily hybridizes with it to produce the so-called 'Dutch Elm' Ulmus × hollandica
Ulmus × hollandica
Ulmus × hollandica Mill. , often known simply as Dutch Elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych Elm Ulmus glabra and Field Elm Ulmus minor which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the two parent species overlap. In England, according to the field-studies of R. H...
, while in Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
it has also naturally hybridized with the Siberian Elm
Siberian Elm
Ulmus pumila, the Siberian Elm, is native to Central Asia, eastern Siberia, Mongolia, Xizang , northern China, India and Korea . It is also known as the Asiatic Elm, Dwarf Elm and Chinese Elm. Two varieties are recognized: var pumila and var. arborea, the latter known as Turkestan elm...
U. pumila introduced in the 16th century.
- Ulmus × hollandicaUlmus × hollandicaUlmus × hollandica Mill. , often known simply as Dutch Elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych Elm Ulmus glabra and Field Elm Ulmus minor which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the two parent species overlap. In England, according to the field-studies of R. H...
.
Hybrid cultivars
The tree has featured strongly in artificial hybridization experiments in Europe and to a lesser extent in the USA. Most of the European research was based at WageningenWageningen
' is a municipality and a historical town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It is famous for Wageningen University, which specializes in life sciences. The city has 37,414 inhabitants , of which many thousands are students...
in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
until 1992, whence a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease is a disease caused by a member of the sac fungi category, affecting elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced into America and Europe, where it has devastated native...
pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease which were released after 1989 .
- Alba, Angustifolia, Arno, Aurea, Belgica (Belgian Elm), Cinerea, Clusius, Columella, CommelinCommelin (elm hybrid)Ulmus Commelin is a Dutch hybrid cultivar released for sale in 1960. The tree was raised at Baarn as clone N274 by the Foundation Willie Commelin Scholten Phytopathological Laboratory in 1940, from a crossing of Ulmus × hollandica 'Vegeta' and a selection of Ulmus minor subsp...
, DampieriDampieri (elm hybrid)Ulmus × hollandica Dampieri is one of a number of cultivars arising from the crossing of the Wych Elm U. glabra with a variety of Field Elm U. minor, originally identified as Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. fastigiata Dampieri Hort., Vilv...
, DauvesseiDauvessei (elm hybrid)Ulmus × hollandica Dauvessei is a very rare cultivar of unknown provenance.-Description:The branches ascend to form a broad, pyramidal crown; the leaves bear a vague resemblance to Wych Elm, but are generally smaller, rarely exceeding 10 cm long by 5 cm wide, and thinner in...
, Daveyi (Davey Elm), Den Haag, Dumont, Eleganto-Variegata, Fiorente, Fjerrestad, FrontierFrontier (elm hybrid)The American hybrid cultivar Ulmus Frontier is a U. S. National Arboretum introduction derived from a crossing of the European Smooth-leafed, or Narrow-leafed, Elm Ulmus minor subsp. minor with the Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia in 1971...
, Fulva, Gaujardii, Groeneveld, Haarlemensis, Hillieri, HomesteadHomestead (elm hybrid)The American hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus Homestead was raised by Alden Townsend of the United States National Arboretum at the forestry station in Delaware, Ohio. The cultivar arose from a 1970 crossing of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila with the hybrid N 215 The American hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus...
, LobelLobel (elm hybrid)A Dutch hybrid cultivar raised at Wageningen, Ulmus Lobel was derived from a crossing of clone 202 with 336 , cloned in 1962 and released for sale in 1973.-Description:...
, Major (Dutch Elm), Macrophylla Aurea, Marginata, Microphylla, Modiolina, Muscaviensis, Nanguen (LUTECE), PioneerPioneer (elm hybrid)The elm hybrid cultivar Ulmus × hollandica Pioneer is an American clone arising from the crossing of two European species, Wych Elm U. glabra and Smooth-leaved Elm U. minor subsp...
, PlantynPlantyn (elm hybrid)Plantyn was one of three Dutch hybrid elms released in 1973. Derived from a crossing of the Dutch hybrids '202' and '302' , it was to prove of great significance in later developments...
, Plinio , Pulverulenta, Recerta, San Zanobi, Scampstoniensis, Serpentina, Smithii (Downton Elm), Superba, Tricolor, UrbanUrban (elm cultivar)Urban is an American hybrid elm cultivar derived from progeny of a controlled crossing of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila with the Dutch clone '148' in 1958 by Toru Arisumi of the USDA at Columbus, Ohio...
, Vegeta (Huntingdon Elm), Vegeta (Chichester Elm), Virens (Kidbrook Elm), Viscosa, Warnoux (VADA), Wredei (Golden Elm), Ypreau.
Subspecies & varieties
- Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia - Cornish Elm
- Ulmus minor subsp. minorSmooth-leaved ElmUlmus minor subsp. minor Richens, the Smooth-leaved Elm, yclept Narrow-leafed Elm and East Anglian Elm, is a subspecies of the Field Elm native to southern Europe and Asia Minor including Iran.-Description:...
- Smooth-leaved Elm, Narrow-leaved Elm - Ulmus minor var. plotiiPlot's ElmUlmus minor var. plotii Richens, known as Plot's Elm, or Lock Elm, is found only in England, where it is encountered mainly in the East Midlands, notably around the River Witham in Lincolnshire and in the Trent Valley around Newark on Trent...
- Plot's Elm, Lock Elm - Ulmus minor subsp. sarniensisGuernsey ElmUlmus minor subsp. sarniensis Stace , known variously as Guernsey Elm, Jersey Elm, Wheatley Elm, or Southampton Elm, once enjoyed much popularity in Britain, where it was widely cultivated for street planting...
- Guernsey Elm, Jersey Elm, Southampton Elm, Wheatley Elm
U. minor var. suberosa'
A form of U. minor not uncommon in central Europe, and sufficiently distinct to be recognised by some continental botanists as a variety, is the so-called korkulme (Germany), korkelm (Denmark), or wiąz korkowa (Poland) - U. minor var. suberosa ((Moench) Rehder), the 'Cork-barked elm' of A. HenryAugustine Henry
Augustine Henry was an Irish plantsman and sinologist. He is best known for sending over 15,000 dry specimens and seeds and 500 plant samples to Kew Gardens in the United Kingdom. By 1930, he was a recognised authority and was honoured with society membership in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland,...
, who says it "appears to be a common variety in the forests of central Europe". Elwes
Henry John Elwes
Henry John Elwes, FRS was a British botanist, entomologist, author, lepidopterist, naturalist, collector and traveller who became renowned for collecting specimens of lilies during trips to the Himalayas and Korea. He was the first person to receive the Victoria Medal of the Royal Horticultural...
and Henry, having seen specimens in Slavonia
Slavonia
Slavonia is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia...
, Croatia, and in Gisselfelde, Denmark, as well as at Kew, describe it as having "branchlets of the second to the tenth year furnished with corky wings", but with "leaves and samarae as in the type". W. J. Bean reports it "to be often rather dwarf and to occur in dry habitats".
A fine specimen so labelled, with thick corky branchlets giving a dense winter silhouette, stands in the Botanic Gardens of Visby
Visby
-See also:* Battle of Visby* Gotland University College* List of governors of Gotland County-External links:* - Visby*...
in Gotland
Gotland
Gotland is a county, province, municipality and diocese of Sweden; it is Sweden's largest island and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. At 3,140 square kilometers in area, the region makes up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area...
, Sweden, and others are found in the University of Copenhagen Arboretum and in the Alexandru Buia Botanic Garden in the University of Craiova
University of Craiova
The University of Craiova is a university located in Craiova, Romania. It is an institution of higher education of complex integration, founded in 1947, with four faculties in the beginning, it has developed continuously, the number of specialization's increasing and today it meets the standards...
, Rumania.
R. H. Richens regarded the tree as undifferentiated U. minor, not distinct enough to merit varietal status, and the name a relic of taxonomic conservatism.
North America
- U S National ArboretumUnited States National ArboretumThe United States National Arboretum is an arboretum in Washington, D.C., operated by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service as a division of the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center...
http://www.usna.usda.gov/index.htm, Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, USA. Acc. nos. 12852, 64382.
Europe
- Arboretum de La Petite LoiterieArboretum de la Petite LoiterieThe Arboretum de la Petite Loiterie is a young arboretum located in Le Sentier, Monthodon, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France. It is open a few days per month; an admission fee is charged....
http://lapetiteloiterie.free.fr/html/presentation/especes.html, MonthodonMonthodonMonthodon is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France....
, FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. No details available - Cambridge Botanic Garden http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/, University of CambridgeUniversity of CambridgeThe University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in both the United Kingdom and the English-speaking world , and the seventh-oldest globally...
, UK. No accession details available. - Dubrava Arboretum, LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
. No details available. - Linnaean Gardens of UppsalaLinnaean GardenThe Linnaean Garden or Linnaeus' Garden is the oldest of the botanical gardens belonging to Uppsala University in Sweden. It has been restored and is kept as an 18th century botanical garden, according to the specifications of Carolus Linnaeus.The garden was originally planned and planted by Olaus...
, FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. Acc. no. 1930-1013. - Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghThe Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Originally founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies four sites across Scotland — Edinburgh,...
, UK. Acc. nos. 19699368, 16899359, 19699365 - Sir Harold Hillier GardensSir Harold Hillier GardensThe Sir Harold Hillier Gardens is an arboretum comprising 72 hectares accommodating over 42,000 trees and shrubs in about 12,000 taxa, notably a collection of oaks, camellia, magnolia and rhododendron....
, UK. Acc. no. 2001-0188, 3 specimens collected in Iran, 2000. - Strona Arboretum, University of Life Sciences, WarsawWarsawWarsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
, PolandPolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
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Australasia
- Eastwoodhill ArboretumEastwoodhill ArboretumEastwoodhill is the national arboretum of New Zealand. It covers and is located 35 km northwest of Gisborne, in the hill country of Ngatapa. It was founded in 1910 by William Douglas Cook...
http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus, GisborneGisborne, New Zealand-Economy:The harbour was host to many ships in the past and had developed as a river port to provide a more secure location for shipping compared with the open roadstead of Poverty Bay which can be exposed to southerly swells. A meat works was sited beside the harbour and meat and wool was shipped...
, New ZealandNew ZealandNew Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
. 2 trees, details not known.
Europe
- Eggleston Hall Gardens http://egglestonhallgardens.com, EgglestonEgglestonEggleston is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated in Teesdale, a few miles north-west of Barnard Castle.-History:The village is first mentioned in tax records of 1196. The remains of ridge and furrow from the medieval period can still be seen. Many of the cottages date from the...
, Barnard CastleBarnard CastleBarnard Castle is an historical town in Teesdale, County Durham, England. It is named after the castle around which it grew up. It sits on the north side of the River Tees, opposite Startforth, south southwest of Newcastle upon Tyne, south southwest of Sunderland, west of Middlesbrough and ...
, County DurhamCounty DurhamCounty Durham is a ceremonial county and unitary district in north east England. The county town is Durham. The largest settlement in the ceremonial county is the town of Darlington...
, UK - Firecrest Tree & Shrub Nursery http://www.firecrest.org.uk, WoodbridgeWoodbridge, SuffolkWoodbridge is a town in Suffolk, East Anglia, England. It is in the East of England, not far from the coast. It lies along the River Deben, with a population of about 7,480. The town is served by Woodbridge railway station on the Ipswich-Lowestoft East Suffolk Line. Woodbridge is twinned with...
, SuffolkSuffolkSuffolk is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east...
, UK - Lorenz von Ehren http://lve.ulmer.de/TUlEPTUwOTY4.html?UID=BEA9FD32B9D84066636F075F113998FB30EF481B64C697, HamburgHamburg-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
, GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... - Trees & Hedges http://treesandhedges.co.uk, HeathfieldHeathfield, East SussexHeathfield is a small market town, and the principal settlement in the civil parish of Heathfield and Waldron in the Wealden District of East Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, England.-Location:...
, East SussexEast SussexEast Sussex is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.-History:...
, UK - UmbraFlor http://www.umbraflor.it, SpelloSpelloSpello is an ancient town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, on the lower southern flank of Mt. Subasio. It is 6 km NNW of Foligno and 10 km SSE of Assisi.The old walled town lies on a regularly NW-SE sloping ridge that eventually meets the plain...
, ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...