G60 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

G60 refers to an inline-four cylinder

Cylinder (engine)

A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast iron before receiving precision machine work...

automobile

Automobile

An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor...

petrol engine

Petrol engine

A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels....

, which uses a specific method of forced induction

Forced induction

Forced induction is the process of compressing air on the intake of an internal combustion engine . A forced induction engine uses a gas compressor to increase the pressure, temperature and density of the air...

- by way of a specific type of supercharger

Supercharger

A supercharger is an air compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion engine.The greater mass flow-rate provides more oxygen to support combustion than would be available in a naturally aspirated engine, which allows more fuel to be burned and more work to be done per cycle,...

. The G60 engine was formerly manufactured by the German

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

carmaker

Automotive industry

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue....

Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen Group is a German multinational automobile manufacturing group. , Volkswagen was ranked as the world’s third largest motor vehicle manufacturer and Europe's largest....

, and was installed in a limited number and range of 'hot hatch

Hot hatch

Hot hatch was originally an informal automotive industry term, shortened from hot hatchback, initially coined by the British motoring press in 1984, for a high-performance derivative of a car body style consisting of a three- or five-door hatchback automobile.Vehicles of this class are based on...

' cars from their Volkswagen Passenger Cars

Volkswagen

Volkswagen is a German automobile manufacturer and is the original and biggest-selling marque of the Volkswagen Group, which now also owns the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, SEAT, and Škoda marques and the truck manufacturer Scania.Volkswagen means "people's car" in German, where it is...

marque from August 1988 to July 1993.

A smaller G40 engine of identical design had earlier been installed in the Mk2 Volkswagen Polo

Volkswagen Polo Mk2

The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, it was produced from late 1981 until 1994.-Polo Mark 2:...

Coupé GT G40

Volkswagen Polo G40

The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 and Polo Mk2F were available as supercharged G40 models - called the Volkswagen Polo G40 .-Mk2:...

from August 1986 to July 1994.

Design and specifications

The G60 is a 1.8-litre internal combustion engine

Internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high -pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine...

, which displaces

Engine displacement

Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre to bottom dead centre . It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters , litres , or cubic inches...

1781 cc from a cylinder bore of 81 millimetres (3.189 in), and a piston stroke of 86.4 millimetres (3.402 in). Its cylinder block

Cylinder block

A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures...

is constructed from grey

Gray iron

Gray iron, or grey iron, is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure. It is named after the gray color of the fracture it forms, which is due to the presence of graphite...

cast iron

Cast iron

Cast iron is derived from pig iron, and while it usually refers to gray iron, it also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy. White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due...

, and its cylinder head

Cylinder head

In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...

is cast

Casting

In metalworking, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to cool and solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process...

aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories...

, with additional post-production heat treatment. The crankcase

Crankcase

In an internal combustion engine of the reciprocating type, the crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft. The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the engine and is located below the cylinder, which in a multicylinder engine are usually integrated into one or several cylinder blocks...

contains a forge

Forge

A forge is a hearth used for forging. The term "forge" can also refer to the workplace of a smith or a blacksmith, although the term smithy is then more commonly used.The basic smithy contains a forge, also known as a hearth, for heating metals...

d steel

Steel

Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten...

crankshaft

Crankshaft

The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation...

which runs in five main bearing

Main bearing

In a piston engine, the main bearings are the bearings on which the crankshaft rotates, usually plain or journal bearings.All engines have a minimum of two main bearings, one at each end of the crankshaft, and they may have as many as one more than the number of crank pins...

s, and cast piston

Piston

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from...

s with increased size gudgeon pins. It has two valves per cylinder (eight valves in total), which are operated by a toothed belt

Timing belt

A timing belt, or cam belt , is a part of an internal combustion engine that controls the timing of the engine's valves. Some engines, such as the flat-4 Volkswagen air-cooled engine, and the straight-6 Toyota F engine use timing gears...

-driven forged steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC) via hydraulic

Hydraulics

Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control,...

valve lifters, with the valves being closed by two concentric

Concentric

Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other. Circles, tubes, cylindrical shafts, disks, and spheres may be concentric to one another...

valve springs

Spring (device)

A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out of spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication...

. Charged air is cooled via an intercooler

Intercooler

An intercooler , or charge air cooler, is an air-to-air or air-to-liquid heat exchange device used on turbocharged and supercharged internal combustion engines to improve their volumetric efficiency by increasing intake air charge density through nearly isobaric cooling, which removes...

, and the operation and control of the engine is managed by a Bosch

Robert Bosch GmbH

Robert Bosch GmbH is a multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the world's largest supplier of automotive components...

Digifant

Digifant Engine Management system

The Digifant engine management system is an electronic engine control unit , which monitors and controls the fuel injection and ignition systems in petrol engines, designed by Volkswagen Group, in cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbH....

engine control unit

Engine control unit

An engine control unit is a type of electronic control unit that determines the amount of fuel, ignition timing and other parameters an internal combustion engine needs to keep running...

, which includes common rail

Common rail

Common rail direct fuel injection is a modern variant of direct fuel injection system for petrol and diesel engines.On diesel engines, it features a high-pressure fuel rail feeding individual solenoid valves, as opposed to low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors...

electronic multi-point fuel injection

Fuel injection

Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....

and a knock

Engine knocking

Knocking in spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder starts off correctly in response to ignition by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front.The...

sensor. It produced a maximum rated motive

Motive power

In thermodynamics, motive power is an agency, as water or steam, used to impart motion. Generally, motive power is defined as a natural agent, as water, steam, wind, electricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery; a motor; a mover. The term may also define something, as a locomotive or a...

power

Power (physics)

In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit...

output of 118 kW at 5,800 revolutions per minute

Revolutions per minute

Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis...

(rpm), and could generate a turning force torque

Torque

Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....

of 225 newton metres (166 ft·lbf) at 4,000 rpm.

Although it was based on an existing Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen Group is a German multinational automobile manufacturing group. , Volkswagen was ranked as the world’s third largest motor vehicle manufacturer and Europe's largest....

engine from their EA111 series, it underwent so many modifications, it is usually regarded as a separate powerplant from others which the Group produced. It was named after the intricate "G-Lader

G-Lader

The G-Lader is a scroll-type supercharger used in various Volkswagen Passenger Cars models. Its purpose is to increase the motive power output from the internal combustion engine attainable with a given engine displacement. Since it is not enough to simply inject more fuel, as this produces too...

" magnesium

Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole...

-cased supercharger that it was mated to - this supercharger having a 60 millimetres (2.36 in) diameter inlet, hence the "G60" moniker. It utilised a side-mounted intercooler (SMIC), positioned in front of the left front wheel, to lower the temperature of the compressed charged engine intake air.

The G60 engine was developed from the earlier, smaller version, called the G40 1.3-litre engine. This displaced 1272 cc from a bore of 75 millimetres (2.953 in), and a stroke of 72 millimetres (2.835 in). The G40s supercharger had an inlet diameter of 40 mm (1.57 in), hence the "G40" name. This G40 engine produced a maximum power of 85 kW at 5,500 rpm, and torque of 150 newton metres (111 ft·lbf) at 3,500 rpm.

Applications

The original "G-Lader

G-Lader

" engine, the smaller version of the G60 engine, called the G40, was previously used in the Mk2 Volkswagen Polo

Volkswagen Polo Mk2

The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, it was produced from late 1981 until 1994.-Polo Mark 2:...

Coupé GT G40

Volkswagen Polo G40

The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 and Polo Mk2F were available as supercharged G40 models - called the Volkswagen Polo G40 .-Mk2:...

supermini. The G40 engine could propel this nervous little car to a top speed of 196 km/h (121.8 mph).

The larger G60 engine debuted in August 1988 in the B3 Volkswagen Passat G60 saloon, and the Mk2 Volkswagen Golf G60

Volkswagen Golf Mk2

The Volkswagen Golf Mk2 succeeded the Mk1 as Volkswagen's volume seller from 1983 and remained in production until late 1992. In comparison to its predecessor, its wheelbase grew slightly , as did exterior dimensions . Weight was up accordingly by about...

hatchback

Hatchback

A Hatchback is a car body style incorporating a shared passenger and cargo volume, with rearmost accessibility via a rear third or fifth door, typically a top-hinged liftgate—and features such as fold-down rear seats to enable flexibility within the shared passenger/cargo volume. As a two-box...

. In the Golf G60, it was capable of propelling the car from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) in 7.8 second

Second

The second is a unit of measurement of time, and is the International System of Units base unit of time. It may be measured using a clock....

s, reaching a top speed of 216 km/h (134.2 mph).

A month later, in September 1988, the Volkswagen Corrado G60

Volkswagen Corrado

The Volkswagen Corrado is a hatchback coupé developed by German automaker Volkswagen and built by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany, between 1 September 1988 and 31 July 1995....

was released. Performance figures for the Corrado G60 indicate that the standard discipline of sprinting from rest to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) took 8.3 seconds, and had a maximum speed of 225 km/h (139.8 mph).

In the United States

United States

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

, the G60 engine was used only in the Corrado, and this was dropped in 1992 in favour of the newer, more powerful VR6 engine

VR6 engine

The VR6 engine is an internal combustion engine configuration, consisting of six cylinders. It was developed by the Volkswagen Group in the late 1980s, and evolutions of the original variant are still produced by them....

.

A limited-production, four-wheel drive

Four-wheel drive

Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4×4 is a four-wheeled vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four wheels to receive torque from the engine simultaneously...

Syncro

4motion

4motion is a registered trademark of Volkswagen AG, used exclusively on Volkswagen-branded automobiles which utilise four-wheel drive systems. Volkswagen has previously used the term "Syncro" for its 4WD models....

variant of the Golf G60, called the Golf Rallye was also powered by the eight-valve G60, but the engine was reduced to 1763 cc for sports homologation

Homologation

Homologation is a technical term, derived from the Greek homologeo for "to agree", which is generally used in English to signify the granting of approval by an official authority...

purposes. It included a larger intercooler, which is mounted across the full width of the radiator. Power remained 118 kW.

A 16-valve

Multi-valve

In automotive engineering a multi-valve or multivalve engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves. A multi-valve engine has better breathing and can operate at higher revolutions per minute than a two-valve engine, delivering more power.- Multi-valve rationale :A multi-valve design...

G60 engine was used in the ultra-rare Golf Limited, of which only 71 were produced by VW Motorsport, all with four-wheel drive

Four-wheel drive

Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4×4 is a four-wheeled vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four wheels to receive torque from the engine simultaneously...

Power was raised to 154 kW, and the car could now accelerate to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 6.4 seconds, reaching a top speed of 247 km/h (153.5 mph), which was Volkswagen's highest-performance production car ever, until the Golf R32 in 2004.

The G60 engine, like any supercharged or turbocharged

Turbocharger

A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...

engine, was sensitive to high air temperatures, so engine performance very much depended on the weather conditions. Some models, like the Corrado, or even some variants of the Golf Rallye, had a bigger, better-placed intercooler

Intercooler

, resulting in increased, and more consistent performance compared to the standard placed intercooler.

Although there is no recommendation from Volkswagen, the supercharger compressor should be serviced every 100000 kilometre, otherwise an expensive repair could be likely.

VW engine ID codes

engine ID code	displacement Engine displacement Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre to bottom dead centre . It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters , litres , or cubic inches... , valvetrain Valvetrain Valvetrain is an all-encompassing term used to describe the mechanisms and parts which control the operation of the valves. A traditional reciprocating internal combustion engine uses valves to control air and fuel flow into and out of the cylinders, facilitating combustion.-Layout:Valvetrain: The... , engine management	max. power Motive power In thermodynamics, motive power is an agency, as water or steam, used to impart motion. Generally, motive power is defined as a natural agent, as water, steam, wind, electricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery; a motor; a mover. The term may also define something, as a locomotive or a... @ rpm Revolutions per minute Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis...	max. torque Torque Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist.... @ rpm	applications	years installed
all Volkswagen G-Lader G-Lader The G-Lader is a scroll-type supercharger used in various Volkswagen Passenger Cars models. Its purpose is to increase the motive power output from the internal combustion engine attainable with a given engine displacement. Since it is not enough to simply inject more fuel, as this produces too... internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high -pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine... s are inline four-cylinder SOHC designs operate on the four-stroke cycle with electronic multi-point fuel injection Fuel injection Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s.... , are water-cooled, and use a G-Lader supercharger Supercharger A supercharger is an air compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion engine.The greater mass flow-rate provides more oxygen to support combustion than would be available in a naturally aspirated engine, which allows more fuel to be burned and more work to be done per cycle,...
petrol engine Petrol engine A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels.... s
G40 PY	1272 cc, 8v single overhead camshaft (SOHC), Bosch Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH is a multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the world's largest supplier of automotive components... Digifant Digifant Engine Management system The Digifant engine management system is an electronic engine control unit , which monitors and controls the fuel injection and ignition systems in petrol engines, designed by Volkswagen Group, in cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbH.... electronic engine control unit Engine control unit An engine control unit is a type of electronic control unit that determines the amount of fuel, ignition timing and other parameters an internal combustion engine needs to keep running...	85 kW @ 5,500	150 N·m (111 ft·lbf) @ 3,500	VW Polo Mk2 Volkswagen Polo Mk2 The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, it was produced from late 1981 until 1994.-Polo Mark 2:... GT G40 Volkswagen Polo G40 The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 and Polo Mk2F were available as supercharged G40 models - called the Volkswagen Polo G40 .-Mk2:...	08/86-07/94
G60 1H	1763 cc, 8v single overhead camshaft (SOHC), Bosch Digifant electronic engine control unit	118 kW @ 5,800	225 N·m (166 ft·lbf) @ 4,000	VW Golf Mk2 G60 Volkswagen Golf Mk2 The Volkswagen Golf Mk2 succeeded the Mk1 as Volkswagen's volume seller from 1983 and remained in production until late 1992. In comparison to its predecessor, its wheelbase grew slightly , as did exterior dimensions . Weight was up accordingly by about...	08/88-07/89
G60 PG	1781 cc, 8v single overhead camshaft (SOHC), Bosch Digifant electronic engine control unit	110 kW		VW Passat (B3) G60	08/88-07/89
G60 PG	1781 cc, 8v single overhead camshaft (SOHC), Bosch Digifant electronic engine control unit	118 kW @ 5,800	225 N·m (166 ft·lbf) @ 4,000	VW Golf Mk2 G60 VW Passat (B3) G60 VW Corrado G60 Volkswagen Corrado The Volkswagen Corrado is a hatchback coupé developed by German automaker Volkswagen and built by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany, between 1 September 1988 and 31 July 1995....	08/88-07/91 08/88-07/93 09/88-07/93
G60 3G	1781 cc, 16v Multi-valve In automotive engineering a multi-valve or multivalve engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves. A multi-valve engine has better breathing and can operate at higher revolutions per minute than a two-valve engine, delivering more power.- Multi-valve rationale :A multi-valve design... Double overhead camshaft (DOHC), Bosch Digifant electronic engine control unit	154 kW @ 6,300	247 N·m (182 ft·lbf) @ 5,000	VW Golf Mk2 Limited Volkswagen Golf Mk2 The Volkswagen Golf Mk2 succeeded the Mk1 as Volkswagen's volume seller from 1983 and remained in production until late 1992. In comparison to its predecessor, its wheelbase grew slightly , as did exterior dimensions . Weight was up accordingly by about... Syncro 4WD 4motion 4motion is a registered trademark of Volkswagen AG, used exclusively on Volkswagen-branded automobiles which utilise four-wheel drive systems. Volkswagen has previously used the term "Syncro" for its 4WD models....	????

Future use of technology

Whilst it may seem a long period of time since the last Volkswagen

Volkswagen

engine with the G-Lader

G-Lader

supercharger

Supercharger

was installed in a Polo in 1994, Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen Group is a German multinational automobile manufacturing group. , Volkswagen was ranked as the world’s third largest motor vehicle manufacturer and Europe's largest....

have been thoroughly utilising the forced induction

Forced induction

knowledge learned from these G40 and G60 engines.

Diesel engines

Volkswagen Group now have a long-established 'knowledge base' from both forms of forced induction

Forced induction

. They first utilised this technology with turbocharger

Turbocharger

s in their TurboDiesel

Turbodiesel

Turbodiesel refers to any diesel engine with a turbocharger. Turbocharging is the norm rather than the exception in modern car and truck diesel engines...

'TD' engines. This then evolved into their highly regarded range of Turbocharged Direct Injection

Turbocharged Direct Injection

TDI or Turbocharged Direct Injection is a design of turbodiesel engines, which feature turbocharging and cylinder-direct fuel injection, developed and produced by Volkswagen Group. These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of passenger cars and light commercial...

'TDI' diesel engine

Diesel engine

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber...

s, which are now available throughout virtually every car and light commercial vehicle

Light commercial vehicle

Light commercial vehicles is a commercial carrier vehicles with a Gross vehicle weight of up to 3.5 tonnes. The formal term within the European Union is Light commercial vehicles. Vehicles which qualify in this category are pickup trucks, vans and 3 wheelers all commercially based goods or...

in the Volkswagen Group.

Variants of their TDI engine have recently been used by Audi

Audi

Audi AG is a German automobile manufacturer, from supermini to crossover SUVs in various body styles and price ranges that are marketed under the Audi brand , positioned as the premium brand within the Volkswagen Group....

to great success in long-endurance prototype sports car racing

Sports car racing

Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with automobiles that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going sports cars....

, including the first diesel-powered victory at the 24 Hours of Le Mans

24 Hours of Le Mans

The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the world's oldest sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since near the town of Le Mans, France. Commonly known as the Grand Prix of Endurance and Efficiency, race teams have to balance speed against the cars' ability to run for 24 hours without sustaining...

in their R10 TDI, at the cars first attempt. SEAT

SEAT

SEAT, S.A. is a Spanish automobile manufacturer founded on May 9, 1950 by the Instituto Nacional de Industria , a state-owned industrial holding company....

have also tasted success in touring car racing

Touring car racing

Touring car racing is a general term for a number of distinct auto racing competitions in heavily-modified street cars. It is notably popular in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Scandinavia and Britain.-Characteristics of a touring car:...

, winning both the Drivers' and Manufacturers' categories of the 2008 and 2009 World Touring Car Championship

World Touring Car Championship

For the video game, known as World Touring Car Championship in Japan, see TOCA World Touring CarsThe FIA World Touring Car Championship is an international Touring Car championship sanctioned by the FIA.-History:...

s, with their SEAT León TDI racing hatchback

Hatchback

.

Turbochargers on diesel engines are now seen as the norm, from all automotive manufacturers, and it is rare to find an automotive diesel engine without turbocharged forced induction.

Turbochargers

Turbochargers have also been of great benefit to recent petrol engine

Petrol engine

A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels....

s in the Volkswagen Group. Probably their most famous and widely used engine is their highly popular Audi

Audi

-developed inline-four engine. This has been used in many of their mainstream, and high-performance cars; such as the original Audi S3 and Audi TT

Audi TT

The Audi TT is a two-door sports car manufactured by the German automaker and Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi since 1998.The Audi TT has been produced in two generations. Both generations have been available in two car body styles; as a 2+2 Coupé, or two-seater Roadster...

, the Mk4 VW Golf GTI, the original Škoda Octavia vRS, and the original SEAT León

SEAT León

The SEAT León is a small family car built by the Spanish car manufacturer, and Volkswagen Group subsidiary SEAT, S.A. since October 1998.The two León generations are, or have been built upon two differing variants of the Volkswagen Group A platform, and they also share many other components with...

Cupra R. This strong, and highly tuneable engine has won many prestigious awards, and is highly regarded by professional engine tuners and motorsports

Auto racing

Auto racing is a motorsport involving the racing of cars for competition. It is one of the world's most watched televised sports.-The beginning of racing:...

teams. Furthermore, this same engine is used in a very high state of tune in the one-make Formula Palmer Audi

Formula Palmer Audi

Formula Palmer Audi, officially abbreviated to FPA, and sometimes informally abbreviated to Palmer Audi, was a one-make class of open wheel Formula racing founded in 1998 by former Formula One driver, Jonathan Palmer. It was based in the United Kingdom , and was organised and operated by MotorSport...

(FPA) open-wheeled

Open wheel car

Open-wheel car, formula car, or often single-seater car in British English, describes cars with the wheels outside the car's main body and, in most cases, one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or fenders...

racing series.

Volkswagen Groups' current range of Audi-developed Fuel Stratified Injection

Gasoline direct injection

In internal combustion engines, gasoline direct injection , also known as petrol direct injection or direct petrol injection, is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern two-stroke and four-stroke gasoline engines...

engines, again award winning, and again winning at Le Mans - continue to champion the turbocharger in petrol engines, and also include cylinder

Cylinder (engine)

-direct fuel injection

Fuel injection

, making them not only powerful, but now also very fuel efficient.

Audi-developed straight-fives (including the 232 kW 2.2 Turbo from the Audi RS2 Avant

Audi RS2 Avant

The Audi RS2 Avant was a limited edition, high-performance Audi five-door, five-seat estate car , manufactured from March 1994 to July 1995...

), V6 engine

V6 engine

A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of three cylinders, usually set at either a right angle or an acute angle to each other, with all six pistons driving a common crankshaft...

s (the B5 Audi RS4 280 kW 2.7 T V6), and even V8 engine

V8 engine

A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of four cylinders, in most cases set at a right angle to each other but sometimes at a narrower angle, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft....

s (the C5 Audi RS6 ), have successfully used turbos, the latter two V engine

V engine

A V engine, or Vee engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. The cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a "V" when viewed along the axis of the crankshaft...

s as 'biturbo

Twin-turbo

Twin-turbo refers to a turbocharged engine, in which two turbochargers compress the intake charge. There are two commonly used twin turbo configurations: parallel twin-turbo and sequential twin-turbo...

's. Current 'large capacity' Volkswagen Group users of turbos include Audi C6 RS6 5.0 TFSI V10 biturbo engine, and the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4

Bugatti Veyron

The Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 is a mid-engined grand touring car. The Super Sport version is the fastest road-legal production car in the world, with a top speed of . The original version has a top speed of...

8.0-litre 736 kW sixteen cylinder 'quad-turbo' engine, which can achieve an astonishing (for a road-legal car) top speed of 406 kilometres per hour (252.3 mph)!

Superchargers

The supercharger

Supercharger

has also seen a recent return in a petrol engine

Petrol engine

A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels....

. First announced at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, Volkswagen released the 1.4-litre TSI 'Twincharger' engine - which uses both a turbocharger, and an Eaton

Eaton Corporation

Eaton Corporation is a global diversified power management company with 2010 sales of $13.7 billion. The company is a leading provider of electrical components and systems for power quality, distribution and control; hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment;...

fifth-generation Roots

Roots type supercharger

The Roots type supercharger or Roots blower is a positive displacement lobe pump which operates by pumping fluids with a pair of meshing lobes not unlike a set of stretched gears. Fluid is trapped in pockets surrounding the lobes and carried from the intake side to the exhaust...

-type positive displacement supercharger. Dependent on the state of tune, power output from this relatively diminutive engine ranges from 90 kW, and can rise to 133 kW - which puts it on a par with a conventionally aspirated 2.3-litre engine. And once again, another Volkswagen Group engine winning a highly prestigious award, this time the "International Engine of the Year

International Engine of the Year

The International Engine of the Year is an annual competition for automotive industry internal combustion engines, judged by a panel of automobile journalists from around the world. It is organised by the United Kingdom's largest technical motoring, aerospace and traffic management publication...

".

And for larger displacement engines, the supercharger has been fitted to an all-new aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloy

90° V6 engine

V6 engine

, which displaces

Engine displacement

2995 cc. Now used in all current Audi four-door saloons and five-door Avants (Audi's name for an estate car

Station wagon

A station wagon is a body style variant of a sedan/saloon with its roof extended rearward over a shared passenger/cargo volume with access at the back via a third or fifth door , instead of a trunk lid...

) - from the Audi S4

Audi S4

The Audi S4 is the high performance variant of Audi's compact executive car A4. The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a performance-oriented version of Audi's 100 saloon/sedan...

upwards, along with the two-door Audi A5

Audi A5

The Audi A5 is a coupé produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi since 2007. It is the coupé, cabriolet, and five-door fastback versions of the fourth generation Audi A4 saloon and estate models....

coupé - it uses an all-new Eaton 'Twin Vortices Series' (TVS)

TVS Supercharger

The TVS Supercharger is an automotive supercharger that was developed by Eaton Corporation to improve on all existing types superchargers. The TVS acronym stands for Twin Vortices Series....

Roots-type positive displacement compressor. This new blower features twin four-lobe rotors which are twisted 160-degrees. It is mounted on top of the engine within the 'Vee', pumping air directly into the inlet manifold. This new design of supercharger is said to reduce the noise, vibration, and harshness

Noise, Vibration, and Harshness

Noise, vibration, and harshness , also known as noise and vibration , is the study and modification of the noise and vibration characteristics of vehicles, particularly cars and trucks...

(NVH) of the engine. In 'standard' tune, this engine produces 213 kW at 4,850-6,500 rpm, and 420 newton metres (310 ft·lbf) at 2,500-4,800 rpm. However, a higher performance variant is fitted to the latest B8 Audi S4, and in this car, produces 245 kW at 5,500-7,000 rpm, and 440 newton metres (325 ft·lbf) at 2,500-5,000 rpm - which makes this new S4 more potent than its immediate predecessor, with its 4.2-litre V8. This engine is also scheduled to be fitted to a new hybrid

Hybrid vehicle

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...

version of the Volkswagen Touareg

Volkswagen Touareg

The Volkswagen Touareg is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by German automaker Volkswagen since 2002. The vehicle was named after the Tuareg people, a Berber-speaking group in North Africa...

External links

Volkswagen Group corporate website

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

Design and specifications

Applications

VW engine ID codes

Future use of technology

Diesel engines

Turbochargers

Superchargers

See also

External links