Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
Encyclopedia
Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra, 1st Marquis of Queipo de Llano, a title bestowed upon him, to crown his professional career at the service of the "New" Spain forged by Dictator of Spain, 1939 - 1975, General Francisco Franco
on 1 April 1950, once he had decided Spain would be again a Kingdom after his personal ruling on the country was over, (February 5, 1875 – March 9, 1951) was a Spanish
Army Officer who fought for the Nationalists
during the Spanish Civil War
.
, province of Valladolid
, Spain, being, apparently, related to the Asturian
family of the Count
s of Toreno
, a title going back to 1657, and of José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, 7th Count of Toreno
, (Oviedo
, 1786 - Paris
, 1843), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and Prime Minister of Spain
for only 3 months in 1835, and son Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano y Gayoso de los Cobos, 8th Count of Toreno since the age of 3, (1840 - 1890), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and Mayor of Madrid
, December 1874 - December 1875, after the military coup restoring again the Borbon
monarchy.
for Catholic Priests, he ran away and enlisted in the Spanish Army
as an gunner. He later entered the Royal Cavalry Academy of Valladolid as a cadet
, fought in Cuba
(during the Spanish-American War
) and then in the Rif War
as a cavalry
officer
.
On 4 October 1901 he married Genoveva Martí y Tovar, by whom he had two children, Gonzalo and Ernestina, deceased 2001, later on the wife of his enemy and President of the II Spanish Republic, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
.
as a Colonial Officer afterward and attaining the rank of brigadier general, April 1923, being apparently enthusiastic with the military coup d'etat protagonized by General Miguel Primo de Ribera , 13 September 1923. He was however highly critical of the Spanish Army, and his opposition to the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera
led to him being relieved of his command and imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1926, but his continued criticism of the government led to his dismissal from the army in 1928. Two years later, Queipo de Llano became the head of the Republican Military Association and collaborated with the National Revolutionary Committee, a group plotting to overthrow King Alfonso XIII. The failure of the revolt forced Queipo de Llano to flee to Portugal
. He published in 1930 a book titled El General Queipo de Llano perseguido por La Dictadura where he used haughty expressions about King Alfonso XIII and about Spanish Dictator, close to the King, Miguel Primo de Rivera
.
When Alfonso XIII left Spain in April 1931, Queipo de Llano returned to Spain and was given the post of commander of the 1st Military District in Madrid. "He was later appointed head of the military house of Second Spanish Republic
President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
(they were in-laws, Queipo's daughter, was married to one of Alcalá-Zamora's sons)."
Queipo de Llano initially supported the Popular Front
, and served as chief of a main directorate of the Customs officers, ("Carabineros" in Spanish) from 1934-1936. He was critical of some Popular Front policies, including agrarian reform
s that penalized the landed aristocracy, the outlawing of the Falange Española
, and the granting of political and administrative autonomy to Catalonia
(see Spanish Revolution
).
-controlled Comintern
7th Congress, May 1935:
http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/7th-congress/index.htm
had decided that, in response to the growth of Fascism
, popular fronts allying Communist parties with other anti-Fascist parties including Socialist and even bourgeois parties were advisable. Main organizer of the bureaucratic work related to these May-August 1935 digests was Bulgarian communist Georgi Dimitrov
, (June 1882 - July 1949), exiled from Bulgaria 1922 - 1944.
In Spain, it was a coalition between leftist republicans and workers' organizations to defend social reforms of the first government (1931-1933) of the Second Spanish Republic, and liberate the prisoners, political prisoners according with the front propaganda, held since the Asturian October Revolution, 1934. It included the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Communist Party of Spain (PCE), the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM, independent communist) and the republicans: Republican Left (IR), (led by notary Manuel Azaña) and Republican Union Party (UR), led by Diego Martínez Barrio
. This pact was supported by Galician (PG) and Catalan nationalists (such as the Esquerra Party), socialist union Workers' General Union (UGT), and the anarchist trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Many anarchists who would later fight alongside Popular Front forces during the Spanish Civil War did not support them in the election, urging abstention instead.
The Popular Front won the May 1936 election, forming thus the new Spanish Government. The Popular Front received 4,654,116 votes compared to the opponent combined right-wing vote of 4,503,524 votes, confirming thus the traditional, actual, Spanish voting configuration since the 1970s, including adult women, also voting since 1933, albeit the thought of being more conservative, something not even allowed today in many countries, Switzerland
for instance, while the women right to vote was conquered in France
only in 1944.
Perhaps it is worth mentioning for the sake of political experts, too, that the Popular Front (France) came into effect under Léon Blum
, three months later than in Spain and without women voting, but without Communist Party members also as Ministers.
It elected 278 deputies - 99 of which belonged to the Socialists (PSOE) - while the right-wing elected 124 deputies - 88 of which belonged to the CEDA. Notary Manuel Azaña
was elected President of the Republic on May 1936, but the PSOE didn't join the government because of the opposition of socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero
.
Almost immediately, serious troubles on the civic convivence, started to surge, much like the Earth tremors accompanying a volcanic eruption.
y Bahamonde was appointed by the legal government of the II Spanish Republic
Military Commandant of the Canary Islands
, not Military Governor, as stated by not very careful historians, on the 21st February 1936 as published in page 1547, Gaceta de Madrid, number 54, 23 March 1936 by the President of the Republic Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres.
The President was the father-in-law of one of the sons of troublesome, outspoken, very tall, and rather handsome General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, while Don Niceto´s Republican Minister of War was General Carlos Masquelet Lacaci, the supposed motive force behind this decision.
Many historians put forward however, quite often, the idea than rather than a promotion, there was the idea of short-circuiting Francisco Franco, appointing him to some sort of a quite controlled backwater job.
Outspoken Queipo de Llano was widely known by then in many places, Army barracks and drinking houses, because of his "macho" flunterings about this rather silent, quite small, plump and childish voiced colleague, Francisco Franco, till then Joint Chiefs of Staff
Head on behalf of of the republic, JCS in English, named by him, and only by him, as "Paca, La Culona", i.e., "Little Girl Francisca, Widebottom". (????).
Further, although brother Ramón Franco
and even their biological father had been accepted as freemasons in some masonic lodges Francisco Franco was, apparently, refused by his colleagues, his brother and his father, too, several times, developing thus an authentic phobia against both, communist and freemasons, put together in the same bundle, probably ignoring the traditional hate between authoritarian systems, Russia, Germany, Austria and freemasons.
On the social gathering on General Frasnco´s arrival by boat to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
, 11 March 1936, he received the compliments of General of Brigade Amado Balmes Alonso, temporarily, at interim, since the government authorized depart to Madrid of General of Brigade and politician Joaquín Fanjul y Goñi, executed by the Republican loyalists on 17 August 1936) a fact not published by the actually available local newspapers.
There is an increasing tide wave in the last 15 years or so, started from the ends of the 20 Century, whereby, General Amado Balmes Alonso "quite and rather discreet" assassination on 16 July 1936, there, could provide an excuse for General Franco presence at his funeral and his, apparently, unauthorized straightforward flight with a British-hired airplane, De Havilland
Dragon Rapide flight to the Spanish Mainland to be one of the leaders of the Spanish Civil War
. Finances for the airplane booking were provided by Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 2nd Marquis of Luca de Tena of the Sevilla and Madrid conservative newspaper.
When Alcalá-Zamora was ousted as President on May 10, 1936 and replaced by the left-wing Manuel Azaña
, Queipo de Llano, along with Generals Emilio Mola
, Francisco Franco
, and José Sanjurjo
, started plotting to overthrow the Popular Front government. He was a leading member of the conspiracy group and used to say with pride that his sports convertible car had covered 20,000 miles in plotting the July 17, 1936 military revolt that led to the Spanish Civil War
.
He was the main responsible for the execution of Granada
´s region Captain General and Military Governor General Miguel Campins Aura, accused of rather "tepid" behavior on the beginnings of the "Patriotic Rising" against the Republic.
Other high grade Military Officers were also executed besides General Campins, namely Commandant of the Artillery José Loureiro Sellés, 23 July 1936 and Cavalry Colonel Santiago Mateo Fernández, 18 September 1936. General Campins brought to Sevilla from Granada was inmediately replaced after 20 July 1936 on "discipline and civic order questions" related to Granada by the rebels from Seville, who appointed as new Civil Governor of Granada, Comandant José Valdés Guzmán, keen on applying harder lines around. He replaced thus Governor César Torres Martínez who saved his life by allegations of obeying the legal Republican Government , something paid immediately with death punishment in many other places elsewhere. To appreciate the legal disorder at the moment, it must be said that below the grades of General of Division, generals of Brigade, Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels are supposed to be higher hierarchies than Commandants nowadays, then and now.
Campins, chosen as a "Head of Studies" by the General Director of the new Academia General Militar of Zaragoza
, Franco himself "could not be spared" of execution according to Queipo de Llano, then known already as "The Viceroy of Seville", even if Franco asked him for forgiviness. It is said Franco will pay him with an equivalent token when he ignored Queipo de Llano pleads to save his colleage and friend in the Revolt General Domingo Batet Mestres. In this case, he ignored also Franco´s former boss in North Africa, General Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer, on behalf of General Campins.
Further, he was directly involved in the executions at the Castillo de San Felipe, on 9 November 1936, of Generals Enrique Salcedo y Molinuevo and Rogelio Caridad Pita.
Civil Governor of the province of Cádiz between March 1936 and around 20 July 1936, Comandant of Artillery Mariano Zapico y Menéndez-Valdés was executed on 6 August 1936 together with other civilian and military people associated to his appointment as a public servant by the legal Spanish Republic, too.
See: Pettenghi Lachambre, José Aquiles. Detrás del Silencio. El Trágico Destino de los Gobernadores Civiles de Cádiz. Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz): ed. Artepick. pp. pp 72-77. (2009)=, 246 pages, ISBN 978-84-936799-0-3.
Lieutenant Colonel of the "Indigenous Regular Forces" number 3 since February 1934 at Ceuta
Juan Caballero López, who replaced Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe
, was on authorized leave for two months since 9 July, for medical reasons, being executed at Sevilla city on 17 July 1936. Gonzalo Queipo de Llano ordrered him to be detained for his lack of agreement with the Fascist coup, being executed at the city on 31 July 1936. Don Gonzalo however provided arrangements for the Lieutenant Colonel widow in order to bring from Ceuta, crossing by boat the Gibraltar Strait, their own private furniture and belongings not anymore at the Spanish Army Barracks provided for the Headquarters Officers.
What is sure, too, is that General Manuel Romerales Quintero, the Military Governor of the North African town of Melilla, conquered in 1497 by the Spaniards, five years after the Muslim Spanish town of Granada
, was not heading his native indigenous Regulars either at Sevilla, July 1936, or at Malaga
, February 1937.
The Head of the Hydro Plains Base at Melilla
, 33 years old Captain Vitgilio Leret y Ruiz, located at El Atalayón, paid swiftly with his life his armed opposition to the Military Coup who led to a 41 years stop stop of free political elections in Spain between the period May 1936 and the ends of the year 1977, too. His wife, Spanish-Mexican Carlota O'Neill, spent five years in prison while their two daughters were protected orphans of the New Regime. He was ubder the orders of the Head of the Spanish Aeronautics, "Africanist" General of Division, Miguel Nuñez de Prado y Susbielas, a founder of UMRA
, Union Militar Republicana Antifascista
. He was already a Cavalry Lieurenan Colonel circa 1921.
Much more lucky in his dealings and confrontations with Queipo de Llano, Franco, Yagúe, Mola
, .... was, probably a freemason, Republican Head General of the Spanish Forces in North Africa Agustín Gómez Morato put under arrest by the seditious and youngest Africanist Generals who got "only" a 30 years prison sentence by dismissing their command authority.
Asturian
High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco from 13 May to 18 July 1936, Arturo Alvarez-Buylla y Godino fared however much worse, being detained on 18 July 1936 by the then Francoist Colonel Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga
y Polanco, later on a General and much honored afterwards.
Another commandant executed much earlier, 4 August 1936, than Arturo Alvarez-Buylla was General Francisco Franco
y Bahamonde cousin Commandant Ricardo de la Puente y Bahamonde. General Franco himself did not signed the death sentence of his cousin, because Commandant Ricardo´s and General Francisco´s mothers were sisters leaving the job for his assistant, Monarchist General Luis Orgaz Yoldi
. His way was clean however to stop near Tetouan
Military airport with the hired British De Havilland
Dragon Rapide plain while his cousin, a creator of embarrassing problems, was already detained by Saenz de Buruaga.
Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, without "military legal attributions", as an Inspector of the Customs and Duty Tax Officers, benefited at Seville "to put initial order" , of the hunting and fire-arms and sports weapons capacities of a group of rather wealthy newcoming entrepreneurs and land proprietors, new nobility through predating marriages and/or purchased nobility titles, gravitating around Cadiz
town Mayor, Ramon de Carranza Sr. and his son Ramon de Carranza Jr..
Another notorious free lance southerner sheriff was Francisco de Paula de Borbón y de la Torre, 4th Duke of Seville, married in 1907 to his first cousin Enriqueta de Borbón y Parade, 4th Duchess of Seville, deceased November 1968, becoming thus 4th Duke Consort of Seville iure uxoris after 1919, after the death of the 3rd Duchess and sister of wife Enriqueta, María Luisa de Borbón y Parade, 3rd Duchesse of Seville, married in London in 1894, no issue. Both came from a 19th Century cadet branch of king Carlos IV of Spain, from the Borbón
Royal dynasty.
He was much notorious during the Spanish Civil War, by his expeditive methods with the Sevilla, Marbella
and Malaga
left-wingers and free-masons taken as hostages or political prisoners
Queipo de Llano's role in capture of Seville in the early stages of the war has achieved almost mythical status. Initially, he claimed that he had seized control of the city with only 200 men (later claiming in a radio interview that he had done so with only 15 soldiers). This account of military brilliance became the accepted version of events. Recent research by the historian Paul Preston
, however, has shown that the successful capture of Seville was the result of careful planning and the use of at least 4,000 nationalist troops.
.
General of Division José Fernández de Villa-Abrille y Calivara, one of eight brothers/sisters, son of Spanish Army Colonel of Engineers Faustino and mother Valeriana, was a Hispanic-Filipino General of Brigade till 1933, Head of the II Organic Division at Sevilla in July 1936. His ancestors roots were also Asturian, as those of Gonzalo.
Detained by Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, together with a General of Brigade and a Comandant at his commanding Sevilla Office, he was spared of being executed , but was judged in 1939, losing salary and full military status, demoted.
He died aged 68, in a very modest lodgers and outcasts pension at Madrid, 1946, his death certificate stating, apparently, he had died of lack of food, hunger or starvation. Other part of this family was/is at Philippines
and Argentina
nowadays
Coat of Arms of The Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas ("Indigenous Regular Forces"), created in 1911, known simply as the Regulares (Regulars), the volunteer infantry and cavalry units of the Spanish Army recruited in Spanish Morocco
, commanded by General Queipo de Llano at the Conquest of Malaga, February 1937. Notice the co-existence of the big Hispanic Moslems Moon within the guns and the smallish Royal Spanish Crown surmounted by the Spanish Christians Cross.
Appointed commander of the Nationalist Army of the South, General Queipo de Llano's forces launched an Battle of Málaga
on Málaga
on January 17, 1937, and the city succumbed to the Nationalists on February 8, with the support of of the Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie
, or CTV), the Italian expeditionary force that fought alongside Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War since December 1936.
General Mario Roatta
, a Colonel till 1935 of the Spyonnage Service SIM
, Servizio Informazioni Militari
, the Italian Commander-in-Chief of over 10,000 soldiers and officers, had General Luigi Frusci
, forged during World War I
and at the Second Italo-Ethiopian War as his Deputy Commander. He also carried out propaganda
broadcasts during the war.
He was very eager to organise forced labour in the Francoist regions and restart the agricultural production in Andalusia with cheap exports to Europe becoming an important economic factor of the regime.
, a.k.a. "Paquita La Culona" according to Don Gonzalo, ruled as Sole Head of the New State and also of the parafascist civilian organization Falange Española y de las JONS, that Zaragoza University trained lawyer and also his brother-in-law, till August 1942, Ramón Serrano Súñer
would be the Minister of the Interior and Propaganda. Just a few hours later, radio speeches at Sevilla protagonized almost daily by General Queipo de Llano between 18 July 1936 and 2 February 1938 were a thing from the inmediate past, including verbal aggresive "macho" style "sexually trended" menaces on left-wingers families women, sometimes with forced haircuts and headshavings followed by forced assistance to churches ceremonials and perhaps, sometimes violations and final shootings in the cemeteries.
Clearly enough, the word "authority" is not about removing the lowest instincts of highly stressed people because of a war but about the posession of "moral authority" as real leaders should have being or trying to be above the lowest instincts of populace
, a former plasterer in his youth, who on 4 September 1936, a few months into the civil war, was designated the 134th Prime Minister
and Minister of War till he was obliged to resign on May 17, 1937. whereby prestigious University Medical Professor of Physiology Juan Negrín
, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed Prime Minister in his stead. This ransom of sister Rosario with Francisco Largo Calvo, allowed Largo Calvo to go to Mexico
, where he died in the exile in 2001.
After the fall of the Republic, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Franco sent him as head of the Spanish Mission to Italy
, and he later served as the commander of Seville's military district. His relations with Franco were poor on the whole. He did not like Franco and he hated the King, he was actually a Republican, but never questioned the leadership of the junta. Queipo de Llano died at his country estate near Seville.
His relatives were:
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
on 1 April 1950, once he had decided Spain would be again a Kingdom after his personal ruling on the country was over, (February 5, 1875 – March 9, 1951) was a Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
Army Officer who fought for the Nationalists
National Faction (Spanish Civil War)
The National faction also known as Nationalists or Nationals , was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups opposed to the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists...
during the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
.
Queipo de Llano roots on Asturian Spanish nobility
He was born in TordesillasTordesillas
Tordesillas is a town and municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, central Spain.It is located 25 km southwest of the provincial capital, Valladolid at an elevation of 704 meters. The population was c. 9,000 in 2009....
, province of Valladolid
Valladolid
Valladolid is a historic city and municipality in north-central Spain, situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers, and located within three wine-making regions: Ribera del Duero, Rueda and Cigales...
, Spain, being, apparently, related to the Asturian
Asturias
The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
family of the Count
Count
A count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
s of Toreno
Toreno
Toreno is a village and municipality located in the region of El Bierzo . According to the 2004 census , the municipality has a population of 3,792 inhabitants....
, a title going back to 1657, and of José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, 7th Count of Toreno
José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, 7th Count of Toreno
Don José María Queipo de Llano y Ruiz de Saravia, 7th Count of Toreno, , was a nineteenth-century Spanish politician and historian. In Spain he is simply known as Conde de Toreno....
, (Oviedo
Oviedo
Oviedo is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain. It is also the name of the municipality that contains the city....
, 1786 - Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, 1843), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and Prime Minister of Spain
Prime Minister of Spain
The President of the Government of Spain , sometimes known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the head of Government of Spain. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1978...
for only 3 months in 1835, and son Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano y Gayoso de los Cobos, 8th Count of Toreno since the age of 3, (1840 - 1890), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain and Mayor of Madrid
Mayor of Madrid
The Mayor of Madrid is an elected politician who, along with Madrid City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of Madrid....
, December 1874 - December 1875, after the military coup restoring again the Borbon
Bourbon
- Food and drink :* Bourbon whiskey, an American whiskey made using a corn-based mash* Bourbon biscuit, a chocolate sandwich biscuit* A beer produced by Brasseries de Bourbon* Bourbon coffee, a type of coffee made from a cultivar of coffea arabica...
monarchy.
Civilian and military educational background
Educated at a seminarySeminary
A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is an institution of secondary or post-secondary education for educating students in theology, generally to prepare them for ordination as clergy or for other ministry...
for Catholic Priests, he ran away and enlisted in the Spanish Army
Spanish Army
The Spanish Army is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is one of the oldest active armies - dating back to the 15th century.-Introduction:...
as an gunner. He later entered the Royal Cavalry Academy of Valladolid as a cadet
Cadet
A cadet is a trainee to become an officer in the military, often a person who is a junior trainee. The term comes from the term "cadet" for younger sons of a noble family.- Military context :...
, fought in Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
(during the Spanish-American War
Spanish-American War
The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence...
) and then in the Rif War
Rif War
The Rif War, also called the Second Moroccan War, was fought between Spain and the Moroccan Rif Berbers.-Rifian forces:...
as a cavalry
Cavalry
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
officer
Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position...
.
On 4 October 1901 he married Genoveva Martí y Tovar, by whom he had two children, Gonzalo and Ernestina, deceased 2001, later on the wife of his enemy and President of the II Spanish Republic, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first premier minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then — from 1931 to 1936—as its president....
.
Military career
Queipo de Llano, a second lieutenant at Cuba in 1896, became a Captain at 1898, was a commandant in 1911 on returning from Argentina after a 10-month spell there, 1910 - 1911, serving in North Africa at MelillaMelilla
Melilla is a autonomous city of Spain and an exclave on the north coast of Morocco. Melilla, along with the Spanish exclave Ceuta, is one of the two Spanish territories located in mainland Africa...
as a Colonial Officer afterward and attaining the rank of brigadier general, April 1923, being apparently enthusiastic with the military coup d'etat protagonized by General Miguel Primo de Ribera , 13 September 1923. He was however highly critical of the Spanish Army, and his opposition to the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella, 22nd Count of Sobremonte, Knight of Calatrava was a Spanish dictator, aristocrat, and a military official who was appointed Prime Minister by the King and who for seven years was a dictator, ending the turno system of alternating...
led to him being relieved of his command and imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1926, but his continued criticism of the government led to his dismissal from the army in 1928. Two years later, Queipo de Llano became the head of the Republican Military Association and collaborated with the National Revolutionary Committee, a group plotting to overthrow King Alfonso XIII. The failure of the revolt forced Queipo de Llano to flee to Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
. He published in 1930 a book titled El General Queipo de Llano perseguido por La Dictadura where he used haughty expressions about King Alfonso XIII and about Spanish Dictator, close to the King, Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella, 22nd Count of Sobremonte, Knight of Calatrava was a Spanish dictator, aristocrat, and a military official who was appointed Prime Minister by the King and who for seven years was a dictator, ending the turno system of alternating...
.
When Alfonso XIII left Spain in April 1931, Queipo de Llano returned to Spain and was given the post of commander of the 1st Military District in Madrid. "He was later appointed head of the military house of Second Spanish Republic
Second Spanish Republic
The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco....
President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first premier minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then — from 1931 to 1936—as its president....
(they were in-laws, Queipo's daughter, was married to one of Alcalá-Zamora's sons)."
Queipo de Llano initially supported the Popular Front
Popular Front (Spain)
The Popular Front in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organisations, instigated by Manuel Azaña for the purpose of contesting that year's election....
, and served as chief of a main directorate of the Customs officers, ("Carabineros" in Spanish) from 1934-1936. He was critical of some Popular Front policies, including agrarian reform
Agrarian reform
Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land or, broadly, to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures. Agrarian reform can include credit measures,...
s that penalized the landed aristocracy, the outlawing of the Falange Española
Falange
The Spanish Phalanx of the Assemblies of the National Syndicalist Offensive , known simply as the Falange, is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original fascist movement in Spain. The word means phalanx formation in Spanish....
, and the granting of political and administrative autonomy to Catalonia
Catalonia
Catalonia is an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, with the official status of a "nationality" of Spain. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an...
(see Spanish Revolution
Spanish Revolution
The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to...
).
The Popular Front (Spain) Republican Coalition, January 1936, and its consequences
The Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
-controlled Comintern
Comintern
The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern, also known as the Third International, was an international communist organization initiated in Moscow during March 1919...
7th Congress, May 1935:
http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/7th-congress/index.htm
had decided that, in response to the growth of Fascism
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
, popular fronts allying Communist parties with other anti-Fascist parties including Socialist and even bourgeois parties were advisable. Main organizer of the bureaucratic work related to these May-August 1935 digests was Bulgarian communist Georgi Dimitrov
Georgi Dimitrov
Georgi Dimitrov Mikhaylov , also known as Georgi Mikhaylovich Dimitrov , was a Bulgarian Communist politician...
, (June 1882 - July 1949), exiled from Bulgaria 1922 - 1944.
In Spain, it was a coalition between leftist republicans and workers' organizations to defend social reforms of the first government (1931-1933) of the Second Spanish Republic, and liberate the prisoners, political prisoners according with the front propaganda, held since the Asturian October Revolution, 1934. It included the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Communist Party of Spain (PCE), the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM, independent communist) and the republicans: Republican Left (IR), (led by notary Manuel Azaña) and Republican Union Party (UR), led by Diego Martínez Barrio
Diego Martínez Barrio
Diego Martínez y Barrio was a Spanish politician during the Second Spanish Republic, Prime Minister of Spain between 9 October 1933 and 26 December 1933 and was briefly appointed again by Manuel Azaña after the resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga, on July 19, 1936 - three days after the...
. This pact was supported by Galician (PG) and Catalan nationalists (such as the Esquerra Party), socialist union Workers' General Union (UGT), and the anarchist trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Many anarchists who would later fight alongside Popular Front forces during the Spanish Civil War did not support them in the election, urging abstention instead.
The Popular Front won the May 1936 election, forming thus the new Spanish Government. The Popular Front received 4,654,116 votes compared to the opponent combined right-wing vote of 4,503,524 votes, confirming thus the traditional, actual, Spanish voting configuration since the 1970s, including adult women, also voting since 1933, albeit the thought of being more conservative, something not even allowed today in many countries, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
for instance, while the women right to vote was conquered in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
only in 1944.
Perhaps it is worth mentioning for the sake of political experts, too, that the Popular Front (France) came into effect under Léon Blum
Léon Blum
André Léon Blum was a French politician, usually identified with the moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France.-First political experiences:...
, three months later than in Spain and without women voting, but without Communist Party members also as Ministers.
It elected 278 deputies - 99 of which belonged to the Socialists (PSOE) - while the right-wing elected 124 deputies - 88 of which belonged to the CEDA. Notary Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña Díaz was a Spanish politician. He was the first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic , and later served again as Prime Minister , and then as the second and last President of the Republic . The Spanish Civil War broke out while he was President...
was elected President of the Republic on May 1936, but the PSOE didn't join the government because of the opposition of socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero
Francisco Largo Caballero
Francisco Largo Caballero was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and of the Workers' General Union...
.
Almost immediately, serious troubles on the civic convivence, started to surge, much like the Earth tremors accompanying a volcanic eruption.
Some political moves within the Military under President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, February to June 1936
General of Division Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
y Bahamonde was appointed by the legal government of the II Spanish Republic
Spanish Republic
There have been two Spanish Republics:* First Spanish Republic * Second Spanish Republic Spain is not currently a republic, but a constitutional monarchy...
Military Commandant of the Canary Islands
Canary Islands
The Canary Islands , also known as the Canaries , is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union...
, not Military Governor, as stated by not very careful historians, on the 21st February 1936 as published in page 1547, Gaceta de Madrid, number 54, 23 March 1936 by the President of the Republic Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres.
The President was the father-in-law of one of the sons of troublesome, outspoken, very tall, and rather handsome General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, while Don Niceto´s Republican Minister of War was General Carlos Masquelet Lacaci, the supposed motive force behind this decision.
Many historians put forward however, quite often, the idea than rather than a promotion, there was the idea of short-circuiting Francisco Franco, appointing him to some sort of a quite controlled backwater job.
Outspoken Queipo de Llano was widely known by then in many places, Army barracks and drinking houses, because of his "macho" flunterings about this rather silent, quite small, plump and childish voiced colleague, Francisco Franco, till then Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and the President on military matters...
Head on behalf of of the republic, JCS in English, named by him, and only by him, as "Paca, La Culona", i.e., "Little Girl Francisca, Widebottom". (????).
Further, although brother Ramón Franco
Ramón Franco
Ramón Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade , was a Galician pioneer of aviation, a political figure and brother of later dictator Francisco Franco...
and even their biological father had been accepted as freemasons in some masonic lodges Francisco Franco was, apparently, refused by his colleagues, his brother and his father, too, several times, developing thus an authentic phobia against both, communist and freemasons, put together in the same bundle, probably ignoring the traditional hate between authoritarian systems, Russia, Germany, Austria and freemasons.
On the social gathering on General Frasnco´s arrival by boat to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria commonly known as Las Palmas is the political capital, jointly with Santa Cruz, the most populous city in the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands and the ninth largest city in Spain, with a population of 383,308 in 2010. Nearly half of the people of the island...
, 11 March 1936, he received the compliments of General of Brigade Amado Balmes Alonso, temporarily, at interim, since the government authorized depart to Madrid of General of Brigade and politician Joaquín Fanjul y Goñi, executed by the Republican loyalists on 17 August 1936) a fact not published by the actually available local newspapers.
There is an increasing tide wave in the last 15 years or so, started from the ends of the 20 Century, whereby, General Amado Balmes Alonso "quite and rather discreet" assassination on 16 July 1936, there, could provide an excuse for General Franco presence at his funeral and his, apparently, unauthorized straightforward flight with a British-hired airplane, De Havilland
De Havilland
The de Havilland Aircraft Company was a British aviation manufacturer founded in 1920 when Airco, of which Geoffrey de Havilland had been chief designer, was sold to BSA by the owner George Holt Thomas. De Havilland then set up a company under his name in September of that year at Stag Lane...
Dragon Rapide flight to the Spanish Mainland to be one of the leaders of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
. Finances for the airplane booking were provided by Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 2nd Marquis of Luca de Tena of the Sevilla and Madrid conservative newspaper.
Don Quichotte search for a Sancho Panza partner?
When Alcalá-Zamora was ousted as President on May 10, 1936 and replaced by the left-wing Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña Díaz was a Spanish politician. He was the first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic , and later served again as Prime Minister , and then as the second and last President of the Republic . The Spanish Civil War broke out while he was President...
, Queipo de Llano, along with Generals Emilio Mola
Emilio Mola
Emilio Mola y Vidal, 1st Duke of Mola, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War. He is best-known for having coined the term "fifth column".-Early life:...
, Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
, and José Sanjurjo
José Sanjurjo
General José Sanjurjo y Sacanell, 1st Marquis of the Rif was a General in the Spanish Army who was one of the chief conspirators in the military uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War.-Early life:...
, started plotting to overthrow the Popular Front government. He was a leading member of the conspiracy group and used to say with pride that his sports convertible car had covered 20,000 miles in plotting the July 17, 1936 military revolt that led to the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
.
He was the main responsible for the execution of Granada
Granada
Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of three rivers, the Beiro, the Darro and the Genil. It sits at an elevation of 738 metres above sea...
´s region Captain General and Military Governor General Miguel Campins Aura, accused of rather "tepid" behavior on the beginnings of the "Patriotic Rising" against the Republic.
Other high grade Military Officers were also executed besides General Campins, namely Commandant of the Artillery José Loureiro Sellés, 23 July 1936 and Cavalry Colonel Santiago Mateo Fernández, 18 September 1936. General Campins brought to Sevilla from Granada was inmediately replaced after 20 July 1936 on "discipline and civic order questions" related to Granada by the rebels from Seville, who appointed as new Civil Governor of Granada, Comandant José Valdés Guzmán, keen on applying harder lines around. He replaced thus Governor César Torres Martínez who saved his life by allegations of obeying the legal Republican Government , something paid immediately with death punishment in many other places elsewhere. To appreciate the legal disorder at the moment, it must be said that below the grades of General of Division, generals of Brigade, Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels are supposed to be higher hierarchies than Commandants nowadays, then and now.
Campins, chosen as a "Head of Studies" by the General Director of the new Academia General Militar of Zaragoza
Zaragoza
Zaragoza , also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain...
, Franco himself "could not be spared" of execution according to Queipo de Llano, then known already as "The Viceroy of Seville", even if Franco asked him for forgiviness. It is said Franco will pay him with an equivalent token when he ignored Queipo de Llano pleads to save his colleage and friend in the Revolt General Domingo Batet Mestres. In this case, he ignored also Franco´s former boss in North Africa, General Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer, on behalf of General Campins.
Further, he was directly involved in the executions at the Castillo de San Felipe, on 9 November 1936, of Generals Enrique Salcedo y Molinuevo and Rogelio Caridad Pita.
Civil Governor of the province of Cádiz between March 1936 and around 20 July 1936, Comandant of Artillery Mariano Zapico y Menéndez-Valdés was executed on 6 August 1936 together with other civilian and military people associated to his appointment as a public servant by the legal Spanish Republic, too.
See: Pettenghi Lachambre, José Aquiles. Detrás del Silencio. El Trágico Destino de los Gobernadores Civiles de Cádiz. Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz): ed. Artepick. pp. pp 72-77. (2009)=, 246 pages, ISBN 978-84-936799-0-3.
Lieutenant Colonel of the "Indigenous Regular Forces" number 3 since February 1934 at Ceuta
Ceuta
Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta along with the other Spanish...
Juan Caballero López, who replaced Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe
Juan Yagüe
Juan Yagüe y Blanco, 1st Marquis of San Leonardo de Yagüe was a Spanish army officer during the Spanish Civil War, one of the most important in the National side.-Early life:...
, was on authorized leave for two months since 9 July, for medical reasons, being executed at Sevilla city on 17 July 1936. Gonzalo Queipo de Llano ordrered him to be detained for his lack of agreement with the Fascist coup, being executed at the city on 31 July 1936. Don Gonzalo however provided arrangements for the Lieutenant Colonel widow in order to bring from Ceuta, crossing by boat the Gibraltar Strait, their own private furniture and belongings not anymore at the Spanish Army Barracks provided for the Headquarters Officers.
What is sure, too, is that General Manuel Romerales Quintero, the Military Governor of the North African town of Melilla, conquered in 1497 by the Spaniards, five years after the Muslim Spanish town of Granada
Granada
Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of three rivers, the Beiro, the Darro and the Genil. It sits at an elevation of 738 metres above sea...
, was not heading his native indigenous Regulars either at Sevilla, July 1936, or at Malaga
Málaga
Málaga is a city and a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. With a population of 568,507 in 2010, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the sixth largest in Spain. This is the southernmost large city in Europe...
, February 1937.
The Head of the Hydro Plains Base at Melilla
Melilla
Melilla is a autonomous city of Spain and an exclave on the north coast of Morocco. Melilla, along with the Spanish exclave Ceuta, is one of the two Spanish territories located in mainland Africa...
, 33 years old Captain Vitgilio Leret y Ruiz, located at El Atalayón, paid swiftly with his life his armed opposition to the Military Coup who led to a 41 years stop stop of free political elections in Spain between the period May 1936 and the ends of the year 1977, too. His wife, Spanish-Mexican Carlota O'Neill, spent five years in prison while their two daughters were protected orphans of the New Regime. He was ubder the orders of the Head of the Spanish Aeronautics, "Africanist" General of Division, Miguel Nuñez de Prado y Susbielas, a founder of UMRA
UMRA
UMRA is an abbreviation that stands for:*Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista, an anti-fascist organization for military members in Spain during the Second Spanish Republic...
, Union Militar Republicana Antifascista
Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista
The Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista was a self-described anti-fascist organization for military members in Spain during the Second Spanish Republic. The secret society was created in late 1935, with its membership drawn primarily from the Assault Guard...
. He was already a Cavalry Lieurenan Colonel circa 1921.
Much more lucky in his dealings and confrontations with Queipo de Llano, Franco, Yagúe, Mola
Mola
Mola can refer to:* Mola , the textile art form of the Kuna people of Panama and Colombia* Mola hytadidosa, an abnormal form of pregnancy* Mola salsa, a sacramental flour preparation made by the Vestal Virgins...
, .... was, probably a freemason, Republican Head General of the Spanish Forces in North Africa Agustín Gómez Morato put under arrest by the seditious and youngest Africanist Generals who got "only" a 30 years prison sentence by dismissing their command authority.
Asturian
Asturias
The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco from 13 May to 18 July 1936, Arturo Alvarez-Buylla y Godino fared however much worse, being detained on 18 July 1936 by the then Francoist Colonel Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga
Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga
Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga y Polanco was a Spanish military officer from the Army of Africa...
y Polanco, later on a General and much honored afterwards.
Another commandant executed much earlier, 4 August 1936, than Arturo Alvarez-Buylla was General Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
y Bahamonde cousin Commandant Ricardo de la Puente y Bahamonde. General Franco himself did not signed the death sentence of his cousin, because Commandant Ricardo´s and General Francisco´s mothers were sisters leaving the job for his assistant, Monarchist General Luis Orgaz Yoldi
Luis Orgaz Yoldi
Luis Orgaz Yoldi was a Spanish general who was a leading figure on the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War. He later went on to become a critic of the regime of Francisco Franco and agitated for the restoration of the monarchy.-Early years:From his earliest days Orgaz was a staunch advocate...
. His way was clean however to stop near Tetouan
Tétouan
Tetouan is a city in northern Morocco. The Berber name means literally "the eyes" and figuratively "the water springs". Tetouan is one of the two major ports of Morocco on the Mediterranean Sea. It lies a few miles south of the Strait of Gibraltar, and about 40 mi E.S.E. of Tangier...
Military airport with the hired British De Havilland
De Havilland
The de Havilland Aircraft Company was a British aviation manufacturer founded in 1920 when Airco, of which Geoffrey de Havilland had been chief designer, was sold to BSA by the owner George Holt Thomas. De Havilland then set up a company under his name in September of that year at Stag Lane...
Dragon Rapide plain while his cousin, a creator of embarrassing problems, was already detained by Saenz de Buruaga.
The Spanish equivalent of the 1919 Deutsche Frei Korps actions in Sevilla, 1936
Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, without "military legal attributions", as an Inspector of the Customs and Duty Tax Officers, benefited at Seville "to put initial order" , of the hunting and fire-arms and sports weapons capacities of a group of rather wealthy newcoming entrepreneurs and land proprietors, new nobility through predating marriages and/or purchased nobility titles, gravitating around Cadiz
Cádiz
Cadiz is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the homonymous province, one of eight which make up the autonomous community of Andalusia....
town Mayor, Ramon de Carranza Sr. and his son Ramon de Carranza Jr..
Another notorious free lance southerner sheriff was Francisco de Paula de Borbón y de la Torre, 4th Duke of Seville, married in 1907 to his first cousin Enriqueta de Borbón y Parade, 4th Duchess of Seville, deceased November 1968, becoming thus 4th Duke Consort of Seville iure uxoris after 1919, after the death of the 3rd Duchess and sister of wife Enriqueta, María Luisa de Borbón y Parade, 3rd Duchesse of Seville, married in London in 1894, no issue. Both came from a 19th Century cadet branch of king Carlos IV of Spain, from the Borbón
House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty . Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma...
Royal dynasty.
He was much notorious during the Spanish Civil War, by his expeditive methods with the Sevilla, Marbella
Marbella
Marbella is a town in Andalusia, Spain. It is situated on the Mediterranean Sea, in the province of Málaga, beneath the La Concha mountain. In 2000 the city had 98,823 inhabitants, in 2004, 116,234, in 2010 approximately 135,000....
and Malaga
Málaga
Málaga is a city and a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. With a population of 568,507 in 2010, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the sixth largest in Spain. This is the southernmost large city in Europe...
left-wingers and free-masons taken as hostages or political prisoners
Queipo de Llano's role in capture of Seville in the early stages of the war has achieved almost mythical status. Initially, he claimed that he had seized control of the city with only 200 men (later claiming in a radio interview that he had done so with only 15 soldiers). This account of military brilliance became the accepted version of events. Recent research by the historian Paul Preston
Paul Preston
Paul Preston CBE is a British historian and Hispanist, specialized in Spanish history, in particular the Spanish Civil War, which he has studied for more than 30 years....
, however, has shown that the successful capture of Seville was the result of careful planning and the use of at least 4,000 nationalist troops.
General of Division José Fernández de Villa-Abrille y Calivara, one of eight brothers/sisters, son of Spanish Army Colonel of Engineers Faustino and mother Valeriana, was a Hispanic-Filipino General of Brigade till 1933, Head of the II Organic Division at Sevilla in July 1936. His ancestors roots were also Asturian, as those of Gonzalo.
Detained by Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, together with a General of Brigade and a Comandant at his commanding Sevilla Office, he was spared of being executed , but was judged in 1939, losing salary and full military status, demoted.
He died aged 68, in a very modest lodgers and outcasts pension at Madrid, 1946, his death certificate stating, apparently, he had died of lack of food, hunger or starvation. Other part of this family was/is at Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
and Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
nowadays
The conquest of Malaga City by the Spanish-Italian assisted Francoist Army, February 1937
Italian National Fascist Party logo for their "Blackshirts"Coat of Arms of The Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas ("Indigenous Regular Forces"), created in 1911, known simply as the Regulares (Regulars), the volunteer infantry and cavalry units of the Spanish Army recruited in Spanish Morocco
Spanish Morocco
The Spanish protectorate of Morocco was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the Spanish Empire, established by the Treaty of Fez in 1912 and ending in 1956, when both France and Spain recognized Moroccan independence.-Territorial borders:...
, commanded by General Queipo de Llano at the Conquest of Malaga, February 1937. Notice the co-existence of the big Hispanic Moslems Moon within the guns and the smallish Royal Spanish Crown surmounted by the Spanish Christians Cross.
Appointed commander of the Nationalist Army of the South, General Queipo de Llano's forces launched an Battle of Málaga
Battle of Málaga
The Battle of Málaga was the culmination of an offensive in early 1937 by the combined Nationalist and Italian forces to eliminate Republican control of the province of Málaga during the Spanish Civil War...
on Málaga
Málaga
Málaga is a city and a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. With a population of 568,507 in 2010, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the sixth largest in Spain. This is the southernmost large city in Europe...
on January 17, 1937, and the city succumbed to the Nationalists on February 8, with the support of of the Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie
Corpo Truppe Volontarie
The Corps of Volunteer Troops was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco Franco and the Spanish Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War...
, or CTV), the Italian expeditionary force that fought alongside Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War since December 1936.
General Mario Roatta
Mario Roatta
Mario Roatta was an Italian general, Mussolini's Chief-of-Staff, and head of the military secret service.-SIM:From 1934 to 1936, Roatta headed up the Italian Military Intelligence Service .-Spain:...
, a Colonel till 1935 of the Spyonnage Service SIM
Sim
-Computing and technology:*Scientific Instrument Module, an object used in spacecraft such as in the Apollo Command/Service Module*Security information management, a concept in computer security*Selected ion monitoring, a mass spectrometry scanning mode...
, Servizio Informazioni Militari
Servizio Informazioni Militari
The Italian Military Intelligence Service was the military intelligence organization for the Royal Army of the Kingdom of Italy from 1900 until 1946, and of the Republic of Italy until 1949...
, the Italian Commander-in-Chief of over 10,000 soldiers and officers, had General Luigi Frusci
Luigi Frusci
Luigi Frusci was an officer in the Italian Royal Army during World War II.Frusci fought on the southern front for General Rodolfo Graziani during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War...
, forged during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
and at the Second Italo-Ethiopian War as his Deputy Commander. He also carried out propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
broadcasts during the war.
He was very eager to organise forced labour in the Francoist regions and restart the agricultural production in Andalusia with cheap exports to Europe becoming an important economic factor of the regime.
2 February 1938: In the New Army
On 2 February 1938, General Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
, a.k.a. "Paquita La Culona" according to Don Gonzalo, ruled as Sole Head of the New State and also of the parafascist civilian organization Falange Española y de las JONS, that Zaragoza University trained lawyer and also his brother-in-law, till August 1942, Ramón Serrano Súñer
Ramón Serrano Súñer
Ramón Serrano Súñer , was a Spanish politician during the first stages of General Francisco Franco's dictatorship, the Spanish State, between 1938 and 1942, when he held the posts of President of the Political Junta Política of Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS , and Interior and...
would be the Minister of the Interior and Propaganda. Just a few hours later, radio speeches at Sevilla protagonized almost daily by General Queipo de Llano between 18 July 1936 and 2 February 1938 were a thing from the inmediate past, including verbal aggresive "macho" style "sexually trended" menaces on left-wingers families women, sometimes with forced haircuts and headshavings followed by forced assistance to churches ceremonials and perhaps, sometimes violations and final shootings in the cemeteries.
Clearly enough, the word "authority" is not about removing the lowest instincts of highly stressed people because of a war but about the posession of "moral authority" as real leaders should have being or trying to be above the lowest instincts of populace
The final years
One of his sisters, Rosario Queipo de Llano was exchanged from the Cárcel Modelo de Madrid for Women by one of the sons of Socialist leader Francisco Largo CaballeroFrancisco Largo Caballero
Francisco Largo Caballero was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and of the Workers' General Union...
, a former plasterer in his youth, who on 4 September 1936, a few months into the civil war, was designated the 134th Prime Minister
Prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
and Minister of War till he was obliged to resign on May 17, 1937. whereby prestigious University Medical Professor of Physiology Juan Negrín
Juan Negrín
Juan Negrín y López was a Spanish politician and physician.-Early years:Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Negrín came from a religious middle-class family...
, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed Prime Minister in his stead. This ransom of sister Rosario with Francisco Largo Calvo, allowed Largo Calvo to go to Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, where he died in the exile in 2001.
After the fall of the Republic, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Franco sent him as head of the Spanish Mission to Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and he later served as the commander of Seville's military district. His relations with Franco were poor on the whole. He did not like Franco and he hated the King, he was actually a Republican, but never questioned the leadership of the junta. Queipo de Llano died at his country estate near Seville.
His relatives were:
- Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Martí, 2nd Marquess of Queipo de Llano (Madrid since 1951, 26 May 1912 - ), married to María de los Angeles Mencos y Armero (Sevilla, 25 September 1920 -), daughter of Alberto Mencos y Sánjuan, 8th CountCountA count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
of el Fresno and of la Fuente (Sevilla, 11 December 1879 - ?) and wife (m. Sevilla, 8 December 1914) María de la Concepción Armero Castrillo of the Marquesses of el Nervión, by whom he had three children:- Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Mencos (b. Sevilla, 14 July 1951), 3rd Marquess now?.
- Alberto Queipo de Llano y Mencos (b. Sevilla, 27 January 1953)
- María de los Angeles Queipo de Llano y Mencos (b. Sevilla, 16 January 1954)
- Ernestina Queipo de Llano y Martí (d. Madrid, 1 July 2001), married to Niceto Alcalá-ZamoraNiceto Alcalá-ZamoraNiceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first premier minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then — from 1931 to 1936—as its president....
y Castillo (1906–1985), ironically the son of one of his father's old political adversaries Niceto Alcalá-ZamoraNiceto Alcalá-ZamoraNiceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first premier minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then — from 1931 to 1936—as its president....
y Torres, 122nd Prime Minister of SpainPrime Minister of SpainThe President of the Government of Spain , sometimes known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the head of Government of Spain. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1978...
and President of SpainPresident of SpainToday, Spain is a constitutional monarchy. King Juan Carlos I, the current monarch, is Head of State. The Head of Government has the official title of President of the Government....
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