HOTAIR
Encyclopedia
HOTAIR
is a gene at 12q13.13 size 6,232 bp
encoding 2.2 kbp long noncoding RNA
molecule, which controls gene expression on chromosome 2. Its source DNA
is located within a HOXC gene cluster
. It is the first example of an RNA expressed on one chromosome influencing transcription
on another chromosome. It is shuttled from chromosome 12 to chromosome 2 by the Suz-Twelve
protein. The 5'
end of HOTAIR interacts with a Polycomb-group protein Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2
) and as a result regulates chromatin
state. It is required for gene-silencing of the HOXD locus by PRC2. The 3'
end of HOTAIR interacts with the histone
demethylase
LSD1
.
It is an important factor in the epigenetic differentiation of skin over the surface of the body. Skin from various anatomical positions is distinct, e.g. the skin of the eyelid differs markedly from that on the sole of the foot.
HOTAIR is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancers. High levels of expression in primary breast tumours are a significant predictor of subsequent metastasis and death.
is a gene at 12q13.13 size 6,232 bp
Base pair
In molecular biology and genetics, the linking between two nitrogenous bases on opposite complementary DNA or certain types of RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds is called a base pair...
encoding 2.2 kbp long noncoding RNA
Long noncoding RNA
Long non-coding RNAs are generally considered as non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. This limit is due to practical considerations including the separation of RNAs in common experimental protocols...
molecule, which controls gene expression on chromosome 2. Its source DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
is located within a HOXC gene cluster
Gene cluster
A gene cluster is a set of two or more genes that serve to encode for the same or similar products. Because populations from a common ancestor tend to possess the same varieties of gene clusters, they are useful for tracing back recent evolutionary history...
. It is the first example of an RNA expressed on one chromosome influencing transcription
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
on another chromosome. It is shuttled from chromosome 12 to chromosome 2 by the Suz-Twelve
SUZ12
Polycomb protein SUZ12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUZ12 gene.SUZ12, as part of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 , may be involved with chromatin silencing in conjunction with HOTAIR ncRNA, using its zinc-finger domain to bind the RNA molecule.-External links:...
protein. The 5'
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5′-end and a 3′-end...
end of HOTAIR interacts with a Polycomb-group protein Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2
PRC2
PRC2 is one of the two classes of Polycomb-group proteins or . The other component of this group of proteins is PRC1....
) and as a result regulates chromatin
Chromatin
Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. The primary functions of chromatin are; to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and prevent DNA damage, and to control gene...
state. It is required for gene-silencing of the HOXD locus by PRC2. The 3'
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5′-end and a 3′-end...
end of HOTAIR interacts with the histone
Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation...
demethylase
Demethylase
Demethylases are enzymes that remove methyl groups from proteins and other substances. They are used in a variety of processes, such as in chemotaxis signal transduction.-Hydrolytic demethylation:A good example of a demethylase is the activated Demethylases are enzymes that remove methyl (CH3-)...
LSD1
LSD1
LSD1 is a gene which codes a flavin-dependent monoamine oxidase, which can demethylate mono- and di-methylated lysines, specifically histone 3, lysines 4 and 9 .-See also:* Histone methylation...
.
It is an important factor in the epigenetic differentiation of skin over the surface of the body. Skin from various anatomical positions is distinct, e.g. the skin of the eyelid differs markedly from that on the sole of the foot.
HOTAIR is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancers. High levels of expression in primary breast tumours are a significant predictor of subsequent metastasis and death.