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Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup I2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
. Until 2008, it was known as Haplogroup I1b. Haplogroup I2 might have originated in Southeastern Europe some 15,000 - 17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2*, I2a, and I2b.
Note that the naming of some of the subgroups has changed, as new markers have been identified, and the sequence of mutations has become clearer..
. It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the Pyrenees (9.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and Iberia
, and it has been found in 1.6% of a sample of Albanians
living in the Republic of Macedonia
and 1.2% (3/257) of a sample of Czechs. The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated at 8.0±4.0 kya.
populations of south-eastern Europe
, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a1b1 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in north-east Romania
, Moldova
and western Ukraine
. In 2010 has Ken Nordtvedt
argued that I2a1b1 is too young not to have been a result of a sudden expansion. According to him I2a1b1 arose not earlier than 2500 years ago in Eastern Europe. He has presumed this to be a consequence from the Slavic
invasion of the Balkans
, from the area north-east of the Carpathians since 500 CE. In 2011 Nordtvedt has confirmed I2a1b1 is not older than 2,800 years.
In his last comments about Haplogroup I tree and the conjectured spread map, he locates the start of the I2a1b1 lineage around the middle course of the Vistula
.
, the Netherlands
, Belgium
, Denmark
, England
(not including Wales
or Cornwall
), Scotland
, and the southern tips of Sweden
and Norway
in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy
, Maine
, Anjou
, and Perche
in northwestern France
; the province of Provence
in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany
, Umbria
, and Latium
in Italy
; and Moldavia
and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast
and Republic of Mordovia
in Eastern Europe. Of historical note, both haplogroups I1 and I2b appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of Bithynia
and Galatia
in Turkey
, possibly descendants of the Varangians
, who are historically recorded to have invided those parts of Anatolia from the 9th to 11th centuries. They ventured southwards along the rivers of Eastern Europe
, connecting Scandinavia
with Constantinople
and Byzantine Empire
. Haplogroup I2a2a also occurs among approximately 1% of the Sardinia
ns. The subclade divergence for M223 occurred 14.6±3.8 kya (Rootsi 2004). Haplogroup I2a2a can be further subdivided in 5 subgroups. Haplogroup I2a2a* with no further known polymorphisms, Haplogroup I2a2a1 with M284 polymorphism with an undergroup Haplogroup I2a2a1a with the L126/S165, L137/S166 polymorphisms, Haplogroup I2a2a2 with M379 polymorphism, Haplogroup I2a2a3 with P78 polymorphism, and Haplogroup I2a2a4 with P95 polymorphism. The age of YSTR variation for the M223 subclade is 13.2±2.7 kya and 12.3±3.1 kya.
Recently two further SNPs were identified L801 continental subclade around 3000 years old and L812 roots.
, suggesting that the clade may have arisen in that island. I2a2a1 is comparatively rare in Ireland
. Where it is found in those of Irish descent with Gaelic surnames, and particularly in baronial families with a credible pedigree back to a Cruithin (British) origin, this suggests an ancestor who arrived in Ireland from Celtic Britain. For example it is found in McGuinness and McCartan men descended from the Uí Echach Cobha, a lineage considered Cruithin in the 6th century AD.
and British Isles
. Starting from the Upper Rhine, I2a2a-L38 spread during the Early Bronze Age in an area between Rhine, Danube and Elbe and I2a2b-L38 migrated in the Late Iron Age with the Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles including north-east Ireland.
Haplogroup I2a2a was found in the skeletal remains of Lichtenstein Cave
, a Bronze Age
archaeological site in central Germany associated with artifacts of the Urnfield culture. Of the 19 males represented in the cave, 15 yielded the full 12 tested STR values, with twelve showing I2a2a, one R1b, and two R1a. Of the 21 females in the cave, the majority were mtDNA H, with mtDNA U5b the runner-up. No radio-carbon dating was discussed and no metrics were assigned based on the adult remains, which are thought to be about 3000 years old. The small sample and their possible familial connections do not permit drawing conclusions regarding the overall contemporary population mixture. However, the cave lies at the center of the area predicted to be high in historical I2a2a population density based on statistical analysis of current population DNA.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup I2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
Haplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
. Until 2008, it was known as Haplogroup I1b. Haplogroup I2 might have originated in Southeastern Europe some 15,000 - 17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2*, I2a, and I2b.
Subclades
Note: The systematic subclade names have changed several times in recent years, and they are likely to change again, as new markers are discovered which clarify the sequential branching of the tree. The scheme below is taken from ISOGG, which updates (Ytree 2011) Karafet et al. (2008).- I2-M438Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup I2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Until 2008, it was known as Haplogroup I1b. Haplogroup I2 might have originated in Southeastern Europe some 15,000 - 17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2*, I2a, and I2b.-Subclades:Note: The systematic subclade...
(L68, M438/P215/S31)- I2* Low frequency in ArmeniaArmeniaArmenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
, GeorgiaGeorgia (country)Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
and TurkeyTurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
. - I2a (L460) (Changed in 2011 tree)
- I2a1-P37.2 (P37.2) (Former I2a in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a1*
- I2a1a (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) (Former I2a1 in the Y2010 tree)Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of SardiniaSardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in CastileCastile (historical region)A former kingdom, Castile gradually merged with its neighbours to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain when united with the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre...
, BéarnBéarnBéarn is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France. Along with the three Basque provinces of Soule, Lower Navarre, and Labourd, the principality of Bidache, as well as small parts of Gascony, it forms in the...
, and the Basque CountryBasque Country (historical territory)The Basque Country is the name given to the home of the Basque people in the western Pyrenees that spans the border between France and Spain on the Atlantic coast....
- I2a1a*
- I2a1a1 (L160) (Former I2a1b in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a1a1*
- I2a1a1a (M161) (Former I2a1a in the Y2010 tree) Very rare (1 in Puerto Rico)
- I2a1a2 (L247,L277.2)
- I2a1b (L178, M423) (Former I2a2 in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a1b* (Unobserved)
- I2a1b1 (Former I2a2a in the Y2010 tree) (L69.2(=T)/S163.2) Typical of the Balkan populations, especially the populations of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
and CroatiaCroatiaCroatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
; also found with high frequency in MoldaviaMoldaviaMoldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river...
and RomaniaRomaniaRomania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
and high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the populations of SlovakiaSlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
and the Czech RepublicCzech RepublicThe Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest.... - I2a1b1a (L147.5)
- I2a1b1a*
- I2a1b1a1 (Former I2a2a1 in the Y2010 tree)(P41.2/M359.2) Very rare (2 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 in Turkey, 1 in England and 1 in Croatia)
- I2a1b2 (L161) (Former I2a2b in the Y2010 tree) (low frequency in IrelandIrelandIreland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
and Great BritainGreat BritainGreat Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
- I2a1c (L233)
- I2a2 (L35/S150, L37/S153, L181, M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) (Former I2b in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a2*
- I2a2a-M223 (L34/S151, L36/S152, L59, L368, M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120, P222/U250/S118, P223/S117) (Former I2b1 in the Y2010 tree) Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of Lower SaxonyLower SaxonyLower Saxony is a German state situated in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany...
in central GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
; minor offshoots appear in MoldaviaMoldaviaMoldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river...
and RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(especially around VladimirVladimir OblastVladimir Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located east of Moscow...
, RyazanRyazan OblastRyazan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Ryazan, which is the oblast's largest city. Population: -Geography:...
, Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod OblastNizhny Novgorod Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod. Population: The oblast is crossed by the Volga River. Apart from Nizhny Novgorod's metropolitan area, the biggest city is Arzamas...
, and the Republic of MordoviaMordoviaThe Republic of Mordovia , also known as Mordvinia, is a federal subject of Russia . Its capital is the city of Saransk. Population: -Geography:The republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia...
)- I2a2a*
- I2a2a1-M284 (M284) (Former I2b1a in the Y2010 tree) Generally limited to a low frequency in Great BritainGreat BritainGreat Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
- I2a2a1*
- I2a2a1a (L126/S165, L137/S166) (Former I2b1a1 in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a2a1a*
- I2a2a1a1 (L369)
- I2a2a2-M379 (M379) (Former I2b1b in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a2a3 (P78) (Former I2b1c in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a2a4 (P95) (Former I2b1d in the Y2010 tree)
- I2a2a5 (L622)
- unnamed (L801) Recently this SNP has been identified consising of a young continental clade of the I2a2a. Will probably get official recognition with the next upgrade of the ISOGG tree.
- unnamed (L812) Recently this SNP has been identified consising of an older root clade of I2a2a. Will probably get official recognition with the next upgrade of the ISOGG tree.
- I2a2b (L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, L65.1/S159.1, L272.3) (Former I2b2 in the Y2010 tree) Generally limited to the Upper RhineUpper RhineThe Upper Rhine is the section of the Rhine in the Upper Rhine Plain between Basel, Switzerland and Bingen, Germany. The river is marked by Rhine-kilometers 170 to 529 ....
and British IslesBritish IslesThe British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and...
- I2a2b*
- I2a2b1 (L533)
- I2a1-P37.2 (P37.2) (Former I2a in the Y2010 tree)
- I2b (L416, L417, L418)
- I2c (L596, L597)
- I2* Low frequency in Armenia
Note that the naming of some of the subgroups has changed, as new markers have been identified, and the sequence of mutations has become clearer..
I2
Haplogroup I2 (L68 + M438/P215/S31) is the least common yet one of the oldest haplogroups within haplogroup I, with three main clades: (A) primarily in North West Europe, particularly Scotland and Ireland; (B) in the Caucasus region, with most members in Turkey and Armenia; and (C) in Central Europe. Over the last several years Haplogroup I2 and subclades I2a, I2b and I2c have been confirmed and continue to be developed. However, there is still a group of results that have been classified or predicted as I2*. The Timeline for this split appears to be around 14000 years ago that the I2a split, and shortly thereafter I2a2b and I2a2a parted ways. About 8000 years ago the I2* line split into the three groups A, B and C. The TMRCAs of these 3 groups are believed to be about 2000 to 5000 years ago (approx 50 to 80 generations). More recently a younger Jewish group (J) has branched from group B, which has a TMRCA of centuries (up to 30 plus generations). The actual timeline of the split between groups B and J have not yet been identified.I2a1
Former I2a in the Y2010 tree. The subclade divergence for P37.2 occurred 10.7±4.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for the P37.2 subclade is 8.0±4.0 kyaI2a1a
Former I2a1 in the Y2010 tree. Haplogroup I2a1a (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) accounts for approximately 40% of all patrilines among the SardiniansSardinian people
The Sardinian people or Sardinians are the people from or with origins in the island of Sardinia , in the Mediterranean sea, which forms part of southern Europe.-Origin and influences:...
. It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the Pyrenees (9.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and Iberia
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
, and it has been found in 1.6% of a sample of Albanians
Albanians
Albanians are a nation and ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo...
living in the Republic of Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia
Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
and 1.2% (3/257) of a sample of Czechs. The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated at 8.0±4.0 kya.
I2a1b
Former I2a2 in the Y2010 tree. I2a1b is very rare, but has been found in two persons from Germany and one from Poland. The age of YSTR variation for the M423 subclade is 8.8±3.6 kya. Pericic places its expansion to have occurred "not earlier than the YD to Holocene transition and not later than the early Neolithic”.I2a1b1
Former I2a2a in the Y2010 tree. I2a1b1 (L69.2(=T)/S163.2) is typical of the South SlavicSouth Slavs
The South Slavs are the southern branch of the Slavic peoples and speak South Slavic languages. Geographically, the South Slavs are native to the Balkan peninsula, the southern Pannonian Plain and the eastern Alps...
populations of south-eastern Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a1b1 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in north-east Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
, Moldova
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...
and western Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. In 2010 has Ken Nordtvedt
Ken Nordtvedt
Kenneth Leon Nordtvedt is a professor emeritus in the Physics Department at Montana State University and a senior researcher specializing in relativistic theories of gravity. He was born on April 16, 1939, in Chicago, Illinois. Nordtvedt graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and...
argued that I2a1b1 is too young not to have been a result of a sudden expansion. According to him I2a1b1 arose not earlier than 2500 years ago in Eastern Europe. He has presumed this to be a consequence from the Slavic
Slavic peoples
The Slavic people are an Indo-European panethnicity living in Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. The term Slavic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people, who speak languages belonging to the Slavic language family and share, to varying degrees, certain...
invasion of the Balkans
Balkans
The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
, from the area north-east of the Carpathians since 500 CE. In 2011 Nordtvedt has confirmed I2a1b1 is not older than 2,800 years.
In his last comments about Haplogroup I tree and the conjectured spread map, he locates the start of the I2a1b1 lineage around the middle course of the Vistula
Vistula
The Vistula is the longest and the most important river in Poland, at 1,047 km in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is , of which lies within Poland ....
.
I2a1b2
Former I2a2b in the Y2010 tree. I2a1b2 (L161) has been found in low frequency in Ireland and Great Britain. Nordtvedt has supposed that around 15,000 years ago the two branch-lines of I2a1b (M423) eventually leading to I2a1b1 (L69.2) and I2a1b2 (L161) separated.I2a2a
Former I2b1 in the Y2010 tree. I2a2a (M223) has a peak in Germany and another in eastern Sweden, but also appears in Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea. Haplogroup I2a2a has been found in over 4% of the population only in GermanyGermany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
(not including Wales
Wales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
or Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of...
), Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, and the southern tips of Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
and Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy
Normandy
Normandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
, Maine
Maine (province)
Le Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France . It corresponds to the old county of Maine, with its center, the city of Le Mans.-Location:...
, Anjou
Anjou
Anjou is a former county , duchy and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of western France. It corresponds largely to the present-day département of Maine-et-Loire...
, and Perche
Perche
Perche is a former province of northern France extending over the départements of Orne, Eure, Eure-et-Loir and Sarthe, which were created from Perche during the French Revolution.-Geography:...
in northwestern France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
; the province of Provence
Provence
Provence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany
Tuscany
Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....
, Umbria
Umbria
Umbria is a region of modern central Italy. It is one of the smallest Italian regions and the only peninsular region that is landlocked.Its capital is Perugia.Assisi and Norcia are historical towns associated with St. Francis of Assisi, and St...
, and Latium
Latium
Lazio is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the central peninsular section of the country. With about 5.7 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros, Lazio is the third most populated and the second richest region of Italy...
in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
; and Moldavia
Moldavia
Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river...
and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast
Ryazan Oblast
Ryazan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Ryazan, which is the oblast's largest city. Population: -Geography:...
and Republic of Mordovia
Mordovia
The Republic of Mordovia , also known as Mordvinia, is a federal subject of Russia . Its capital is the city of Saransk. Population: -Geography:The republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia...
in Eastern Europe. Of historical note, both haplogroups I1 and I2b appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of Bithynia
Bithynia
Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine .-Description:...
and Galatia
Galatia
Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace , who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of...
in Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
, possibly descendants of the Varangians
Varangians
The Varangians or Varyags , sometimes referred to as Variagians, were people from the Baltic region, most often associated with Vikings, who from the 9th to 11th centuries ventured eastwards and southwards along the rivers of Eastern Europe, through what is now Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.According...
, who are historically recorded to have invided those parts of Anatolia from the 9th to 11th centuries. They ventured southwards along the rivers of Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
, connecting Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
with Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
and Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
. Haplogroup I2a2a also occurs among approximately 1% of the Sardinia
Sardinia
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
ns. The subclade divergence for M223 occurred 14.6±3.8 kya (Rootsi 2004). Haplogroup I2a2a can be further subdivided in 5 subgroups. Haplogroup I2a2a* with no further known polymorphisms, Haplogroup I2a2a1 with M284 polymorphism with an undergroup Haplogroup I2a2a1a with the L126/S165, L137/S166 polymorphisms, Haplogroup I2a2a2 with M379 polymorphism, Haplogroup I2a2a3 with P78 polymorphism, and Haplogroup I2a2a4 with P95 polymorphism. The age of YSTR variation for the M223 subclade is 13.2±2.7 kya and 12.3±3.1 kya.
Recently two further SNPs were identified L801 continental subclade around 3000 years old and L812 roots.
I2a2a1
Former I2b1a in the Y2010 tree. I2a2a1 (M284) has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great BritainGreat Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
, suggesting that the clade may have arisen in that island. I2a2a1 is comparatively rare in Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
. Where it is found in those of Irish descent with Gaelic surnames, and particularly in baronial families with a credible pedigree back to a Cruithin (British) origin, this suggests an ancestor who arrived in Ireland from Celtic Britain. For example it is found in McGuinness and McCartan men descended from the Uí Echach Cobha, a lineage considered Cruithin in the 6th century AD.
I2a2a
Former I2b2 in the Y2010 tree. Present day distribution is generally limited to the Upper RhineUpper Rhine
The Upper Rhine is the section of the Rhine in the Upper Rhine Plain between Basel, Switzerland and Bingen, Germany. The river is marked by Rhine-kilometers 170 to 529 ....
and British Isles
British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and...
. Starting from the Upper Rhine, I2a2a-L38 spread during the Early Bronze Age in an area between Rhine, Danube and Elbe and I2a2b-L38 migrated in the Late Iron Age with the Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles including north-east Ireland.
Haplogroup I2a2a was found in the skeletal remains of Lichtenstein Cave
Lichtenstein Cave
The Lichtenstein Cave is an archaeological site near Dorste, Lower Saxony, Germany. The cave is 115 metres long and was discovered in 1972. Finds include the skeletal remains of 21 females and 19 males from the Bronze Age, about 3000 years old...
, a Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
archaeological site in central Germany associated with artifacts of the Urnfield culture. Of the 19 males represented in the cave, 15 yielded the full 12 tested STR values, with twelve showing I2a2a, one R1b, and two R1a. Of the 21 females in the cave, the majority were mtDNA H, with mtDNA U5b the runner-up. No radio-carbon dating was discussed and no metrics were assigned based on the adult remains, which are thought to be about 3000 years old. The small sample and their possible familial connections do not permit drawing conclusions regarding the overall contemporary population mixture. However, the cave lies at the center of the area predicted to be high in historical I2a2a population density based on statistical analysis of current population DNA.
See also
- HaplogroupHaplogroupIn the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroupsHuman Y-chromosome DNA haplogroupsIn human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome ....
- Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, itself a derivative of Haplogroup IJK....
- Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup I1 is a Y chromosome haplogroup occurring at greatest frequency in Scandinavia, associated with the mutations identified as M253, M307, P30, and P40. These are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms . It is a subclade of Haplogroup I. Before a reclassification in...
External links
- Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I (Rootsi 2004)
- Frequency and Variance of I2 (called I1b)
- Haplogroup I Tree (K. Nordtvedt 2011).
Projects
- I2* project at FTDNA
- I2a project at FTDNA
- I2b1 - M223 project at FTDNA
- I2b2 L38+ Project
- British Isles DNA Project