Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Y DNA haplogroup J1, also known as J-M267, is a sub-haplogroup
of Y DNA haplogroup J
, along with its sibling clade
Y DNA haplogroup J2
. Men with this type of Y DNA share a common paternal
ancestry, which is demonstrated and defined by the presence of the SNP
mutation referred to as M267, which was announced in . This haplogroup is found in significant frequencies in the Middle East
, the Caucasus
, North Africa
, Ethiopia
and Jews in general (especially Jews with Cohen surnames). It is also found less commonly, but still occasionally in significant amounts, in Europe
and as far east as the Indian subcontinent
and Central Asia
.
, which is proposed to have had a major impact upon human populations.
and throughout the Arabian peninsula, but notably it is not common amongst the J1 populations in the Caucasus, and it also only makes up approximately 70% of the J1 amongst the Amhara of Ethiopia.
propose that J1c3 (which they refer to as J1e) might have first dispersed during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
period, "from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt". Specifically they propose that the Zarzian material culture
may be ancestral. They also propose that this movement of people may also be linked to the dispersal of semitic languages
by hunter-herders
, who moved into arid areas during periods known to have had low rainfall. Thus while other haplogroups including J2 moved out of the area with agriculturalists who followed the rainfall, populations carrying J1 remained with their flocks.
According to this scenario, after the initial neolithic expansion involving Semitic languages
, which possibly reached as far as Yemen, a more recent dispersal occurred during the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age
(approximately 3000–5000 BCE), and this involved the branch of Semitic which leads to the Arabic language
. The authors propose that this involved a spread of some J1c3 from the direction of Syria towards Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula
and Negev
.
On the other hand, the authors agree that later waves of dispersion in and around this area have also had complex effects upon the distributions of some types of J1c3 in some regions. They list three regions which are particularly important to their proposal:
s haplotypes - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of more typical 13. This cluster was found to be relevant in some well-publicized studies of Jewish and Palestinian populations. More generally, since then this cluster has been found to be frequent amongst men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in areas of Ethiopia and Europe where J1 is nevertheless common. The pattern is therefore similar to the pattern of J1c3 generally, described above, and may be caused by the same movements of people.
refers to this overall cluster with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values as an "Arabic" as opposed to a "Eurasia
n" type of J1. This Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb
, Sudan
, Iraq
and Qatar
, and it is a relatively homogeneous group, implying that it might have dispersed relatively recently compared to J1 generally. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians
and Ethiopians (despite Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asia
n and East Africa
n genes
." (Note that also noted the anomolously high apparent age of Omani J1 when looking more generally at J1c3 and J1 more generally.)
This cluster in turn contains three well-known related sub-clusters. First, it contains the majority of the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", found amongst Jewish populations, but especially in men with surnames related to Cohen. It also contains both the so-called "Galilee modal
haplotype" and "Palestian & Israeli Arab modal haplotype
" associated with Palestinians and Israeli Arabs by . then pointed out that this so called Galilee modal is also the most frequent type of J haplotype found in northwest Africans, and in Yemen, so it is not isolated to the area of Israel and the Palestine. But notably, this particular variant "is absent from two distinct non-Arab Middle Eastern populations, Jews and Muslim Kurds", even though both these populations do have high levels of J haplotypes.
noted not only the presence of the Galilee modal of J1 in the Maghreb
but also that J1 in this region had very little diversity generally. They concluded that J1 in this region "is derived not only from early Neolithic dispersions but also from recent expansions from the Arabian peninsula" proposing that they might have been carried from the Middle East with the Arab expansion in the seventh century AD. later agreed that this seemed consistent with the evidence and generalized from this that distribution of the entire YCAII=22-22 cluster of J1 in the Arabic speaking areas of the Middle East and North Africa might in fact mainly have an origin in historical times.
More recent studies have emphasized doubt that the Islamic expansions are old enough to completely explain the major patterns of J1 frequencies. rejected this for J1c3 (J-P58) as a whole, but accepted that "some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert". They did not comment on the Maghreb.
take a stronger position of rejecting any strong correlation between the Arab expansion and either the YCAII=22-22 STR-defined sub-cluster as discussed by or the smaller "Galilee modal" as discussed by . They also estimate that the Cohen modal haplotype must be older than 4500 years old, and maybe as much as 8600 years old - well before the supposed origin of the Cohanim. Only the so called Palestian & Israeli Arab modal had a strong correlation to an ethnic group, but it was also rare. In conclusion, the authors were negative about the usefulness of STR defined modals for any "forensic or genealogical purposes" because "they were found across ethnic groups with different cultural or geographic affiliation".
disagreed, at least concerning the Cohen modal haplotype. They showed however that it was necessary to look at a more detailed STR haplotype in order to define a new "Extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" which is extremely rare outside Jewish populations, and even within Jewish populations is mainly only found in Cohanim. They also showed that by using more markers and a more restrictive definition, the estimated age of the Cohanim lineage is lower than the estimates of Tofanelli et al., and consistent with a common ancestor at the approximate time of founding of the priesthood which is the source of Cohen surnames.
, but also found in Ethiopia.
, Dagestan
, Mesopotamia
, the Levant
and Semitic
-speaking populations of North Africa
and Ethiopia
. It is also found in varying frequencies throughout Western Asia and other neighbouring areas.
The frequency of Haplogroup J1 is particularly high in Semitic
-speaking populations, especially Arabic (often much higher in those populations than in neighbouring ones). For comparison with non-semitic Middle Eastern populations only about 10% of men in Iran
and Turkey are J1, compared to much higher frequencies elsewhere.
In Ethiopia, all Cushitic Oromo
and approximately 29% of Semitic Amharic J1 chromosomes are J1* (meaning that they are J1 but not in J-P58). In the Caucasus and Eastern Turkey, J1 is common in several areas, and particularly common in Daghestan. Both the Caucasus region and the nearby eastern regions of Turkey have been described by researchers as showing the highest frequencies of J1 which is not in the J-P58 sub-clade.
ns, Jews and Arabs). Concerning J1, which also came from the Middle East to these areas, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century a.d., expanded to northern Africa. (However the Canary islands
is not known to have had any semitic language.) Their J1 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very un-even manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower amongst Berber
and/or non-urban populations. But in the Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J1 into Africa across the Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages. According to a recent study in 2011, in Tunisia, J1-M267 is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%). According to the authors, these results could be explained supposing that Arabization in Tunisia was a military enterprise, therefore, mainly driven by men that displaced native Berbers to geographically marginal areas but that frequently married Berber women.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Y DNA haplogroup J1, also known as J-M267, is a sub-haplogroup
Haplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
of Y DNA haplogroup J
Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup J is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is one of the major male lines of all living men...
, along with its sibling clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
Y DNA haplogroup J2
Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12.-Origins:...
. Men with this type of Y DNA share a common paternal
Patrilineality
Patrilineality is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well....
ancestry, which is demonstrated and defined by the presence of the SNP
Single nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — A, T, C or G — in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual...
mutation referred to as M267, which was announced in . This haplogroup is found in significant frequencies in the Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
, the Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
, North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
, Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
and Jews in general (especially Jews with Cohen surnames). It is also found less commonly, but still occasionally in significant amounts, in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
and as far east as the Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent, Indo-Pak Subcontinent or South Asian Subcontinent is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate from the Hindu Kush or Hindu Koh, Himalayas and including the Kuen Lun and Karakoram ranges, forming a land mass which extends...
and Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
.
Variants of J1 and origins discussion
J1 has several recognized sub-clades, some of which were recognized before J1 itself was recognized, for example J-M62. But with one notable exception, J1c3, most of these are not common. Because of the dominance of J1c3 in J1 populations in many areas, discussion of J1's origins require a discussion of J1c3 since the same time. As a basic observation, since the discovery of haplogroup J (often referred to as EU10 in older studies) it has generally been recognized that it shows signs of having originated in or near the Middle East. The frequency and diversity of both J1 and J2 in that region makes them candidates as genetic markers of the spread of farming technology during the NeolithicNeolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
, which is proposed to have had a major impact upon human populations.
J1c3
The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 (previously J1e) was first announced in , but had been announced earlier under the name "Page08" in 2006 in . It is very prevalent in many areas where J1 is common, especially in parts of North AfricaNorth Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and throughout the Arabian peninsula, but notably it is not common amongst the J1 populations in the Caucasus, and it also only makes up approximately 70% of the J1 amongst the Amhara of Ethiopia.
propose that J1c3 (which they refer to as J1e) might have first dispersed during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in the southern Levant region....
period, "from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt". Specifically they propose that the Zarzian material culture
Material culture
In the social sciences, material culture is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Studying a culture's relationship to materiality is a lens through which social and cultural attitudes can be discussed...
may be ancestral. They also propose that this movement of people may also be linked to the dispersal of semitic languages
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
by hunter-herders
Nomadic pastoralism
Nomadic pastoralism is a form of agriculture where livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze following an irregular pattern of movement - in contrast with transhumance where seasonal pastures are fix. The herded livestock may include cattle, yaks, sheep, goats,...
, who moved into arid areas during periods known to have had low rainfall. Thus while other haplogroups including J2 moved out of the area with agriculturalists who followed the rainfall, populations carrying J1 remained with their flocks.
According to this scenario, after the initial neolithic expansion involving Semitic languages
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
, which possibly reached as far as Yemen, a more recent dispersal occurred during the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
(approximately 3000–5000 BCE), and this involved the branch of Semitic which leads to the Arabic language
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
. The authors propose that this involved a spread of some J1c3 from the direction of Syria towards Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2...
and Negev
Negev
The Negev is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The Arabs, including the native Bedouin population of the region, refer to the desert as al-Naqab. The origin of the word Neghebh is from the Hebrew root denoting 'dry'...
.
On the other hand, the authors agree that later waves of dispersion in and around this area have also had complex effects upon the distributions of some types of J1c3 in some regions. They list three regions which are particularly important to their proposal:
- The Levant (Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine). In this area, Chiaroni et al. note a "patchy distribution of J1e frequency" which is difficult to interpret, and which "may reflect the complex demographic dynamics of religion and ethnicity in the region".
- The northern area of eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and northwest Iran. In this area, Chiaroni et al. recognize signs that J1 might have an older presence, and on balance they accept the evidence but note that it could be in error.
- The southern area of Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia. In this area, Chiaroni et al. recognize similar signs, but reject it as possible a result of "either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations".
The "YCAII=22-22 and DYS388≥15" cluster
Not only is the J1c3 or J-P58 group itself very dominant in many areas where J1 is common, but J1c3 in turn contains a large cluster which had been recognized before the discovery of P58, and is still a subject of recent research. This relatively young cluster, compared to J1 overall, was identified by STR markerShort tandem repeat
A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
s haplotypes - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of more typical 13. This cluster was found to be relevant in some well-publicized studies of Jewish and Palestinian populations. More generally, since then this cluster has been found to be frequent amongst men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in areas of Ethiopia and Europe where J1 is nevertheless common. The pattern is therefore similar to the pattern of J1c3 generally, described above, and may be caused by the same movements of people.
refers to this overall cluster with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values as an "Arabic" as opposed to a "Eurasia
Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
n" type of J1. This Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb
Maghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
, Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
, Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
and Qatar
Qatar
Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...
, and it is a relatively homogeneous group, implying that it might have dispersed relatively recently compared to J1 generally. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group, consisting of the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of Indo-European-speaking peoples...
and Ethiopians (despite Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
n and East Africa
East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
n genes
Gênes
Gênes is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy, named after the city of Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa. Its capital was Genoa, and it was divided in the arrondissements of Genoa, Bobbio, Novi Ligure, Tortona and...
." (Note that also noted the anomolously high apparent age of Omani J1 when looking more generally at J1c3 and J1 more generally.)
This cluster in turn contains three well-known related sub-clusters. First, it contains the majority of the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", found amongst Jewish populations, but especially in men with surnames related to Cohen. It also contains both the so-called "Galilee modal
Modal haplotype
A modal haplotype is an ancestral haplotype derived from the DNA test results of a specific group of people, using genetic genealogy.The two most commonly discussed modal haplotypes are the Atlantic Modal Haplotype and the Cohen Modal Haplotype...
haplotype" and "Palestian & Israeli Arab modal haplotype
Haplotype
A haplotype in genetics is a combination of alleles at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together...
" associated with Palestinians and Israeli Arabs by . then pointed out that this so called Galilee modal is also the most frequent type of J haplotype found in northwest Africans, and in Yemen, so it is not isolated to the area of Israel and the Palestine. But notably, this particular variant "is absent from two distinct non-Arab Middle Eastern populations, Jews and Muslim Kurds", even though both these populations do have high levels of J haplotypes.
noted not only the presence of the Galilee modal of J1 in the Maghreb
Maghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
but also that J1 in this region had very little diversity generally. They concluded that J1 in this region "is derived not only from early Neolithic dispersions but also from recent expansions from the Arabian peninsula" proposing that they might have been carried from the Middle East with the Arab expansion in the seventh century AD. later agreed that this seemed consistent with the evidence and generalized from this that distribution of the entire YCAII=22-22 cluster of J1 in the Arabic speaking areas of the Middle East and North Africa might in fact mainly have an origin in historical times.
More recent studies have emphasized doubt that the Islamic expansions are old enough to completely explain the major patterns of J1 frequencies. rejected this for J1c3 (J-P58) as a whole, but accepted that "some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert". They did not comment on the Maghreb.
take a stronger position of rejecting any strong correlation between the Arab expansion and either the YCAII=22-22 STR-defined sub-cluster as discussed by or the smaller "Galilee modal" as discussed by . They also estimate that the Cohen modal haplotype must be older than 4500 years old, and maybe as much as 8600 years old - well before the supposed origin of the Cohanim. Only the so called Palestian & Israeli Arab modal had a strong correlation to an ethnic group, but it was also rare. In conclusion, the authors were negative about the usefulness of STR defined modals for any "forensic or genealogical purposes" because "they were found across ethnic groups with different cultural or geographic affiliation".
disagreed, at least concerning the Cohen modal haplotype. They showed however that it was necessary to look at a more detailed STR haplotype in order to define a new "Extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" which is extremely rare outside Jewish populations, and even within Jewish populations is mainly only found in Cohanim. They also showed that by using more markers and a more restrictive definition, the estimated age of the Cohanim lineage is lower than the estimates of Tofanelli et al., and consistent with a common ancestor at the approximate time of founding of the priesthood which is the source of Cohen surnames.
J1c3a
The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. For example the J1c3a sub-clade of J-P58 defined by SNP M368 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J1 outside the "Arabic" type of J1, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J1 expansion in the Middle East. These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and AnatoliaAnatolia
Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...
, but also found in Ethiopia.
Tree
This phylogeny or family tree of J1 haplogroup subclades is based on the tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.- J1 (L255, L321, M267) Typical of populations of the Arabian peninsulaArabian PeninsulaThe Arabian Peninsula is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2...
, DagestanDagestanThe Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region. Its capital and the largest city is Makhachkala, located at the center of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea...
, MesopotamiaMesopotamiaMesopotamia is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the...
, the LevantLevantThe Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
and SemiticSemitic languagesThe Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
-speaking populations of North AfricaNorth AfricaNorth Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and Ehtiopia, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Asia- J1* -
- J1a (M62)
- J1b (M365.1)
- J1c (L136)
- J1c1 (M390) - formerly J1c
- J1c2 (P56) - formerly J1d
- J1c3 (P58/PAGES00008) - formerly J1e
- J1c3* -
- J1c3a (M367.1, M368.1) - formerly J1e1
- J1c3b (M369) - formerly J1e2
- J1c3c (L92, L93)
- J1c3d (L147.1)
- J1c3d* -
- J1c3d1 (L174.1)
- J1c3d2 (L222.2)
- J1c3d2* -
- J1c3d2a (L65.2/S159.2)
- J1c3d2* -
Distribution
J1 (or J-M267) is a typical Y chromosome of populations of the Arabian peninsulaArabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2...
, Dagestan
Dagestan
The Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region. Its capital and the largest city is Makhachkala, located at the center of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea...
, Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the...
, the Levant
Levant
The Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
and Semitic
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
-speaking populations of North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
. It is also found in varying frequencies throughout Western Asia and other neighbouring areas.
The frequency of Haplogroup J1 is particularly high in Semitic
Semitic
In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages...
-speaking populations, especially Arabic (often much higher in those populations than in neighbouring ones). For comparison with non-semitic Middle Eastern populations only about 10% of men in Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
and Turkey are J1, compared to much higher frequencies elsewhere.
In Ethiopia, all Cushitic Oromo
Oromo people
The Oromo are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, .and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census...
and approximately 29% of Semitic Amharic J1 chromosomes are J1* (meaning that they are J1 but not in J-P58). In the Caucasus and Eastern Turkey, J1 is common in several areas, and particularly common in Daghestan. Both the Caucasus region and the nearby eastern regions of Turkey have been described by researchers as showing the highest frequencies of J1 which is not in the J-P58 sub-clade.
Caucasus
The Caucasus has areas of both high and low J1 frequency. The J1 in the Caucasus is also notable because most of it is not of the J-P58 type.| Population | Sample size | total J1 | J1 but not P58 | J-P58 (J1c3) | publication |
| Avars Caucasian Avars Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. The Caucasian Avar language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian language family .... |
115 | 59.0% | 58.0% | 1.0% | |
| Dargins | 101 | 70.0% | 69.0% | 1.0% | |
| Kubachi | 65 | 99.0% | 99.0% | 0.0% | |
| Kaitak | 33 | 85.0% | 85.0% | 0.0% | |
| Lezghins | 81 | 44.4% | 44.4% | 0.0% | |
| Shapsug | 100 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
| Abkhaz Abkhaz people The Abkhaz or Abkhazians are a Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the Black Sea coast. A large Abkhazian diaspora population resides in Turkey, the origins of which lie in the emigration from the Caucasus in the late 19th century known as Muhajirism... |
58 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
| Circassians | 142 | 11.9% | 4.9% | 7.0% | |
| Ingush Ingush people The Ingush are a native ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai . The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language... |
143 | 2.8% | 2.8% | 0.0% | |
| Ossets | 357 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.0% | |
| Chechens (Ingushetia Ingushetia The Republic of Ingushetia is a federal subject of Russia , located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. In terms of area, the republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except for the two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg... ) |
112 | 21.0% | 21.0% | 0.0% | |
| Chechens (Chechnya Chechnya The Chechen Republic , commonly referred to as Chechnya , also spelled Chechnia or Chechenia, sometimes referred to as Ichkeria , is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the southeastern part of Europe in the Northern Caucasus mountains. The capital of the republic is the city of Grozny... ) |
118 | 25.0% | 25.0% | 0.0% | |
| Chechens (Dagestan Dagestan The Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region. Its capital and the largest city is Makhachkala, located at the center of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea... ) |
100 | 16.0% | 16.0% | 0.0% | |
| Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to... |
46 | 15.2% | NA | NA | |
Northern Middle East
As discussed above, the area including eastern Turkey and the Zagros and Taurus mountains, has been identified as a likely area of ancient J1 diversity. Both J-P58 and other types of J1 are present, sometimes with similar frequencies.| Population | Sample size | total J1 | J1 but not P58 | J-P58 (J1c3) | publication | previous research on same samples |
| Turkey | 523 | 9.0% | 3.1% | 5.9% | ||
| Iran | 150 | 11.3% | 2.7% | 8.7% | ||
| Kurds Iraq | 93 | 11.8% | 4.3% | 7.5% | ||
| Assyrians Assyrian people The Assyrian people are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia... modern Iraq |
28 | 28.6% | 17.9% | 10.7% | ||
| Iraq (Nassiriya) | 56 | 26.8% | 1.8% | 25.0% | ||
| Assyrians Iran | 31 | 16.1% | 9.7% | 6.5% | ||
| Iran | 92 | 3.2% | NA | NA | ||
| Kuwait Kuwait The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the... |
42 | 33.3% | NA | NA | ||
| Assyrians Turkey | 25 | 20.0% | 16.0% | 4.0% | ||
Levant and Jewish populations
J1 is very common throughout this region, dominated by J-P58, but some specific sub-populations have notably low frequencies.| Population | Sample size | total J1 | J1 but not P58 | J-P58 (J1c3) | publication | previous research on same samples |
| Syria | 554 | 33.6% | NA | NA | ||
| Druzes (Djebel Druze) | 34 | 14.7% | 2.9% | 11.8% | ||
| Syria Syria Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.... (Sunni from Hama Hama Hama is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria north of Damascus. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria—behind Aleppo, Damascus, and Homs—with a population of 696,863... ) |
36 | 47.2% | 2.8% | 44.4% | ||
| Syria (Ma'loula Aramaean) | 44 | 6.8% | 4.5% | 2.3% | ||
| Syria (Sednaya Syriac Catholic) | 14 | 14.3% | 0.0% | 14.3% | ||
| Syrian Catholic Damascus Damascus Damascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major... |
42 | 9.5% | 0.0% | 9.5% | ||
| Alawites Syria | 45 | 26.7% | 0.0% | 26.7% | ||
| Assyrian NE Syria | 30 | 3.3% | 0.0% | 3.3% | ||
| Ismaili Ismaili ' is a branch of Shia Islam. It is the second largest branch of Shia Islam, after the Twelvers... Damascus |
51 | 58.8% | 0.0% | 58.8% | ||
| Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among... |
951 | 18.9% | NA | NA | ||
| Galilee Galilee Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the... Druze |
172 | 13.4% | 1.2% | 12.2% | ||
| Palestinians (Akka (Acre) Acre, Israel Acre , is a city in the Western Galilee region of northern Israel at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. Acre is one of the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the country.... ) |
101 | 39.2% | NA | NA | ||
| Palestine | 49 | 32.7% | 0.0% | 32.7% | ||
| Jordan Jordan Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing... |
76 | 48.7% | 0.0% | 48.7% | ||
| Jordan | 273 | 35.5% | NA | NA | ||
| Jordan (Amman Amman Amman is the capital of Jordan. It is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Greater Amman area has a population of 2,842,629 as of 2010. The population of Amman is expected to jump from 2.8 million to almost... ) |
101 | 40.6% | NA | NA | ||
| Jordan (Dead Sea Dead Sea The Dead Sea , also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. Its surface and shores are below sea level, the lowest elevation on the Earth's surface. The Dead Sea is deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world... ) |
45 | 8.9% | NA | NA | ||
| Jews (Portugal Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the... /Trás-os-Montes Trás-os-Montes Province Trás-os-Montes Province is one of the medieval provinces of Portugal.The northern part is covered by Alto Trás-os-Montes Subregion, the southern by Douro Subregion.-See also :* Trás-os-Montes * Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province... ) |
57 | 12.3% | NA | NA | ||
| Jews (Cohanim) | 215 | 46.0% | 0.0% | 46.0% | ||
| Jews (non Cohanim) | 1,360 | 14.9% | 0.9% | 14.0% | ||
| Bedouin Bedouin The Bedouin are a part of a predominantly desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans, known in Arabic as ..-Etymology:... Negev Negev The Negev is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The Arabs, including the native Bedouin population of the region, refer to the desert as al-Naqab. The origin of the word Neghebh is from the Hebrew root denoting 'dry'... |
28 | 67.9% | 3.6% | 64.3% | ||
Arabian peninsula
J-P58 is the most common Y DNA haplogroup amongst men from all of this region.| Population | Sample size | total J1 | J1 but not P58 | J-P58 (J1c3) | publication | previous research on same samples |
| Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World... |
12 | 33.3% | 0.0% | 33.3% | ||
| Saudi Arabia | 157 | 40.1% | NA | NA | ||
| Qatar | 72 | 58.3% | 1.4% | 56.9% | ||
| UAE | 164 | 34.8% | 0.0% | 34.8% | ||
| Yemen | 62 | 72.6% | 4.8% | 67.7% | ||
| Oman | 121 | 38.0% | 0.8% | 37.2% | ||
North Africa, Ethiopia, Canary islands, and Comoros islands
North Africa has received migrations of men from the Middle East, speaking semitic languages (PhoeniciaPhoenicia
Phoenicia , was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550...
ns, Jews and Arabs). Concerning J1, which also came from the Middle East to these areas, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century a.d., expanded to northern Africa. (However the Canary islands
Canary Islands
The Canary Islands , also known as the Canaries , is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union...
is not known to have had any semitic language.) Their J1 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very un-even manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower amongst Berber
Berber people
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...
and/or non-urban populations. But in the Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J1 into Africa across the Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages. According to a recent study in 2011, in Tunisia, J1-M267 is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%). According to the authors, these results could be explained supposing that Arabization in Tunisia was a military enterprise, therefore, mainly driven by men that displaced native Berbers to geographically marginal areas but that frequently married Berber women.
| Population | Sample size | total J1 | J1 but not P58 | J-P58 (J1c3) | publication | previous research on same samples |
| Algeria Algeria Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab... (Arabs from Oran) |
102 | 22.5% | NA | NA | ||
| Algeria | 20 | 35% | NA | NA | ||
| Egypt | 147 | 21.1% | 1.4% | 19.7% | ||
| Egypt | 124 | 19.8% | NA | NA | ||
| Egypt (Western Desert) | 35 | 31.4% | NA | NA | ||
| Libya Libya Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.... (Tuareg) |
47 | 0.0% | NA | NA | ||
| Morocco Morocco Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara... (Amizmiz Valley) |
33 | 0% | NA | NA | ||
| Morocco | 51 | 19.6% | NA | NA | ||
| Morocco (Arabs) | 49 | 10.2% | NA | NA | ||
| Morocco (Arabs) | 44 | 13.6% | NA | NA | ||
| Morocco (Berbers) | 64 | 6.3% | NA | NA | ||
| Morocco (Berbers) | 103 | 7.8% | NA | NA | ||
| Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area... |
73 | 30.1% | NA | NA | ||
| Tunisia | 52 | 34.6% | NA | NA | ||
| Tunisia (Bou Omrane Berbers) | 40 | 0% | NA | NA | ||
| Tunisia (Bou Saad Berbers) | 40 | 5% | 0% | 5% | ||
| Tunisia (Jerbian Arabs) | 46 | 8.7% | NA | NA | ||
| Tunisia (Jerbian Berbers) | 47 | 0% | NA | NA | ||
| Tunisia (Sened Berbers) | 35 | 31.4% | 0% | 31.4% | ||
| Tunisia (Andalusian Zaghouan) | 32 | 43.8% | 0% | 43.8% | ||
| Tunisia (Cosmopolitan Tunis) | 33 | 24.2 | 0% | 24.2% | ||
| Canary Islands (pre-hispanic) | 30 | 16.7% | NA | NA | ||
| Canary Islands (17th-18thC)) | 42 | 11.9% | NA | NA | ||
| Canary Islands | 652 | 3.5% | NA | NA | ||
| Sahrawi | 89 | 20.2% | NA | NA | Bosch et al. 2001; Flores et al. 2001 | |
| Sudan (Khartoum Khartoum Khartoum is the capital and largest city of Sudan and of Khartoum State. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as "al-Mogran"... ) |
35 | 74.3% | 0.0% | 74.3% | , | |
| Sudan-Arabic | 35 | 17.1% | 0.0% | 17.1% | ||
| Sudan (Nilo-Saharan languages Nilo-Saharan languages The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers , including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of Nile meet... ) |
61 | 4.9% | 3.3% | 1.6% | ||
| Ethiopia Oromo | 78 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.0% | ||
| Ethiopia Amhara | 48 | 29.2% | 8.3% | 20.8% | ||
| Comoros Islands | 293 | 5.0% | NA | NA | ||
Europe
J1 is not common in most of Europe, but it is found in some sub-populations in southern Europe.| Population | Sample size | total J1 | J1 but not P58 | J-P58 (J1c3) | publication |
| Crete Crete Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits... |
193 | 8.3% | NA | NA | |
| Greece Greece Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe.... (mainland) |
171 | 4.7% | NA | NA | |
| Macedonia (Greece) Macedonia (Greece) Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of Greece in Southern Europe. Macedonia is the largest and second most populous Greek region... |
56 | 1.8% | NA | NA | |
| Greece | 249 | 1.6% | NA | NA | |
| Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east... |
39 | 5.1% | NA | NA | |
| Romania Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea... |
130 | 1.5% | NA | NA | |
| Russia Russia Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... |
223 | 0.4% | NA | NA | |
| Republic of Macedonia Republic of Macedonia Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991... Albanian speakers |
64 | 6.3% | NA | NA | |
| Albania Albania Albania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea... |
56 | 3.6% | NA | NA | |
| Croats (Osijek Osijek Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 83,496 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county... ) |
29 | 0.0% | NA | NA | |
| Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of... |
75 | 1.3% | NA | NA | |
| Italians (northeast) | 67 | 0.0% | NA | NA | |
| Italians | 915 | 0.7% | NA | NA | |
| Sicily Sicily Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,... |
236 | 3.8% | NA | NA | |
| Provence Provence Provence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur... |
51 | 2% | NA | NA | |
| Portugal (North) | 101 | 1.0% | NA | NA | |
| Portugal (Centre) | 102 | 4.9% | NA | NA | |
| Portugal (South) | 100 | 7.0% | NA | NA | |
| Açores | 121 | 2.5% | NA | NA | |
| Madeira Madeira Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between and , just under 400 km north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union... |
129 | 0.0% | NA | NA | |