Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Human mitochondrial genetics

Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....

, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup common in Central

Central Africa

Central Africa is a core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda....

and West Africa

West Africa

West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Western Africa includes the following 16 countries and an area of approximately 5 million square km:-Flags of West Africa:...

Origin

Haplogroup L1 is believed to have appeared approximately 110,000 to 170,000 years ago. Haplogroup L1 is a daughter of L1-6

Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, L is the mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup that is at the root of the human mtDNA phylogenetic tree. As such, it represents the most ancestral mitochondrial lineage of all currently living modern humans....

and genetic marker changes are 3666, 7055, 7389, 13789, 14178 and 14560.

Though it is typically used to refer to a family of lineages found in Africa, L1 is sometimes referred to as haplogroup L1-6, which is the macrohaplogroup that includes the majority of African lineages and all non-African lineages. Haplogroup L1-6 is the macrohaplogroup that includes subclades L1, L2, L4, L5, L6, and also L3 which gave rise to the two non-African haplogroups M and N. Haplogroup L1-6 and its only sibling haplogroup L0

Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)

-Distribution:It is found most commonly in the Sub-Saharan Africa. It reaches its highest frequency in the Khoisan people at 73%. Some of the higher frequencies are: Namibia 79%, South Africa 83% and Botswana 100%....

are united by the matrilineal most recent common ancestor

Most recent common ancestor

In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended...

, (MRCA) of all living humans, Mitochondrial Eve

Mitochondrial Eve

In the field of human genetics, Mitochondrial Eve refers to the matrilineal "MRCA" . In other words, she was the woman from whom all living humans today descend, on their mother's side, and through the mothers of those mothers and so on, back until all lines converge on one person...

. The existence of these two lineages, implies that Mitochondrial Eve had at least two daughters, one of whom is the maternal common ancestor of haplogroup L1-6 lineages.

Distribution

It is found most commonly in Central Africa

Central Africa

Central Africa is a core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda....

and West Africa

West Africa

. It reaches its highest frequency in the Mbenga Pygmies.

Subclades

L1 has two branches The formerly named L1 branches (L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f) have been re-classified into haplogroup L0 as L0d, L0k, L0a and L0f. :

Haplogroup L1b is most frequent in West Africa
West Africa
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Western Africa includes the following 16 countries and an area of approximately 5 million square km:-Flags of West Africa:...

specially in Senegal
Senegal
Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...

at 17-20% and among Igbo
Igbo people
Igbo people, also referred to as the Ibo, Ebo, Eboans or Heebo are an ethnic group living chiefly in southeastern Nigeria. They speak Igbo, which includes various Igboid languages and dialects; today, a majority of them speak English alongside Igbo as a result of British colonialism...

Nigerians, Mauritanian
Mauritanian
Mauritanian may refer to:* Something of, from, or related to Mauritania, a country in northwest Africa.* A person from Mauritania, or of Mauritanian descent. For information about the Mauritanian people, see Demographics of Mauritania....

, El Hierro
El Hierro
El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano , is the smallest and farthest south and west of the Canary Islands , in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,162 .- Name :The name El Hierro, although phonetically identical to the Spanish word for 'iron', is generally thought...

, Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria is the second most populous island of the Canary Islands, with a population of 838,397 which constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago...

, Akan people
Akan people
The Akan people are an ethnic group found predominately in Ghana and The Ivory Coast. Akans are the majority in both of these countries and overall have a population of over 20 million people.The Akan speak Kwa languages-Origin and ethnogenesis:...

Algeria
Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...

the lemba
Lemba
The Lemba or 'wa-Remba' are a southern African ethnic group to be found in Zimbabwe and South Africa with some little known branches in Mozambique and Malawi. According to Parfitt they are thought to number 70,000...

and Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

.

Haplogroup L1c has unquestionably the highest frequencies in western Pygmies and it is common amongst other people of Middle Africa (see map). The frequencies in Mbenga people
Mbenga people
The Mbenga people, Bambenga, are the western pygmies of Cameroon and Gabon: the,*Aka ,*Baka ,*Gyele,*Kola , and*Bongo....

are: In Biaka 77%, Ba-Benzélé 97% and Ba-Kola
Gyele language
The Kwasio language, also known as Ngumba / Mvumbo, Bujeba, and Gyele / Kola, is a language of Cameroon, spoken in the south along the coast and at the border with Equatorial Guinea by some 70 000 members of the Ngumba, Kwasio, Gyele and Mabi peoples...

100%. Also in Baka people
Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)
The Baka, known in the Congo as Bayaka , are an ethnic group inhabiting the southeastern rainforests of Cameroon, northern Republic of Congo, northern Gabon, and southwestern Central African Republic. They are sometimes called a subgroup of the Twa, but the two peoples are not closely related...

from Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...

90% and Gabon
Gabon
Gabon , officially the Gabonese Republic is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west...

97%. As well in Ba-Koya 97%, Ba-Bongo 82% and Tikar 100%. Common in São Tomé
São Tomé
-Transport:São Tomé is served by São Tomé International Airport with regular flights to Europe and other African Countries.-Climate:São Tomé features a tropical wet and dry climate with a relatively lengthy wet season and a short dry season. The wet season runs from October through May while the...

(20%) and Angola
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...

(16-24%).

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L1 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
- L1'2'3'4'5'6
  - L1
    - L1b
      - L1b1
        
        L1b1a
        
        L1b1a1'4
        
        L1b1a1
        
        L1b1a4
        
        L1b1a2
        
        L1b1a2a
        
        189
        
        L1b1a3
        
        L1b1a3a
        
        L1b1a3a1
        
        L1b1a5
        
        L1b1a6
        
        L1b1b7
    - L1c
      - L1c1'2'4'6
        
        L1c1
        
        L1c1a
        
        L1c1a1
        
        L1c1a1a
        
        L1c1a1a1
        
        L1c1a1a1a
        
        L1c1a1a1b
        
        L1c1a1a1b1
        
        L1c1a1a2
        
        L1c1a1b
        
        L1c1a2
        
        L1c1a2a
        
        L1c1a2a1
        
        L1c1a2a2
        
        L1c1a2b
        
        L1c1a2c
        
        L1c1b'c'd
        
        L1c1b
        
        L1c1c'd
        
        L1c1c
        
        L1c1d
        
        L1c2'4
        
        L1c2
        
        L1c2a
        
        L1c2a1
        
        L1c2a1a
        
        L1c2a1b
        
        L1c2a2
        
        L1c2b
        
        L1c2b1
        
        L1c2b2
        
        L1c4
        
        L1c4a
        
        L1c4b
        
        L1c6
      - L1c3
        
        L1c3a
        
        L1c3a1
        
        L1c3a1a
        
        L1c3b'c
        
        L1c3b
        
        L1c3b1
        
        L1c3b1a
        
        L1c3b1b
        
        L1c3b2
        
        L1c3c

External links

PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L, van Oven & Kayser M. 2009.
Spread of Haplogroup L1, from National Geographic
African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution
Ian Logan's Haplogroup L1b.
Ian Logan's Haplogroup L1c.

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

Origin

Distribution

Subclades

Tree

See also

External links