Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)
Encyclopedia
In human mitochondrial genetics
, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup L3 has played a pivotal role in the history of the human
species. Soon after the haplogroup arose in East Africa
a relatively small number of migrants carried it across the Red Sea to Arabia, inaugurating an intercontinental migration that eventually settled every major land mass on Earth except Antarctica. That small group also gave rise to every non-African haplogroup
.
, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1
and L2
represent two thirds of mtDNAs.
L3 is sub-divided into several clades, two of which spawned the macro-haplogroups M
and N
from which the vast majority of non-Africans are descended.
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasia
n haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1
and L2
". L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.
of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....
, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup L3 has played a pivotal role in the history of the human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
species. Soon after the haplogroup arose in East Africa
East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
a relatively small number of migrants carried it across the Red Sea to Arabia, inaugurating an intercontinental migration that eventually settled every major land mass on Earth except Antarctica. That small group also gave rise to every non-African haplogroup
Haplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
.
Distribution
It is most common in East AfricaEast Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1
Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup common in Central and West Africa.-Origin:Haplogroup L1 is believed to have appeared approximately 110,000 to 170,000 years ago...
and L2
Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup typical of Africa. Its subclade L2a is a somewhat frequent and widespread mtDNA cluster in Africa, as well as in the African diaspora Americans . et al.-Origin:L2 is a common African lineage. It is believed to...
represent two thirds of mtDNAs.
L3 is sub-divided into several clades, two of which spawned the macro-haplogroups M
Haplogroup M (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling N, is a descendant of haplogroup L3....
and N
Haplogroup N (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup N, like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3....
from which the vast majority of non-Africans are descended.
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasia
Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
n haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1
Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup common in Central and West Africa.-Origin:Haplogroup L1 is believed to have appeared approximately 110,000 to 170,000 years ago...
and L2
Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup typical of Africa. Its subclade L2a is a somewhat frequent and widespread mtDNA cluster in Africa, as well as in the African diaspora Americans . et al.-Origin:L2 is a common African lineage. It is believed to...
". L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.
African Subgroups distribution
- L3a - East Africa. EthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
ns. - L3b'f
- L3b - West Africa.
- L3f - East Africa and the Sahel zone.
- L3f3 - Chad Basin. Central Africa
- L3c'd'j
- L3c - East Africa. Ethiopian Jews, Yemeni Jews
- L3d - West-Central Africa. Among the Fulani, ChadChadChad , officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west...
ians, Ethiopians, Akan peopleAkan peopleThe Akan people are an ethnic group found predominately in Ghana and The Ivory Coast. Akans are the majority in both of these countries and overall have a population of over 20 million people.The Akan speak Kwa languages-Origin and ethnogenesis:...
, MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest...
, and YemenYemenThe Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east.... - L3j - East Africa. Sudanese.
- L3e'i'k'x
- L3e - West-Central Africa. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in BantuBantu languagesThe Bantu languages constitute a traditional sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and Ethnologue counts 535 languages...
-speaking populations. L3e is suggested to be associated with a Central African origin and is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans, Afro-BrazilianAfro-BrazilianIn Brazil, the term "preto" is one of the five categories used by the Brazilian Census, along with "branco" , "pardo" , "amarelo" and "indígena"...
s and CaribbeanCaribbeanThe Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...
s- L3e1 - Central Africa origin and is found in AlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
, CameroonCameroonCameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...
, AngolaAngolaAngola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...
, Mozambique, Sudanese and Kikuyu from KenyaKenyaKenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...
as well as in Yemen and among the Akan peopleAkan peopleThe Akan people are an ethnic group found predominately in Ghana and The Ivory Coast. Akans are the majority in both of these countries and overall have a population of over 20 million people.The Akan speak Kwa languages-Origin and ethnogenesis:... - L3e5 - Originated in the Chad Basin but found in Burkina FasoBurkina FasoBurkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...
, NigeriaNigeriaNigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...
, South TunisiaTunisiaTunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
, South MoroccoMoroccoMorocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
and EgyptEgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
- L3e1 - Central Africa origin and is found in Algeria
- L3i
- L3i1 - East Africa. Ethiopians.
- L3i2 (former L3w) - East Africa. Ethiopians.
- L3k - North Africa. Lybians, Tunisians.
- L3x - East Africa. Ethiopian OromoOromo peopleThe Oromo are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, .and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census...
s, Somalis and EgyptiansGUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.
- L3e - West-Central Africa. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in Bantu
- L3h - East Africa. Ethiopians.
Tree
This phylogenetic treePhylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics...
of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
- L1-6
- L2-6
- L2'3'4'6
- L3'4'6
- L3'4
- L3
- L3a
- L3b'f
- L3b
- L3b1
- L3b1a
- L3b1a1
- L3b1a2
- L3b1b
- L3b1b1
- L3b1a
- L3b2
- L3b1
- L3f
- L3f1
- L3f1a
- L3f1b
- L3f1b1
- L3f1b2
- L3f1b2a
- 150
- L3f1b3
- L3f1b4
- L3f1b4a
- L3f1b4a1
- L3f1b4a
- L3f2
- L3f2b
- L3f3
- L3f1
- L3b
- L3c'd'j
- L3c
- L3d
- L3d1-5
- L3d1
- L3d1a
- L3d1a1
- L3d1a1a
- L3d1a1
- L3d1b
- L3d1b1
- L3d1c
- L3d1d
- L3d1a
- 199
- L3d2
- L3d5
- L3d3
- L3d3a
- L3d4
- L3d5
- L3d1
- L3d1-5
- L3j
- L3e'i'k'x
- L3e
- L3e1
- L3e1a
- L3e1a1
- L3e1a1a
- 152
- L3e1a2
- L3e1a3
- L3e1a1
- L3e1b
- L3e1c
- L3e1d
- L3e1e
- L3e1a
- L3e2
- L3e2a
- L3e2a1
- L3e2a1a
- L3e2a1b
- L3e2a1b1
- L3e2a1
- L3e2b
- L3e2b1
- L32b1a
- L3e2b2
- L3e2b3
- L3e2b1
- L3e2a
- L3e3'4'5
- L3e3'4
- L3e3
- L3e3a
- L3e3b
- L3e3b1
- L3e4
- L3e3
- L3e5
- L3e3'4
- L3e1
- L3i
- L3i1
- L3i1a
- L3i1b
- L3i2
- L3i1
- L3k
- L3x
- L3x1
- L3x2
- L3x2a
- L3x2a1
- L3x2a1a
- L3x2a1
- L3x2b
- L3x2a
- L3e
- L3h
- L3h1
- L3h1a
- L3h1a1
- L3h1a2
- L3h1a2a
- L3h1a2b
- L3h1b
- L3h1b1
- L3h1b1a
- L3h1b1a1
- L3h1b1a
- L3h1b2
- L3h1b1
- L3h1a
- L3h2
- L3h1
- MHaplogroup M (mtDNA)In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling N, is a descendant of haplogroup L3....
- NHaplogroup N (mtDNA)In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup N, like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3....
- L3
- L3'4
- L3'4'6
- L2'3'4'6
- L2-6
See also
- Genealogical DNA testGenealogical DNA testA genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. The test results are not meant to have any informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders ; they are intended only to give genealogical...
- Genetic GenealogyGenetic genealogyGenetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals.-History:...
- Human mitochondrial geneticsHuman mitochondrial geneticsHuman mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....
- Population GeneticsPopulation geneticsPopulation genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow. It also takes into account the factors of recombination, population subdivision and population...
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroupsHuman mitochondrial DNA haplogroupsIn human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree...
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Haplogroup L3
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L3
- Spread of Haplogroup L3, from National Geographic