Hawaiian lobelioids
Encyclopedia
The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plant
s in the bellflower
family, Campanulaceae
, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands
. This is the largest plant radiation
in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the largest on any island archipelago, with over 125 species. The six genera can be broadly separated based on growth habit: Clermontia are typically branched shrub
s or small tree
s, up to 7 metres (23 ft) tall, with fleshy fruits; Cyanea and Delissea are typically unbranched or branching only at the base, with a cluster of relatively broad leaves at the apex and fleshy fruits; Lobelia and Trematolobelia have long thin leaves down a single, non-woody stem and capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds; and the peculiar Brighamia have a short, thick stem with a dense cluster of broad leaves, elongate white flowers, and capsular fruits.
The group contains morphologically divergent species, and was long thought to have derived from at least three introductions: one for Lobelia and Trematolobelia, one for Brighamia, and one for Clermontia, Cyanea, and Delissea. Based on recent DNA
sequence evidence (Givnish et al., 1996, 2008) it now believed that all are derived from a single introduction. This was likely a Lobelia-like species that arrived about 13 million years ago, when Gardner Pinnacles
and French Frigate Shoals
were high islands and long before the current main islands existed.
Many species have beautiful and spectacular flowers, especially those in Lobelia and Trematolobelia. Unfortunately, they are also highly vulnerable to feeding by feral
ungulate
s such as feral pigs; the stems are only partly woody, and contain few defenses against herbivory
. The bark contains a milky (but apparently non-poisonous) latex
, and is often chewed by rat
s and pigs. Seedlings are also vulnerable to disturbance by pig digging, and in areas with high densities of pigs it is not uncommon to find the only lobelioids being epiphytic
on larger trees or on fallen logs.
s. It was long thought to have been the result of a separate introduction, and its unique combination of characters made it difficult to place. These characters are the result of adaptation to growing on cliffs and pollination
by the endemic Hawaiian hawkmoth
, Manduca blackburni
. This moth is now itself listed as endangered, surviving mainly on the southern slopes of Maui, well away from where Brighamia live. Some pollination may be done by closely related alien hawkmoths such as the Five-Spotted Hawkmoth (M. quinquemaculata) and Pink-spotted Hawkmoth (Agrius cingulata
). Despite their inaccessible habitat on cliffs, Brighamia are sometimes hand-pollinated
by botanists to ensure seed set. Both species are now extremely rare. The genus is named in honour of the first director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, William Tufts Brigham
.
Brighamia species
† species believed to be extinct
* species is listed Endangered
Lobelia is a cosmopolitan genus of over 350 species, including common ornamentals
. However, many lobelioid genera are derived from it and it is highly paraphyletic
. The Hawaiian species are divided into two sections (Galeatella, the giant lobelias of montane bogs, and Revolutella, the smaller lobelias of rocky crests and interior rock walls), based on flower color and other characters. Like Brighamia and Trematolobelia, the fruit of Lobelia is a dry capsule. These species are probably the closest in appearance to the original Hawaiian colonist.
Lobelia species
† species believed to be extinct
* species is listed Endangered
Trematolobelia is distinguished from Lobelia by its unique dispersal method. Rather than drying and splitting apart, the outer (green) wall of the fruit disintegrates, revealing a perforated hard "frame" that allows the tiny wind-dispersed seeds to escape. They can be quite spectacular when in flower, with multiple flower branches and hundreds of flowers. Individual plants live for 5–10 years before flowering and dying.
Trematobelia species
† species believed to be extinct
* species is listed Endangered
Clermontia, with 22 species, are the most common of Hawaiian lobelioids. Unlike Cyanea, which are typically found in dense forest, Clermontia are frequently found in more open areas and edges, and therefore persist better when forests become fragmented. Nevertheless, there are still many endangered species. The flowers are often large and spectacular; in section Clermontia, the calyx
lobes are similar in color and size to the corolla, giving the appearance of a flower with twice the normal number of petals.
Clermontia is a very important host for many species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae
. The larvae of these flies breed in the rotting bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit of all lobelioids, but primarily Clermontia since it is largest and most common. Several species, especially on the Big Island, are epiphytic
.
Clermontia species
† species believed to be extinct
* species is listed Endangered
Cyanea
is the largest and most morphologically diverse group of Hawaiian lobelioids, with more than 70 species. Most grow as a single stem or as a cluster branching near the ground, but a few, such as C. stichtophylla, grow as multi-branched shrubs. Some, such as C. leptostegia of Kauai, can grow to over 9 metres (29.5 ft) tall - something that is especially notable given the relative thinness of the stem and soft wood.
Part of the reason Cyanea are able to grow tall stalks is that they tend to grow in deep forest, often in narrow gulches on the older islands, where there is little wind. This characteristic of growing under dense cover also makes them more sensitive to disturbance of the forest.
An interesting character of many Cyanea is their tendency to grow spines or thorns on the stem and leaves (see the photo of Cyanea platyphylla). This is most pronounced in younger plants, and some species undergo a kind of metamorphosis as they mature, to the extent that different growth stages were described as separate species, due in part to the presence or absence of spines. The purpose of the spines was puzzling, since in most island situations there is a tendency for plants to lose defenses - Hawaii is noted for its nettle-less nettles
, mintless mints
, and (not quite) thornless raspberries
- and no native browsing
animals were known. However, it is now believed that the spines were a defense against the moa-nalo
, giant browsing geese
and goose-like duck
s that formerly inhabited the islands (Givnish et al. 1995). These birds were apparently driven extinct by the Hawaiians before Europeans reached the islands, but their evolutionary effects live on.
Many species are now extinct or have not been seen in decades. These include C. arborea, C. comata, and C. pohaku, a cluster of species that formerly inhabited the drier, mesic
areas of leeward
East Maui where almost no native habitat remains. Because they are particularly sensitive to disturbance by pigs, Cyanea are often the first plants to disappear, even when the forest as a whole appears relatively healthy. Extinct species tended to have longer, more highly specialized flowers and to have narrower elevational and geographic ranges than the species that survived (Givnish et al. 1995).
Species of Cyanea on each major island tend to differ in flower tube length and mean elevation, apparently reflecting a partitioning of ecological and reproductive resources. The total number of species of Cyanea can be predicted rather precisely from the height and area of each of the major islands except Hawaii
(the Big Island), suggesting that the assembly of Cyanea communities requires more than 0.6 million years (the age of Hawaii) and less than 1.5 million years (the age of Maui) to run to ecological saturation (Givnish et al. 2008).
Cyanea species
† species believed to be extinct
* species is listed Endangered
Delissea is similar to Cyanea in many ways, differing primarily in the flower (with a small knob on the dorsal side) and fruit (dark purple; most Cyanea fruit are orange, though some are also purple or blue). It is notable in part because it has suffered so much: only three of the nine species known to science are still extant, and one of these (D. undulata) is extinct in the wild. Several species are known only from type specimens collected in the late 1800s. Several species are very poorly known, and their status as species is questionable. For example, D. fallax and D. parviflora are both from Hawaii and their flowers are identical; it is possible that they represent different growth forms of the same species (both Delissea and Cyanea are known to undergo changes in vegetative morphology during the lifetime of the plant). Delissea lauliiana was known only from the type, which was destroyed in Berlin
during World War II
. All three of these are believed to be extinct, and unless new specimens turn up there is no way to resolve questions about them.
Delissea species
† species believed to be extinct
* species is listed Endangered
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s in the bellflower
Campanula
Campanula is one of several genera in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. It takes its name from their bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell"....
family, Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
The family Campanulaceae , of the order Asterales, contains about 2000 species in 70 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky non-toxic sap...
, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands
The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll...
. This is the largest plant radiation
Adaptive radiation
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. Starting with a recent single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different...
in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the largest on any island archipelago, with over 125 species. The six genera can be broadly separated based on growth habit: Clermontia are typically branched shrub
Shrub
A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
s or small tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
s, up to 7 metres (23 ft) tall, with fleshy fruits; Cyanea and Delissea are typically unbranched or branching only at the base, with a cluster of relatively broad leaves at the apex and fleshy fruits; Lobelia and Trematolobelia have long thin leaves down a single, non-woody stem and capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds; and the peculiar Brighamia have a short, thick stem with a dense cluster of broad leaves, elongate white flowers, and capsular fruits.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
sequence evidence (Givnish et al., 1996, 2008) it now believed that all are derived from a single introduction. This was likely a Lobelia-like species that arrived about 13 million years ago, when Gardner Pinnacles
Gardner Pinnacles
The Gardner Pinnacles are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Hawaiian Islands at , northwest of Honolulu and French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets—remnants of an ancient volcano—is . Its highest peak has a commanding height of 170...
and French Frigate Shoals
French Frigate Shoals
The French Frigate Shoals is the largest atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Its name commemorates French explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse, who nearly lost two frigates when attempting to navigate the shoals...
were high islands and long before the current main islands existed.
Many species have beautiful and spectacular flowers, especially those in Lobelia and Trematolobelia. Unfortunately, they are also highly vulnerable to feeding by feral
Feral
A feral organism is one that has changed from being domesticated to being wild or untamed. In the case of plants it is a movement from cultivated to uncultivated or controlled to volunteer. The introduction of feral animals or plants to their non-native regions, like any introduced species, may...
ungulate
Ungulate
Ungulates are several groups of mammals, most of which use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. They make up several orders of mammals, of which six to eight survive...
s such as feral pigs; the stems are only partly woody, and contain few defenses against herbivory
Herbivore
Herbivores are organisms that are anatomically and physiologically adapted to eat plant-based foods. Herbivory is a form of consumption in which an organism principally eats autotrophs such as plants, algae and photosynthesizing bacteria. More generally, organisms that feed on autotrophs in...
. The bark contains a milky (but apparently non-poisonous) latex
Latex
Latex is the stable dispersion of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium. Latexes may be natural or synthetic.Latex as found in nature is a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants . It is a complex emulsion consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins,...
, and is often chewed by rat
Rat
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus...
s and pigs. Seedlings are also vulnerable to disturbance by pig digging, and in areas with high densities of pigs it is not uncommon to find the only lobelioids being epiphytic
Epiphyte
An epiphyte is a plant that grows upon another plant non-parasitically or sometimes upon some other object , derives its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and sometimes from debris accumulating around it, and is found in the temperate zone and in the...
on larger trees or on fallen logs.
Brighamia
Brighamia is quite unlike the other genera, with a succulent stem and long, thin, tubular flowerFlower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s. It was long thought to have been the result of a separate introduction, and its unique combination of characters made it difficult to place. These characters are the result of adaptation to growing on cliffs and pollination
Pollination
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Pollen grains transport the male gametes to where the female gamete are contained within the carpel; in gymnosperms the pollen is directly applied to the ovule itself...
by the endemic Hawaiian hawkmoth
Sphingidae
Sphingidae is a family of moths , commonly known as hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms, that includes about 1,200 species . It is best represented in the tropics but there are species in every region . They are moderate to large in size and are distinguished among moths for their rapid,...
, Manduca blackburni
Manduca blackburni
Manduca blackburni, commonly known as Blackburn's Sphinx Moth, the Hawaiian Tomato Hornworm or Hawaiian Tobacco Hornworm, is a species of moth in the family Sphingidae that is endemic to Hawaii. Previously known to inhabit all of the main islands, this rare moth is now seen on Maui, the Big Island,...
. This moth is now itself listed as endangered, surviving mainly on the southern slopes of Maui, well away from where Brighamia live. Some pollination may be done by closely related alien hawkmoths such as the Five-Spotted Hawkmoth (M. quinquemaculata) and Pink-spotted Hawkmoth (Agrius cingulata
Agrius cingulata
The Pink-spotted Hawkmoth or Sweetpotato Hornworm is a species of moth in the Sphingidae family. The imagines have a wingspan of 3 3/4 - 4 3/4 inches . They have a robust gray brown body with pink bands, hence the name. Their abdomen tapers to a point. The hindwings are gray with black bands and...
). Despite their inaccessible habitat on cliffs, Brighamia are sometimes hand-pollinated
Hand pollination
Hand pollination is a technique used when natural, or open pollination is insufficient or undesirable. The most common techniques are for crops such as cucurbits, which may exhibit poor pollination by fruit abortion, fruit deformity or poor maturation...
by botanists to ensure seed set. Both species are now extremely rare. The genus is named in honour of the first director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, William Tufts Brigham
William Tufts Brigham
William Tufts Brigham was an American geologist, botanist, ethnologist and the first director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu.-Biography:...
.
Brighamia species
- Brighamia insignisBrighamia insignisBrighamia insignis, commonly known as Ōlulu or Alula in Hawaiian, or colloquially as cabbage on a stick, is a critically endangered species of Hawaiian lobelioid in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. It is native to the islands of Kauai and Niihau...
* A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
– Ōlulu (KauaiKauaiKauai or Kauai, known as Tauai in the ancient Kaua'i dialect, is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of , it is the fourth largest of the main islands in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the 21st largest island in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle",...
, NiihauNiihauNiihau or Niihau is the seventh largest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U.S. state of Hawaii, having an area of . Niihau lies southwest of Kauai across the Kaulakahi Channel. Several intermittent playa lakes provide wetland habitats for the Hawaiian Coot, the Black-winged Stilt, and the...
†) - Brighamia rockiiBrighamia rockiiBrighamia rockii, known as the Molokai ohaha or Pua ala in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, that is endemic to the island of Molokai in Hawaii. Pua ala inhabits mesic shrublands and forests on rocky cliffs from sea level to on the island's northern...
* H.St.JohnHarold St. JohnHarold St. John was a professor of botany at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa from 1929 to 1958. A prolific specialist in field botany and systematics, he is credited with discovering about 500 new species of Pandanus, along with many other species, especially in the Pacific Islands.Born in...
– Pua Ala (MolokaiMolokaiMolokai or Molokai is an island in the Hawaiian archipelago. It is 38 by 10 miles in size with a land area of , making it the fifth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States. It lies east of Oahu across the 25-mile wide Kaiwi Channel and north of...
, LānaiLanaiLānai or Lanai is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is also known as the Pineapple Island because of its past as an island-wide pineapple plantation. The only town is Lānai City, a small settlement....
†, MauiMauiThe island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Lānai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444,...
†)
† species believed to be extinct
Lobelia
Ornamental plant
Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers and specimen display...
. However, many lobelioid genera are derived from it and it is highly paraphyletic
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...
. The Hawaiian species are divided into two sections (Galeatella, the giant lobelias of montane bogs, and Revolutella, the smaller lobelias of rocky crests and interior rock walls), based on flower color and other characters. Like Brighamia and Trematolobelia, the fruit of Lobelia is a dry capsule. These species are probably the closest in appearance to the original Hawaiian colonist.
Lobelia species
- section Galeatella: flowers red or yellow to white
- Lobelia gaudichaudii* A.DC (OahuOahuOahu or Oahu , known as "The Gathering Place", is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands and most populous of the islands in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The state capital Honolulu is located on the southeast coast...
) - Lobelia gloria-montis RockJoseph RockJoseph Francis Charles Rock was an Austrian-American explorer, geographer, linguist and botanist.-Life:He was born in Vienna, Austria, but emigrated to the United States in 1905 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1907, where he eventually became an authority on the flora there...
(MauiMauiThe island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Lānai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444,...
, MolokaiMolokaiMolokai or Molokai is an island in the Hawaiian archipelago. It is 38 by 10 miles in size with a land area of , making it the fifth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States. It lies east of Oahu across the 25-mile wide Kaiwi Channel and north of...
?) - Lobelia kauaensis (A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
) A. HellerAmos Arthur HellerAmos Arthur Heller was an American botanist.He was one of the most prolific western collectors from 1892 until 1940. While living in Los Gatos, California, south of San Francisco from 1904 to 1908, Heller collected extensively in central California. He also obtained an impressive collection from...
- Pue (KauaiKauaiKauai or Kauai, known as Tauai in the ancient Kaua'i dialect, is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of , it is the fourth largest of the main islands in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the 21st largest island in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle",...
) - Lobelia villosa (Rock) H.St.JohnHarold St. JohnHarold St. John was a professor of botany at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa from 1929 to 1958. A prolific specialist in field botany and systematics, he is credited with discovering about 500 new species of Pandanus, along with many other species, especially in the Pacific Islands.Born in...
& Hosaka (Kauai)
- Lobelia gaudichaudii* A.DC (Oahu
- section Revolutella: flowers blue or magenta
- Lobelia dunbarii Rock (Molokai)
- Lobelia grayana F.Wimmer (Maui)
- Lobelia hillebrandii Rock (Maui)
- Lobelia hypoleuca Hillebr.William HillebrandWilliam Hillebrand was a German physician. He traveled the world, including over 20 years in the Hawaiian islands. In 1850, Hillebrand lived at what is now Foster Botanical Garden in Honolulu. He also became known as a botanist.-Life and career:...
– Kuhiaikamoowahie (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, LānaiLanaiLānai or Lanai is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is also known as the Pineapple Island because of its past as an island-wide pineapple plantation. The only town is Lānai City, a small settlement....
, Maui, HawaiiHawaii (island)The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island , is a volcanic island in the North Pacific Ocean...
) - Lobelia monostachyaLobelia monostachyaLobelia monostachya is a species of flowering plant in the Campanulaceae family that is endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii. It inhabits cliffside mesic shrublands in the southern Koolau Mountains at an elevation of . It was previously believed to be extinct. In 1994 it was rediscovered and...
* (Rock) Lammers (Oahu†) - Lobelia niihauensis* H.St.John (NiihauNiihauNiihau or Niihau is the seventh largest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U.S. state of Hawaii, having an area of . Niihau lies southwest of Kauai across the Kaulakahi Channel. Several intermittent playa lakes provide wetland habitats for the Hawaiian Coot, the Black-winged Stilt, and the...
†, Kauai, Oahu) - Lobelia oahuensis* Rock (Oahu)
- Lobelia remyi Rock (Oahu†)
- Lobelia yuccoides Hillebr. - Pānaunau (Kauai, Oahu)
† species believed to be extinct
Trematolobelia
Trematobelia species
- Trematolobelia grandifolia RockJoseph RockJoseph Francis Charles Rock was an Austrian-American explorer, geographer, linguist and botanist.-Life:He was born in Vienna, Austria, but emigrated to the United States in 1905 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1907, where he eventually became an authority on the flora there...
(HawaiiHawaii (island)The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island , is a volcanic island in the North Pacific Ocean...
) - Trematolobelia kauaiensis RockJoseph RockJoseph Francis Charles Rock was an Austrian-American explorer, geographer, linguist and botanist.-Life:He was born in Vienna, Austria, but emigrated to the United States in 1905 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1907, where he eventually became an authority on the flora there...
– Kolii (KauaiKauaiKauai or Kauai, known as Tauai in the ancient Kaua'i dialect, is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of , it is the fourth largest of the main islands in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the 21st largest island in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle",...
) - Trematolobelia macrostachys (Hook.William Jackson HookerSir William Jackson Hooker, FRS was an English systematic botanist and organiser. He held the post of Regius Professor of Botany at Glasgow University, and was the first Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He enjoyed the friendship and support of Sir Joseph Banks for his exploring,...
& Arn.George Arnott Walker-ArnottGeorge Arnott Walker-Arnott was a Scottish botanist.He studied law in Edinburgh though later became a botanist, holding the position of Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. He studied the botany of North America with Sir William Hooker and collaborated with Robert Wight in...
) A. Zahlbr. – Kolii (OahuOahuOahu or Oahu , known as "The Gathering Place", is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands and most populous of the islands in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The state capital Honolulu is located on the southeast coast...
, MolokaiMolokaiMolokai or Molokai is an island in the Hawaiian archipelago. It is 38 by 10 miles in size with a land area of , making it the fifth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States. It lies east of Oahu across the 25-mile wide Kaiwi Channel and north of...
†, LānaiLanaiLānai or Lanai is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is also known as the Pineapple Island because of its past as an island-wide pineapple plantation. The only town is Lānai City, a small settlement....
†, MauiMauiThe island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Lānai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444,...
, Hawaii†) - Trematolobelia singularisTrematolobelia singularisTrematolobelia singularis is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the Koʻolau Range on the island of Oahu. It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat...
* H.St.JohnHarold St. JohnHarold St. John was a professor of botany at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa from 1929 to 1958. A prolific specialist in field botany and systematics, he is credited with discovering about 500 new species of Pandanus, along with many other species, especially in the Pacific Islands.Born in...
(Oahu)
† species believed to be extinct
Clermontia
Sepal
A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms . Collectively the sepals form the calyx, which is the outermost whorl of parts that form a flower. Usually green, sepals have the typical function of protecting the petals when the flower is in bud...
lobes are similar in color and size to the corolla, giving the appearance of a flower with twice the normal number of petals.
Clermontia is a very important host for many species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae
Drosophilidae
Drosophilidae is a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes fruit flies. Another family of flies called Tephritidae also includes fruit flies. The best known species of Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, within the genus Drosophila, and this species Is used extensively for...
. The larvae of these flies breed in the rotting bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit of all lobelioids, but primarily Clermontia since it is largest and most common. Several species, especially on the Big Island, are epiphytic
Epiphyte
An epiphyte is a plant that grows upon another plant non-parasitically or sometimes upon some other object , derives its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and sometimes from debris accumulating around it, and is found in the temperate zone and in the...
.
Clermontia species
- section Clermontia: calyx lobes similar to petals
- Clermontia calophylla F.Wimmer - Ōhā wai nui (KohalaKohala, Hawaiithumb|right|300px|The districts of the [[Hawaii |Big Island]]. From Northernmost, clockwise; Kohala , [[Hamakua|Hāmākua]], [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Puna, Hawaii|Puna]], [[Kau, Hawaii|Kaū]], [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]]...
, HawaiiHawaii (island)The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island , is a volcanic island in the North Pacific Ocean...
) - Clermontia drepanomorphaClermontia drepanomorphaClermontia drepanomorpha is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Kohala Mountain clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus Clermontia that are known as `oha wai. This plant is endemic to Kohala, a volcano at the northern end of the...
* RockJoseph RockJoseph Francis Charles Rock was an Austrian-American explorer, geographer, linguist and botanist.-Life:He was born in Vienna, Austria, but emigrated to the United States in 1905 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1907, where he eventually became an authority on the flora there...
- Ōhā wai (Kohala, Hawaii) - Clermontia grandiflora Gaudich.Charles Gaudichaud-BeaupréCharles Gaudichaud-Beaupré was a French botanist.He was born in Angoulême, the son of J-J. Gaudichaud and Rose Gaudichaud. He studied pharmacology at Cognac and Angoulême. He also studied chemistry and herbology.His greatest claim to fame was serving as botanist on a circumglobal expedition from...
- Ōhā wai (Molokai, Lānai, Maui) - Clermontia hawaiiensis (Hillebr.) Rock - Ōhā kēpau (PunaPuna, HawaiiPuna is one of the nine districts in Hawaii County, Big Island, Hawaii. The District of Puna is located on the easternmost portion of the island and shares borders to the north with the District of South Hilo and a border to the west with the District of Kaū...
and KaūKau, Hawaiithumb|right|300px|The districts of the [[Hawaii |Big Island]]. From Northernmost, clockwise; [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]], [[Hamakua]], [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Puna, Hawaii|Puna]], Kau , [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]]...
on Hawaii) - Clermontia kakeana Meyen - Ōhā wai (Oahu, Molokai, Maui)
- Clermontia kohalae Rock - Ōhā wai (Kohala and HāmākuaHamakuathumb|right|280px|Districts of [[Hawaii |Hawaii island]]: from northernmost, clockwise; [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]], Hāmākua , [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Puna, Hawaii|Puna]], [[Kau, Hawaii|Kaū]], [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]]...
on Hawaii) - Clermontia lindseyanaClermontia lindseyanaClermontia lindseyana is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name hillside clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus Clermontia that are known as `oha wai. This plant is known only from Haleakalā, a volcano on the island of Maui, and...
* Rock - Ōhā wai (Hawaii, east Maui) - Clermontia micrantha (Hillebr.) Rock - Ōhā wai (Lānai, west Maui)
- Clermontia montis-loa Rock - Ōhā wai (Hilo, Puna, and Kaū on Hawaii)
- Clermontia multiflora Hillebr. - Ōhā wai (Oahu†, west Maui†)
- Clermontia oblongifoliaClermontia oblongifoliaClermontia oblongifolia is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Oahu clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus Clermontia that are known as oha wai...
* Gaudich. - Ōhā wai (Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Maui) - Clermontia pallida Hillebr. - Ōhā wai (Molokai)
- Clermontia parviflora Gaudich. ex A.Gray - Ōhā wai (windward Hawaii)
- Clermontia persicifolia Gaudich. - Ōhā wai (Oahu)
- Clermontia samueliiClermontia samueliiClermontia samuelii is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Hana clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus Clermontia that are known as `oha wai. This plant is endemic to Maui, where there are fewer than 250 mature specimens remaining...
* C.N.ForbesCharles Noyes Forbes-Biography:Forbes was born in Boylston, Massachusetts on 24 September 1883. When he was at the University of California he worked as a cadet for the emergency service during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. From 1908 to 1920 he was curator of Botany at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu...
- Ōhā wai (east Maui)
- Clermontia calophylla F.Wimmer - Ōhā wai nui (Kohala
- section Clermontioideae: calyx lobes short, green
- Clermontia arborescens (H.Mann) Hillebr. - Ōhā wai nui (Molokai, Lānai, Maui)
- Clermontia clermontioides (Gaudich.) A.HellerAmos Arthur HellerAmos Arthur Heller was an American botanist.He was one of the most prolific western collectors from 1892 until 1940. While living in Los Gatos, California, south of San Francisco from 1904 to 1908, Heller collected extensively in central California. He also obtained an impressive collection from...
(Kaū and Kona DistrictsKona District, HawaiiKona is the name of a moku or district on the Big Island of Hawaii in the State of Hawaii. In the current system of administration of Hawaii County, the moku of Kona is divided into North Kona District and South Kona District . The term "Kona" is sometimes used to refer to its largest town,...
on Hawaii) - Clermontia fauriei H.Lév - Hāhāaiakamanu (Kauai, Oahu)
- Clermontia peleanaClermontia peleanaClermontia peleana is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Pele clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus Clermontia that are known as `oha wai. This plant is endemic to the island of Hawaii, where it is known from a few individuals...
* Rock (Hawaii, Maui?) - Clermontia pyrulariaClermontia pyrulariaClermontia pyrularia is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names Hamakua clermontia and pear clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus Clermontia that are known as oha wai and haha...
* - Ōhā wai (Hawaii) - Clermontia tuberculata - Ōhā wai (Maui)
- Clermontia waimeae - Ōhā wai (Hawaii)
† species believed to be extinct
Cyanea
Cyanea (plant)
Cyanea is a genus of lobelioid plants endemic to Hawaii. It contains more than 50 species, ranging in size from shrubs like C. eleeleensis to tall palm-like trees over 10 meters tall such as C. leptostegia...
is the largest and most morphologically diverse group of Hawaiian lobelioids, with more than 70 species. Most grow as a single stem or as a cluster branching near the ground, but a few, such as C. stichtophylla, grow as multi-branched shrubs. Some, such as C. leptostegia of Kauai, can grow to over 9 metres (29.5 ft) tall - something that is especially notable given the relative thinness of the stem and soft wood.
Part of the reason Cyanea are able to grow tall stalks is that they tend to grow in deep forest, often in narrow gulches on the older islands, where there is little wind. This characteristic of growing under dense cover also makes them more sensitive to disturbance of the forest.
An interesting character of many Cyanea is their tendency to grow spines or thorns on the stem and leaves (see the photo of Cyanea platyphylla). This is most pronounced in younger plants, and some species undergo a kind of metamorphosis as they mature, to the extent that different growth stages were described as separate species, due in part to the presence or absence of spines. The purpose of the spines was puzzling, since in most island situations there is a tendency for plants to lose defenses - Hawaii is noted for its nettle-less nettles
Urticaceae
Urticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica . Urticaceae includes a number of well-known and useful plants, including the aforementioned nettles, Ramie , māmaki , and ajlai .The family includes approximately 2600 species, grouped...
, mintless mints
Phyllostegia
Phyllostegia is a genus of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae.Species include:* Phyllostegia glabra* Phyllostegia hirsuta Benth.* Phyllostegia hispida Hillebr. * Phyllostegia kaalaensis H.St.John...
, and (not quite) thornless raspberries
Rubus hawaiensis
Rubus hawaiensis, also called the Ākala, is a species of Rubus endemic to Hawaii. It is found on the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii in mesic to wet forest at elevations of...
- and no native browsing
Browsing (predation)
Browsing is a type of herbivory in which an herbivore feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high growing, generally woody, plants such as shrubs. This is contrasted with grazing, usually associated with animals feeding on grass or other low vegetation...
animals were known. However, it is now believed that the spines were a defense against the moa-nalo
Moa-nalo
The moa-nalo are a group of extinct aberrant, goose-like ducks that lived on the larger Hawaiian Islands, except Hawaii itself, in the Pacific...
, giant browsing geese
Goose
The word goose is the English name for a group of waterfowl, belonging to the family Anatidae. This family also includes swans, most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks, which are smaller....
and goose-like duck
Duck
Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the Anatidae family of birds, which also includes swans and geese. The ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the Anatidae family; they do not represent a monophyletic group but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered...
s that formerly inhabited the islands (Givnish et al. 1995). These birds were apparently driven extinct by the Hawaiians before Europeans reached the islands, but their evolutionary effects live on.
Many species are now extinct or have not been seen in decades. These include C. arborea, C. comata, and C. pohaku, a cluster of species that formerly inhabited the drier, mesic
Mesic habitat
In ecology, a mesic habitat is a type of habitat with a moderate or well-balanced supply of moisture, e.g., a mesic forest, a temperate hardwood forest, or dry-mesic prairie. Compared to a dry habitat, a mesic habitat is moister....
areas of leeward
Windward and leeward
Windward is the direction upwind from the point of reference. Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference. The side of a ship that is towards the leeward is its lee side. If the vessel is heeling under the pressure of the wind, this will be the "lower side"...
East Maui where almost no native habitat remains. Because they are particularly sensitive to disturbance by pigs, Cyanea are often the first plants to disappear, even when the forest as a whole appears relatively healthy. Extinct species tended to have longer, more highly specialized flowers and to have narrower elevational and geographic ranges than the species that survived (Givnish et al. 1995).
Species of Cyanea on each major island tend to differ in flower tube length and mean elevation, apparently reflecting a partitioning of ecological and reproductive resources. The total number of species of Cyanea can be predicted rather precisely from the height and area of each of the major islands except Hawaii
Hawaii (island)
The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island , is a volcanic island in the North Pacific Ocean...
(the Big Island), suggesting that the assembly of Cyanea communities requires more than 0.6 million years (the age of Hawaii) and less than 1.5 million years (the age of Maui) to run to ecological saturation (Givnish et al. 2008).
Cyanea species
- Cyanea aculeatiflora RockJoseph RockJoseph Francis Charles Rock was an Austrian-American explorer, geographer, linguist and botanist.-Life:He was born in Vienna, Austria, but emigrated to the United States in 1905 and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1907, where he eventually became an authority on the flora there...
(east MauiMauiThe island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Lānai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444,...
) - Cyanea acuminataCyanea acuminataCyanea acuminata is a rare species of flowering plant known by the common names Honolulu cyanea. It is endemic to Oahu, where there are no more than 250 individuals remaining. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. Like other Cyanea it is known as haha in Hawaiian.This...
* (Gaudich.Charles Gaudichaud-BeaupréCharles Gaudichaud-Beaupré was a French botanist.He was born in Angoulême, the son of J-J. Gaudichaud and Rose Gaudichaud. He studied pharmacology at Cognac and Angoulême. He also studied chemistry and herbology.His greatest claim to fame was serving as botanist on a circumglobal expedition from...
) Hillebr. (OahuOahuOahu or Oahu , known as "The Gathering Place", is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands and most populous of the islands in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The state capital Honolulu is located on the southeast coast...
) - Cyanea angustifolia* (Cham.Adelbert von ChamissoAdelbert von Chamisso was a German poet and botanist.- Life :He was born Louis Charles Adélaïde de Chamissot at the château of Boncourt at Ante, in Champagne, France, the ancestral seat of his family...
) Hillebr. (Oahu, MolokaiMolokaiMolokai or Molokai is an island in the Hawaiian archipelago. It is 38 by 10 miles in size with a land area of , making it the fifth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States. It lies east of Oahu across the 25-mile wide Kaiwi Channel and north of...
, LānaiLanaiLānai or Lanai is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is also known as the Pineapple Island because of its past as an island-wide pineapple plantation. The only town is Lānai City, a small settlement....
, MauiMauiThe island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the state of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Lānai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444,...
) - Cyanea arborea Hillebr. (east Maui†)
- Cyanea asarifoliaCyanea asarifoliaCyanea asarifolia is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name gingerleaf cyanea. It is endemic to Kauai, where there were no more than 30 individuals in a single population as of 2005. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States...
H.St.JohnHarold St. JohnHarold St. John was a professor of botany at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa from 1929 to 1958. A prolific specialist in field botany and systematics, he is credited with discovering about 500 new species of Pandanus, along with many other species, especially in the Pacific Islands.Born in...
(KauaiKauaiKauai or Kauai, known as Tauai in the ancient Kaua'i dialect, is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of , it is the fourth largest of the main islands in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the 21st largest island in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle",...
) - Cyanea asplenifolia (H.Mann) Hillebr. (Maui)
- Cyanea calycina Lammers (Oahu)
- Cyanea comata Hillebr. (east Maui†)
- Cyanea copelandiiCyanea copelandiiCyanea copelandii is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name treetrunk cyanea. It is endemic to Maui, where there are no more than 250 individuals remaining in the wild. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States...
* Rock (east Maui, HawaiiHawaii (island)The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island , is a volcanic island in the North Pacific Ocean...
) - Cyanea coriacea (A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
) Hillebr. (Kauai) - Cyanea crispaCyanea crispaCyanea crispa is a rare species of flowering plant known by the common names crimped rollandia and Koolau Range rollandia. It is endemic to Oahu, where there are no more than fifty individuals remaining in the Koʻolau Range. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States...
* Gaudich. (Oahu) - Cyanea degeneriana F. Wimmer (Hawaii)
- Cyanea dolichopodaCyanea dolichopodaCyanea dolichopoda was a species of shrub in the bellflower family that was endemic to Kauai. It was discovered in 1990 and has not been located in the wild since 1992. Like other Cyanea it is known as haha in Hawaiian....
Lammers & Lorence (Kauai†) - Cyanea dunbariaeCyanea dunbariaeCyanea dunbariae is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name ravine cyanea. It is endemic to Molokai, where there were sixteen plants remaining in the wild as of 2005. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States...
* Rock - Molokai†) - Cyanea eleeleensisCyanea eleeleensisCyanea eleeleensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Eleele cyanea. It is endemic to Kauai, where there are no more than ten plants remaining in the wild. It was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 2010...
(H.St.John) Lammers (Kauai) - Cyanea elliptica (Rock) Lammers (Lānai, Maui)
- Cyanea fauriei H.Lév (Kauai)
- Cyanea fissa (H.Mann) Hillebr. (Kauai)
- Cyanea giffardii Rock (Hawaii†)
- Cyanea glabraCyanea glabraCyanea glabra is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name smooth cyanea. It is endemic to Maui, where there are twelve plants remaining in the wild. It was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States with nine other Maui Nui endemics in...
* (F.Wimmer) H.St.John (east Maui†) - Cyanea grimesianaCyanea grimesianaCyanea grimesiana is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name splitleaf cyanea. It is native to Oahu and Molokai, where it is known from 12 occurrences. It is a federally listed endangered species...
* Gaudich. (Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Maui, Hawaii†) - Cyanea habenata (H.St.John) Lammers (Kauai)
- Cyanea hamatifloraCyanea hamatifloraCyanea hamatiflora is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name wetforest cyanea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from the islands of Maui and Hawaii, and there are probably fewer than 250 plants remaining in total. It is a federally listed...
* Rock (east Maui, Hawaii) - Cyanea hardyiCyanea hardyiCyanea hardyi, known in Hawaiian as hāhā, is species of flowering plant in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. This Hawaiian lobelioid is endemic to southern Kauai. It inhabits forested valleys up to an elevation of .-External links:...
Rock (Kauai) - Cyanea hirtella (H.Mann) Hillebr. (Kauai)
- Cyanea horrida (Rock) O.Deg.Otto DegenerOtto Degener was a botanist and conservationist who specialized in identifying plants of the Hawaiian Islands.-Life:Otto Degener was born May 13, 1899 in East Orange, New Jersey. Degener graduated from the Massachusetts Agricultural College...
& Hosaka - Hāhā nui (east Maui) - Cyanea humboldtianaCyanea humboldtianaCyanea humboldtiana is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Oahu rollandia. It is native to Oahu, where it is known only from the Koʻolau Mountains. It is a federally listed endangered species...
* Gaudich. (Oahu) - Cyanea kahiliensis (H.St.John) Lammers (Kauai)
- Cyanea kolekoleensisCyanea kolekoleensisCyanea kolekoleensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names `Oha and Kolekole cyanea. It is endemic to Kauai where it has only been seen in the Wahiawa Mountains...
(H.St.John) Lammers (Kauai) - Cyanea koolauensisCyanea koolauensisCyanea koolauensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names Palolo Valley rollandia and narrowleaf rollandia. It is native to Oahu, where it is known only from the Koʻolau Mountains. It is a federally listed endangered species...
* Lammers Givnish & Sytsma (new name for Rollandia angustifolia) (Oahu) - Cyanea kunthiana Hillebr. (Maui)
- Cyanea lanceolata Gaudich. (Oahu)
- Cyanea leptostegia A.Gray - Hāhā lua (Kauai)
- Cyanea linearifolia Rock (Kauai†)
- Cyanea lobataCyanea lobataCyanea lobata is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Waihee Valley cyanea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from Lanai and Maui. It is a federally listed endangered species. Like other Cyanea it is known as haha in Hawaiian.This Hawaiian...
* H.Mann (Lānai, west Maui) - Cyanea longissima (Rock) H.St.John (east Maui†)
- Cyanea longifloraCyanea longifloraCyanea longiflora is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name ridge rollandia. It is endemic to Oahu where there are only three remaining occurrences in the northern Waianae Mountains for a total of under 300 individuals. It is a federally listed...
* WawraHeinrich Wawra von FernseeHeinrich Wawra Ritter von Fernsee, born Jindřich Blažej Vávra, was a Czech-Austrian ship surgeon, botanist and explorer....
(Oahu) - Cyanea macrostegia* Hillebr. (Lānai, Maui)
- Cyanea mannii* (BrighamWilliam Tufts BrighamWilliam Tufts Brigham was an American geologist, botanist, ethnologist and the first director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu.-Biography:...
) Hillebr. (Molokai) - Cyanea marksii Rock (KonaKona District, HawaiiKona is the name of a moku or district on the Big Island of Hawaii in the State of Hawaii. In the current system of administration of Hawaii County, the moku of Kona is divided into North Kona District and South Kona District . The term "Kona" is sometimes used to refer to its largest town,...
, Hawaii) - Cyanea mceldowneyi* Rock (east Maui)
- Cyanea membranacea Rock (Oahu)
- Cyanea obtusa (A.Gray) Hillebr. (Maui†)
- Cyanea parvifolia C.N.ForbesCharles Noyes Forbes-Biography:Forbes was born in Boylston, Massachusetts on 24 September 1883. When he was at the University of California he worked as a cadet for the emergency service during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. From 1908 to 1920 he was curator of Botany at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu...
(Kauai) - Cyanea pilosa A.Gray (Hawaii)
- Cyanea pinnatifida* (Cham.) F.Wimmer (Oahu)
- Cyanea platyphylla* (A.Gray) Hillebr. - Akūakū (Hawaii)
- Cyanea pohaku Lammers (east Maui†)
- Cyanea procera* Hillebr. (Molokai†)
- Cyanea profuga C.N.Forbes (Molokai†)
- Cyanea purpurellifolia Rock (Oahu)
- Cyanea pycnocarpa (Hillebr.) F.Wimmer (Hawaii†)
- Cyanea quercifolia (Hillebr.) F.Wimmer (east Maui†)
- Cyanea recta* (Wawra) Hillebr. (Kauai†)
- Cyanea rivularisCyanea rivularisCyanea rivularis is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name plateau cyanea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Kauai. There are three small populations of the plant remaining in the wild, for a total of 19 individual plants...
* (Rock) (Kauai†) - Cyanea scabra Hillebr. (west Maui)
- Cyanea shipmanii* Rock (Hawaii)
- Cyanea solenacea Hillebr. - Pōpolo (Molokai)
- Cyanea solenocalyx Hillebr. - Pua kala (Molokai)
- Cyanea spathulata (Hillebr.) A.HellerAmos Arthur HellerAmos Arthur Heller was an American botanist.He was one of the most prolific western collectors from 1892 until 1940. While living in Los Gatos, California, south of San Francisco from 1904 to 1908, Heller collected extensively in central California. He also obtained an impressive collection from...
(Kauai) - Cyanea st-johnii* Hosaka (Oahu)
- Cyanea stictophylla* Rock (Kona and KaūKau, Hawaiithumb|right|300px|The districts of the [[Hawaii |Big Island]]. From Northernmost, clockwise; [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]], [[Hamakua]], [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Puna, Hawaii|Puna]], Kau , [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]]...
on Hawaii) - Cyanea superba* (Cham.) A.Gray (Oahu)
- Cyanea sylvestris A.Heller (Kauai)
- Cyanea tritomantha A.Gray - Akūakū (Hawaii)
- Cyanea truncata* (Rock) Rock (Oahu)
- Cyanea undulata* C.N.Forbes (Kauai†)
† species believed to be extinct
Delissea
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. All three of these are believed to be extinct, and unless new specimens turn up there is no way to resolve questions about them.
Delissea species
- section Delissea: nearly straight flowers 14–26 mm (0.551181102362205–1 in) long
- Delissea fallax Hillebr. (Hawaii†)
- Delissea lauliiana Lammers (Oahu†)
- Delissea parviflora Hillebr. (Hawaii†)
- Delissea rhytidospermaDelissea rhytidospermaDelissea rhytidosperma is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Kauai delissea. It is endemic to Hawaii where it is known only from the island of Kauai. It is extinct in the wild; some plants that formerly belonged to the species are now called Delissea...
* H.Mann (Kauai) - Delissea undulata* Gaudich.Charles Gaudichaud-BeaupréCharles Gaudichaud-Beaupré was a French botanist.He was born in Angoulême, the son of J-J. Gaudichaud and Rose Gaudichaud. He studied pharmacology at Cognac and Angoulême. He also studied chemistry and herbology.His greatest claim to fame was serving as botanist on a circumglobal expedition from...
(Niihau†, Kauai†, Maui†, Hawaii)
- section Macranthae: curved flowers 37–60 mm (1.5–2.4 in) long
- Delissea laciniata Hillebr (Oahu†)
- Delissea rivularis* (Rock) F.Wimmer (Kauai†)
- Delissea sinuata Hillebr. (Oahu†, Lānai†)
- Delissea subcordataDelissea subcordataDelissea subcordata is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names Koʻolau Range delissea and oha. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Oahu. It is now only found in the Waianae Mountains, and it is believed to be extirpated...
† Gaudich. (Oahu) - Delissea waianaeensis* Lammers (Oahu)
† species believed to be extinct