Hematologic disease
Encyclopedia
Myeloid
- HemoglobinopathiesHemoglobinopathyHemoglobinopathy is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobinopathies are inherited single-gene disorders; in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal co-dominant traits. Common hemoglobinopathies include...
(congenital abnormality of the hemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates...
molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis)- Sickle-cell diseaseSickle-cell diseaseSickle-cell disease , or sickle-cell anaemia or drepanocytosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with overdominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various...
- ThalassemiaThalassemiaThalassemia is an inherited autosomal recessive blood disease that originated in the Mediterranean region. In thalassemia the genetic defect, which could be either mutation or deletion, results in reduced rate of synthesis or no synthesis of one of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin...
- MethemoglobinemiaMethemoglobinemiaMethemoglobinemia is a disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin is an oxidized form of hemoglobin that has an increased affinity for oxygen, resulting in a reduced ability to release oxygen to tissues. The oxygen–hemoglobin...
- Sickle-cell disease
- AnemiaAnemiaAnemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin...
s (lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin)- Iron deficiency anemiaIron deficiency anemiaIron-deficiency anemia is a common anemia that occurs when iron loss occurs, and/or the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient...
- Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia is an anemia that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood cell production. When DNA synthesis is impaired, the cell cycle cannot progress from the G2 growth stage to the mitosis stage...
- Vitamin B12Vitamin B12Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins...
deficiency- Pernicious anemiaPernicious anemiaPernicious anemia is one of many types of the larger family of megaloblastic anemias...
- Pernicious anemia
- Folate deficiency
- Vitamin B12
- Hemolytic anemias (destruction of red blood cells)
- Genetic disorders of RBC membrane
- Hereditary spherocytosisHereditary spherocytosisHereditary spherocytosis is a genetically-transmitted form of spherocytosis, an auto-hemolytic anemia characterized by the production of red blood cells that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped , and therefore more prone to hemolysis.-Symptoms:As in non-hereditary spherocytosis,...
- Hereditary elliptocytosisHereditary elliptocytosisHereditary elliptocytosis, also known as ovalocytosis, is an inherited blood disorder in which an abnormally large number of the sufferer's erythrocytes are elliptical rather than the typical biconcave disc shape. It is one of many red-cell membrane defects. In its severe forms, this disorder...
- Congenital dyserythropoietic anemiaCongenital dyserythropoietic anemiaCongenital dyserythropoietic anemia is a rare blood disorder, similar to the thalassemias. CDA is one of many types of anemia, characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, and resulting from a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the body and a less than normal quantity of hemoglobin in...
- Hereditary spherocytosis
- Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase , a metabolic enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, especially important in red blood cell metabolism. G6PD deficiency is...
(G6PD) - Pyruvate kinase deficiencyPyruvate kinase deficiencyPyruvate kinase deficiency, also called erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency, is an inherited metabolic disorder of the enzyme pyruvate kinase which affects the survival of red blood cells and causes them to deform into echinocytes on peripheral blood smears.Both autosomal dominant and recessive...
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (direct Coombs test is positive)
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemiaAutoimmune hemolytic anemiaAutoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells cause the RBCs to burst , leading to insufficient plasma concentration. The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced from the normal 100–120 days to just a few days in serious cases...
- Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Idiopathic
- Systemic lupus erythematosusSystemic lupus erythematosusSystemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage...
(SLE) - Evans' syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and hemolytic antibodies)
- Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Idiopathic cold hemagglutinin syndrome
- Infectious mononucleosisInfectious mononucleosisInfectious mononucleosis is an infectious, widespread viral...
- Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuriaParoxysmal cold hemoglobinuriaParoxysmal cold hemoglobinuria is a disease of humans that is characterized by the sudden presence of hemoglobin in the urine , typically after exposure to cold temperatures....
(rare)
- Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
- Hemolytic disease of the newbornHemolytic disease of the newbornHemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus, when the IgG molecules produced by the mother pass through the placenta...
(HDN)- Rh diseaseRh diseaseRh disease is one of the causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn...
(Rh D) - ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newbornHemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by the anti-RhE antibody of the Rhesus blood group system. The anti-RhE antibody can be naturally occurring, or arise following immune sensitization after a blood transfusion or pregnancy....
- Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kid, Duffy, MN, P and others)
- Rh disease
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anemia
- PenicillinPenicillinPenicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. They include penicillin G, procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin, and penicillin V....
(high dose) - MethyldopaMethyldopaMethyldopa is an alpha-adrenergic agonist psychoactive drug used as a sympatholytic or antihypertensive. Its use is now mostly deprecated following the introduction of alternative safer classes of agents...
- Penicillin
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Hemoglobinopathies (where these is an unstable or crystalline hemoglobin)
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuriaParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuriaParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria , sometimes referred to as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome, is a rare, acquired, potentially life-threatening disease of the blood characterised by complement-induced intravascular hemolytic anemia , red urine and thrombosis...
(rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface proteins) - Direct physical damage to RBCs
- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemiaMicroangiopathic hemolytic anemiaIn medicine microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is a microangiopathic subgroup of hemolytic anemia caused by factors in the small blood vessels. It is identified by the finding of anemia and schistocytes on microscopy of the blood film.-Presentation:It is referred as Runner's anemia...
- Secondary to artificial heart valveArtificial heart valveAn artificial heart valve is a device implanted in the heart of a patient with heart valvular disease. When one of the four heart valves malfunctions, the medical choice may be to replace the natural valve with an artificial valve. This requires open-heart surgery.Valves are integral to the normal...
(s)
- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- Genetic disorders of RBC membrane
- Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemiaAplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. The condition, per its name, involves both aplasia and anemia...
- Fanconi anemiaFanconi anemiaFanconi anemia is a genetic disease with an incidence of 1 per 350,000 births, with a higher frequency in Ashkenazi Jews and Afrikaners in South Africa.FA is the result of a genetic defect in a cluster of proteins responsible for DNA repair...
- Diamond-Blackfan anemiaDiamond-Blackfan anemiaDiamond–Blackfan anemia , also known as Blackfan–Diamond anemia and Inherited erythroblastopenia, is a congenital erythroid aplasia that usually presents in infancy. DBA patients have low red blood cell counts . The rest of their blood cells are normal...
- Acquired pure red cell aplasiaAcquired pure red cell aplasiaPure red cell aplasia or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells...
- Fanconi anemia
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Decreased numbers of cells
- Myelodysplastic syndromeMyelodysplastic syndromeThe myelodysplastic syndromes are a diverse collection of hematological medical conditions that involve ineffective production of the myeloid class of blood cells....
- MyelofibrosisMyelofibrosisMyelofibrosis, also known as myeloid metaplasia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, osteomyelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis is a disorder of the bone marrow...
- NeutropeniaNeutropeniaNeutropenia, from Latin prefix neutro- and Greek suffix -πενία , is a granulocyte disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, the most important type of white blood cell...
(decrease in the number of neutrophils) - AgranulocytosisAgranulocytosisGranulopenia, also known as Agranulosis or Agranulocytosis, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous leukopenia , most commonly of neutrophils causing a neutropenia in the circulating blood. It represents a severe lack of one major class of infection-fighting white blood cells...
- Glanzmann's thrombastheniaGlanzmann's thrombastheniaGlanzmann's thrombasthenia is an abnormality of platelets. It is an extremely rare coagulopathy , in which the platelets lack glycoprotein IIb/IIIa...
- ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia is a relative decrease of platelets in blood.A normal human platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. These limits are determined by the 2.5th lower and upper percentile, so values outside this range do not necessarily indicate disease...
(decrease in the number of platelets)- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpuraIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpuraIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is the condition of having an abnormally low platelet count of no known cause . As most incidents of ITP appear to be related to the production of antibodies against platelets, immune thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia are terms also used to...
(ITP) - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare disorder of the blood-coagulation system, causing extensive microscopic thromboses to form in small blood vessels throughout the body...
(TTP) - Heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHeparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia is the development of thrombocytopenia , due to the administration of various forms of heparin, an anticoagulant...
(HIT)
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Myeloproliferative disorders (Increased numbers of cells)
- Polycythemia veraPolycythemia veraPolycythemia vera is a blood disorder in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. It may also result in the overproduction of white blood cells and platelets. Most of the health concerns associated with polycythemia vera are caused by the blood being thicker as a result of the...
(increase in the number of cells in general) - Erythrocytosis (increase in the number of red blood cells)
- LeukocytosisLeukocytosisLeukocytosis is a raised white blood cell count above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, and is observed in certain parasitic infections...
(increase in the number of white blood cells) - ThrombocytosisThrombocytosisThrombocytosis is the presence of high platelet counts in the blood, and can be either primary or reactive...
(increase in the number of platelets) - Myeloproliferative disorder
- Polycythemia vera
- CoagulopathiesCoagulopathyCoagulopathy is a condition in which the blood’s ability to clot is impaired. This condition can cause prolonged or excessive bleeding, which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures.The normal clotting process depends on the interplay of various proteins in...
(disorders of bleedingBleedingBleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system...
and coagulationCoagulationCoagulation is a complex process by which blood forms clots. It is an important part of hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, wherein a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel...
)- ThrombocytosisThrombocytosisThrombocytosis is the presence of high platelet counts in the blood, and can be either primary or reactive...
- Recurrent thrombosisThrombosisThrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss...
- Disseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulation , also known as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy or consumptive coagulopathy, is a pathological activation of coagulation mechanisms that happens in response to a variety of diseases. DIC leads to the formation of small blood clots inside the blood...
- Disorders of clotting proteins
- Hemophilia
- Hemophilia A
- Hemophilia B (also known as Christmas disease)
- Hemophilia C
- Von Willebrand diseaseVon Willebrand diseasevon Willebrand disease is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans, although it can also be acquired as a result of other medical conditions. It arises from a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor , a multimeric protein that is required for...
- Disseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulation , also known as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy or consumptive coagulopathy, is a pathological activation of coagulation mechanisms that happens in response to a variety of diseases. DIC leads to the formation of small blood clots inside the blood...
- Protein S deficiencyProtein S deficiencyProtein S deficiency is a disorder associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis. Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent physiological anticoagulant, acts as a nonenzymatic cofactor to activated protein C in the proteolytic degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa...
- Antiphospholipid syndromeAntiphospholipid syndromeAntiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome , often also Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antibodies against cell-membrane phospholipids that provokes blood clots in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as...
- Hemophilia
- Disorders of platelets
- ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia is a relative decrease of platelets in blood.A normal human platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. These limits are determined by the 2.5th lower and upper percentile, so values outside this range do not necessarily indicate disease...
- Glanzmann's thrombastheniaGlanzmann's thrombastheniaGlanzmann's thrombasthenia is an abnormality of platelets. It is an extremely rare coagulopathy , in which the platelets lack glycoprotein IIb/IIIa...
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndromeWiskott-Aldrich syndromeWiskott–Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia , immune deficiency, and bloody diarrhea . It is also sometimes called the eczema-thrombocytopenia-immunodeficiency syndrome in keeping with Aldrich's original description in 1954...
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytosis
Hematological malignancies
- Hematological malignancies
- LymphomaLymphomaLymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system. Typically, lymphomas present as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Treatment might involve chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and can be curable depending on the histology, type, and stage...
s- Hodgkin's disease
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma{includes the next eight entries}
- Burkitt's lymphomaBurkitt's lymphomaBurkitt's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system...
- Anaplastic large cell lymphomaAnaplastic large cell lymphomaAnaplastic large-cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that features in the World Health Organisation classification of lymphomas.Its name derives from anaplasia and large-cell lymphoma.-Signs and symptoms:...
- Splenic marginal zone lymphomaSplenic marginal zone lymphomaSplenic marginal zone lymphoma is a lymphoma made up of B-cells that replace the normal architecture of the white pulp of the spleen. The neoplastic cells are both small lymphocytes and larger, transformed blasts, and they invade the mantle zone of splenic follicles and erode the marginal zone,...
- Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphomaHepatosplenic T-cell lymphomaHepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare and generally incurable form of lymphoma.- Definition :Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a systemic neoplasm comprising medium-sized cytotoxic T-cells that show a significant sinusoidal infiltration in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.- Epidemiology :This...
- Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomaAngioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomaAngioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is a mature T-cell lymphoma with systemic characterized by a polymorphous lymph node infiltrate showing a marked increase in follicular dendritic cells and high endothelial venules and systemic involvement...
(AILT)
- Myelomas
- Multiple myelomaMultiple myelomaMultiple myeloma , also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler's disease , is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for the production of antibodies...
- Waldenström macroglobulinemiaWaldenström macroglobulinemiaWaldenström's macroglobulinemia is cancer involving a subtype of white blood cells called lymphocytes. The main attributing antibody is Immunoglobulin M . WM is an "indolent lymphoma,"...
- Multiple myeloma
- PlasmacytomaPlasmacytomaPlasmacytoma refers to a malignant plasma cell tumor growing within soft tissue or within the skeleton. The skeletal forms usually have other occult tumors and frequently disseminate to multiple myeloma over the course of 5–10 years. The soft tissue forms most often occur in the upper respiratory...
- LeukemiaLeukemiaLeukemia or leukaemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases...
s- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemiaChronic lymphocytic leukemiaB-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia , also known as chronic lymphoid leukemia , is the most common type of leukemia. Leukemias are cancers of the white blood cells . CLL affects B cell lymphocytes. B cells originate in the bone marrow, develop in the lymph nodes, and normally fight infection by...
(CLL){now included in theCLL/SCLL type NHL} - Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- Chronic myelogenous leukemiaChronic myelogenous leukemiaChronic myelogenous leukemia , also known as chronic granulocytic leukemia , is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood...
(CML) - T-cell prolymphocytic leukemiaT-cell prolymphocytic leukemiaT-cell-prolymphocytic leukemia is a mature T-cell leukemia with aggressive behavior and predilection for blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin involvement. T-PLL is a very rare leukemia, primarily affecting adults over the age of 30. It represents 2% of all small lymphocytic...
(T-PLL) - B-cell prolymphocytic leukemiaB-cell prolymphocytic leukemiaB-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is a more aggressive, but still treatable, form of leukemia. The malignant B cells are larger than average. The name is commonly abbreviated B-PLL.It can involve deletions from chromosome 11 and chromosome 13....
(B-PLL) - Chronic neutrophilic leukemiaChronic neutrophilic leukemiaChronic neutrophilic leukemia is a rare myeloproliferative disorder that features a persistent neutrophilia in peripheral blood, myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow, hepatosplenomegaly, and the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome or a BCR/ABL fusion gene.-Epidemiology:This is a rare disease,...
(CNL) - Hairy cell leukemiaHairy cell leukemiaHairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. It is usually classified as a sub-type of chronic lymphoid leukemia...
(HCL) - T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemiaT-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemiaLarge granular lymphocytic leukemia is a disease that exhibits an unexplained, chronic elevation in large granular lymphocytes in the peripheral blood....
(T-LGL) - Aggressive NK-cell leukemiaAggressive NK-cell leukemiaAggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells and a rapidly declining clinical course....
- Lymphoma
Miscellaneous
- HemochromatosisHaemochromatosisHaemochromatosis type 1 is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores. Humans, like most animals, have no means to excrete excess iron...
- AspleniaAspleniaAsplenia refers to the absence of normal spleen function and is associated with some serious infection risks. Hyposplenism is used to describe reduced splenic functioning, but not as severely affected as with asplenism.-Congenital:...
- Hypersplenism
- Gauchers disease
- Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significanceMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significanceMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance , formerly benign monoclonal gammopathy, is a condition in which a paraprotein is found in the blood during standard laboratory tests...
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis , also known as hemophagocytic syndrome, is an uncommon hematologic disorder that, typically, clinically manifests as fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, jaundice and rash, with laboratory findings of lymphocytosis and histiocytosis, and the pathologic...
Hematological changes secondary to non-hematological disorders
- Anemia of chronic diseaseAnemia of chronic diseaseAnemia of chronic disease, also referred to as anemia of inflammatory response is a form of anemia seen in chronic illness, e.g. from chronic infection, chronic immune activation, or malignancy...
- Infectious mononucleosisInfectious mononucleosisInfectious mononucleosis is an infectious, widespread viral...
- AIDSAIDSAcquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
- MalariaMalariaMalaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...
- LeishmaniasisLeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly...
External links
- http://www.hematologic.niddk.nih.gov/info/index.htm
- Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Foundation and Research Alliance
- International Registry of Rare Bleeding Disorders