Immune adherence
Encyclopedia
Immune adherence was described by Nelson (1953) for an in vitro immunological reaction between normal erythrocytes and a wide variety of microorganisms sensitized
with their individually specific antibody
and complement
; erythrocytes were observed to adhere to microorganisms. It was later recognized to occur in vivo.
The phenomenon is now resolved as a complement-dependent binding reaction of erythrocytes to microorganisms where specific antibodies are engaged in the process. The reaction process is as follows: any microorganisms are bound with their specific antibodies, if they are produced, which activate the classical pathway of the complement system. The cascade begins to work from C1
to C3b
through C4b, C3b being further transformed to iC3b
(inactive derivative of C3b), all of which, C4b and thereafter, remain to bind to the surface of the microbe. Because primate erythrocytes express complement receptor 1
(CR1) on their surface and having binding specificity to C4b, C3b, or iC3b, erythrocytes accumulate on the microbe via CR1-complement binding.
s. Phagocytes expressing CR1, CR3
, and Fc
γ receptors effect a transfer of the immune complexes to their surface. Then erythrocytes leave the liver and spleen bearing off immune complexes and work on the next round of transfer of immune complexes after adhering to them.
Sensitization (immunological)
Immunological sensitization covers the following usage. * immunization. There are active immunization and passive immunization. Thus these are also called active and passive sensitization, respectively....
with their individually specific antibody
Antibody
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...
and complement
Complement system
The complement system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the immune system called the innate immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime...
; erythrocytes were observed to adhere to microorganisms. It was later recognized to occur in vivo.
The phenomenon is now resolved as a complement-dependent binding reaction of erythrocytes to microorganisms where specific antibodies are engaged in the process. The reaction process is as follows: any microorganisms are bound with their specific antibodies, if they are produced, which activate the classical pathway of the complement system. The cascade begins to work from C1
C1Q complex
The C1q complex is potentially multivalent for attachment to the complement fixation sites of immunoglobulin.The sites are on the CH2 domain of IgG and, it is thought, on the CH4 domain of IgM....
to C3b
C3b
C3b is the larger of two elements formed by the cleavage of complement component 3. C3b covalently bonds to microbial cell surfaces within an organism's body. This leads to the production of surface-bound C3 convertase and thus more C3b components. Bound C3b also aids in opsonization of the microbe...
through C4b, C3b being further transformed to iC3b
IC3b
iC3b is a protein molecule that is used in medical research because of its ability to bind to specific target cells. This is useful for basic research, and in some cases it is possible to get the immune system to attack those cells, thus opening the possibility of new cancer treatments.iC3b is a...
(inactive derivative of C3b), all of which, C4b and thereafter, remain to bind to the surface of the microbe. Because primate erythrocytes express complement receptor 1
Complement receptor 1
Erythrocyte complement receptor 1 is a human gene....
(CR1) on their surface and having binding specificity to C4b, C3b, or iC3b, erythrocytes accumulate on the microbe via CR1-complement binding.
Function of the immune adherence (in vivo)
Human erythrocytes express 100 to 1,000 CR1 per cell, the average number of approximately 300 being an inherited characteristics. Immune complexes bound to erythrocytes are effectively removed from the circulation, which is presumed alternatively to prevent deposition at tissue sites, for example, the renal glomerulus. Erythrocytes bearing immune complexes traverse sinusoids of the liver and spleen, where they encounter fixed phagocytePhagocyte
Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel". They are...
s. Phagocytes expressing CR1, CR3
Macrophage-1 antigen
Macrophage-1 antigen is a complement receptor consisting of CD11b and CD18.It binds to C3b and C4b.-Function:...
, and Fc
Fragment crystallizable region
The fragment crystallizable region is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system. This property allows antibodies to activate the immune system...
γ receptors effect a transfer of the immune complexes to their surface. Then erythrocytes leave the liver and spleen bearing off immune complexes and work on the next round of transfer of immune complexes after adhering to them.