Institute of technology
Encyclopedia
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education
Vocational education
Vocational education or vocational education and training is an education that prepares trainees for jobs that are based on manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic, and totally related to a specific trade, occupation, or vocation...
, specializing in science
Science
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...
, engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
, and technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...
or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education
Secondary education
Secondary education is the stage of education following primary education. Secondary education includes the final stage of compulsory education and in many countries it is entirely compulsory. The next stage of education is usually college or university...
school focused in vocational training.
The term polytechnic comes from the Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". The term institute of technology, for its part, is often abbreviated IT; the term is not to be confused with information technology
Information technology
Information technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications...
.
While the terms institute of technology and polytechnic are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.
Institutes of technology versus polytechnics
The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
with the expansion of applied science
Applied science
Applied science is the application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal science or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science....
education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today University of Miskolc
University of Miskolc
The University of Miskolc is the largest university of Northern Hungary.-Location:...
) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the University of Braunschweig (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the Ecole Polytechnique
École Polytechnique
The École Polytechnique is a state-run institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, Essonne, France, near Paris. Polytechnique is renowned for its four year undergraduate/graduate Master's program...
, which has educated French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. However this early "Technology schools" were not parts of the Higher Education
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
in the beginnings. The so-called BME University of Hungary
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
The Budapest University of Technology and Economics , in hungarian abbreviated as BME, English official abbreviation BUTE, is the most significant University of Technology in Hungary and is also one of the oldest Institutes of Technology in the world, having been founded in 1782.-History:BME is...
(Founded as: "Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum" in 1782) is considered the oldest institution of technology in the world, which has university rank and structure.
Sometimes, also institutes of technology are engineering and science research intense universities
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
when they meet conditions necessary to be formally considered a university: autonomy to offer master's
Master's degree
A master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
and doctoral
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
degrees and independence as research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
institutions. In the USA famous examples include Caltech, MIT, NYIT, Virginia Tech
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, popularly known as Virginia Tech , is a public land-grant university with the main campus in Blacksburg, Virginia with other research and educational centers throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States, and internationally.Founded in...
, Georgia Tech, Illinois Tech, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute is a private university located in Worcester, Massachusetts, in the United States.Founded in 1865 in Worcester, WPI was one of the United States' first engineering and technology universities...
, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Stephen Van Rensselaer established the Rensselaer School on November 5, 1824 with a letter to the Rev. Dr. Samuel Blatchford, in which van Rensselaer asked Blatchford to serve as the first president. Within the letter he set down several orders of business. He appointed Amos Eaton as the school's...
, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology , formerly Rose Polytechnic Institute, is a small private college specializing in teaching engineering, mathematics, and science. RHIT is highly regarded for its undergraduate engineering program, which US News and World Reports ranked in 2011 as No...
, and Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester Institute of Technology
The Rochester Institute of Technology is a private university, located within the town of Henrietta in metropolitan Rochester, New York, United States...
. In India, Indian Institutes of Technology
Indian Institutes of Technology
The Indian Institutes of Technology are a group of autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education. The IITs are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 which has declared them as “institutions of national importance”, and lays down their powers, duties,...
are specific elite institutes which were based on a post WWII recommendation for industrialization.
In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul Technical University is an international technical university located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the world's third oldest technical university dedicated to engineering sciences as well as social sciences recently, and is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Turkey...
, ETH Zurich
ETH Zurich
The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich or ETH Zürich is an engineering, science, technology, mathematics and management university in the City of Zurich, Switzerland....
, İYTE, Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology , also known as TU Delft, is the largest and oldest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands...
and RWTH Aachen
RWTH Aachen
RWTH Aachen University is a research university located in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany with roughly 33,000 students enrolled in 101 study programs....
, all considered universities.
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
, master's and PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
that were validated by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards
Council for National Academic Awards
The Council for National Academic Awards was a degree awarding authority in the United Kingdom from 1965 until 1992. The CNAA awarded academic degrees at polytechnics, Central Institutions and other non-university institutions such as Colleges of Higher Education until they were awarded university...
. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster
University of Westminster
The University of Westminster is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. Its origins go back to the foundation of the Royal Polytechnic Institution in 1838, and it was awarded university status in 1992.The university's headquarters and original campus are based on Regent...
) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
the term institute of technology is more favored synonym of a regional technical college
Regional Technical College
An Institute of Technology or IT is a type of further education college found in Ireland. There are a total of fourteen colleges that use the title of Institute of Technology, which were created from the late 1960s and were formerly known as Regional Technical Colleges...
though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology
Dublin Institute of Technology
Dublin Institute of Technology was established officially in 1992 under the but had been previously set up in 1978 on an ad-hoc basis. The institution can trace its origins back to 1887 with the establishment of various technical institutions in Dublin, Ireland...
is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology
Cork Institute of Technology
Cork Institute of Technology , formerly the Regional Technical College, Cork, is an Institute of Technology in Ireland, located in Cork, Ireland opened in 1973. The institute has 17,000 students in art, business, engineering, music and science disciplines...
and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including Master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.
In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences
University of applied sciences
University of applied sciences may refer to:*Ammattikorkeakoulu, the term for a university of applied sciences in Finland*Fachhochschule, the term for a university of applied sciences in Germany...
, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment
Graduate unemployment
Graduate unemployment is unemployment among people with an academic degree. Research undertaken proved that the unemployment, and much more so, the underemployment...
rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees. Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions.
Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines:
• To what degree is technology defined as a concept?
• What is the scope of technology discourse?
• What is the place and relation of science with
technology?
• How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about
technology in South Africa?
• Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition
be achieved amongst higher education institutions?
• Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and
what is the role of technology in this?
Argentina
In the so called Latin American docta the main higher institution advocates to the study of technology is the National Technological UniversityNational Technological University
The National Technological University is a National University of Argentina, specializing in engineering and exact sciences. Hosting over 75,000 students, its student body is comparable to Argentina's third-largest university and exceeded significantly only by the University of Buenos Aires...
which has brand ramifications through all the country geographic space in the way of Regional Faculties. The Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (ITBA) is other important recognized institute of technology with renowned and prestige in the country.
Australia
1970s–1990s
During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocationalVocational education
Vocational education or vocational education and training is an education that prepares trainees for jobs that are based on manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic, and totally related to a specific trade, occupation, or vocation...
and higher education
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
. They were part of the College of Advanced Education
College of Advanced Education
The College of Advanced Education was a class of Australian tertiary education institution that existed from 1967 until the early 1990s. They ranked below universities, but above Colleges of Technical and Further Education which offer trade qualification...
system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network
Australian Technology Network
The Australian Technology Network is a network of five universities from each mainland state of Australia, with a heritage of working closely with industry...
a few years later.
1990s–today
Since the mid 1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further educationTechnical and Further Education
In Australia, training and further education or TAFE institutions provide a wide range of predominantly vocational tertiary education courses, mostly qualifying courses under the National Training System/Australian Qualifications Framework/Australian Quality Training Framework...
(TAFE) institutes. These primarily offer vocational education
Vocational education
Vocational education or vocational education and training is an education that prepares trainees for jobs that are based on manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic, and totally related to a specific trade, occupation, or vocation...
, although some are beginning to offer higher education
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
. This usage of the term is most prevalent in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.
In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3 year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au
In the higher education sector, there are five designated Universities of Technology in Australia:
- Curtin University, Western AustraliaWestern AustraliaWestern Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...
- Queensland University of TechnologyQueensland University of TechnologyQueensland University of Technology is an Australian university with an applied emphasis in courses and research. Based in Brisbane, it has 40,000 students, including 6,000 international students, over 4,000 staff members, and an annual budget of more than A$750 million.QUT is marketed as "A...
, QueenslandQueenslandQueensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean... - Royal Melbourne Institute of TechnologyRMIT UniversityRMIT University is an Australian public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. It has two branches, referred to as RMIT University in Australia and RMIT International University in Vietnam....
, VictoriaVictoria (Australia)Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively.... - Swinburne University of TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologySwinburne University of Technology is an Australian public dual sector university based in Melbourne, Victoria. The institution was founded by the Honourable George Swinburne in 1908 and achieved university status in June 1992...
, VictoriaVictoria (Australia)Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively.... - University of Technology, SydneyUniversity of Technology, SydneyThe University of Technology Sydney is a university in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The university was founded in its current form in 1981, although its origins trace back to the 1870s. UTS is notable for its central location as the only university with its main campuses within the Sydney CBD...
, New South WalesNew South WalesNew South Wales is a state of :Australia, located in the east of the country. It is bordered by Queensland, Victoria and South Australia to the north, south and west respectively. To the east, the state is bordered by the Tasman Sea, which forms part of the Pacific Ocean. New South Wales...
Austria
The world's first technical institute the Berg-Schola was founded in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1735 by the Chamber of Vienna.Technische Universität
These institutions grant can grant habilitationHabilitation
Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
and doctoral
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
degrees and focus on research.
- Graz University of TechnologyGraz University of TechnologyThe Graz University of Technology is the second largest university in Styria, Austria, after the University of Graz. Austria has three universities of technology – in Graz, in Leoben, and in Vienna. The Graz University of Technology was founded in 1811 by Archduke John of Austria. TUG, as the...
(11.000 students, founded 1811, Hochschule since 1865, doctoral degrees since 1901, University since 1975) - Vienna University of TechnologyVienna University of TechnologyVienna University of Technology is one of the major universities in Vienna, the capital of Austria. Founded in 1815 as the "Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute" , it currently has about 26,200 students , 8 faculties and about 4,000 staff members...
(15.000 students, founded 1815, Hochschule since 1872, doctoral degrees since 1901, University since 1975) - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences ViennaUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences ViennaThe University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, or simply BOKU , founded in 1872, is a Vienna university. There are currently around 10500 students enrolled at BOKU.- Campus :The original campus was built in 1896 in the Türkenschanzpark in Vienna's 18th and 19th districts...
focused on agriculture (8600 students, founded as Hochschule in 1872, doctoral degrees since 1906, University since 1975) - University of LeobenUniversity of LeobenThe University of Leoben, in the town of Leoben, Austria, is the country's university for mining, metallurgy, and materials.It was founded on 4 November 1840, as the Steiermärkisch-Ständische Montanlehranstalt in Styria, Austria's mining region. In 1848 Peter Tunner relocated the university to the...
specialized in mining, metallurgy, and materials (2.700 students, founded 1840, Hochschule since 1904, doctoral degrees since 1906, University since 1975)
Research institutions
These institutions focus only on research.- Austrian Institute of Technology (founded 1956)
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaInstitute of Science and Technology AustriaThe Institute of Science and Technology Austria is an institute of basic research located in Klosterneuburg, close to Vienna . The draft concept was developed by the Austrian physicist Anton Zeilinger in 2002. Preparation work started in 2007...
(founded 2007)
Technical faculties at universities
Some Universities have a Faculty of Technology that can grant habilitationHabilitation
Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
and doctoral
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
degrees and focus on research.
- Johannes Kepler University of LinzJohannes Kepler University of LinzThe Johannes Kepler University of Linz is a public institution of higher education in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria...
(Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences founded 1965, University since 1975) - University of Innsbruck (Faculty of civil engineering founded 1969)
- University of KlagenfurtUniversity of KlagenfurtThe University of Klagenfurt was founded in 1960 in Klagenfurt, Austria. It began as a College of Educational Studies . Since October 2004 the official German name is Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt in order to stress the intercultural connections between the Alpine regions and the Adriatic Sea...
(Faculty of Technical Sciences founded 2007)
Fachhochschulen
FachhochschuleFachhochschule
A Fachhochschule or University of Applied Sciences is a German type of tertiary education institution, sometimes specialized in certain topical areas . Fachhochschulen were founded in Germany and later adopted by Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Greece...
is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
In 2010, there were 20 Fachhochschulen in Austria
Belarus
- Brest State Technical University (Brest, BelarusBrest, BelarusBrest , formerly also Brest-on-the-Bug and Brest-Litovsk , is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the city of Terespol, where the Bug River and Mukhavets rivers meet...
) - Belarusian State University of Informatics and RadioelectronicsBelarusian State University of Informatics and RadioelectronicsThe Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, also known as BSUIR , is a scientific and educational center in Minsk, Belarus The Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, also known as BSUIR , is a scientific and educational center in Minsk, Belarus The...
(Minsk, Belarus) - Belarusian National Technical UniversityBelarusian National Technical UniversityBelarusian National Technical University is the major technical university in Belarus.- History :* 1920 – Minsk Polytechnic became Belarusian State Polytechnic Institute.* 1991 – Renamed to Belarusian State Polytechnic Academy....
(BNTU) (Minsk, Belarus)
Belgium and the Netherlands
Hogeschool is used in BelgiumBelgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
and Hogere Technische School (HTS) in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.
Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community
Flemish Community
The term Flemish Community has two distinct, though related, meanings:...
of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel
Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel
The Erasmushogeschool Brussel is an institute of higher education based in Brussels, Belgium....
) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.
In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft
Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology , also known as TU Delft, is the largest and oldest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands...
, Eindhoven
Eindhoven University of Technology
The ' is a university of technology located in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The motto of the university is: Mens agitat molem . The university was the second of its kind in the Netherlands, only Delft University of Technology existed previously. Until mid-1980 it was known as the...
and Enschede
Universiteit Twente
University of Twente is a university located in Enschede, Netherlands. It offers research and degree programmes in the social and behavioral sciences and in engineering. In keeping with its entrepreneurial spirit, the University is committed to making economic and social contribution to the region...
), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen
Wageningen University
Wageningen University and Research Centre is a Dutch public university in Wageningen, The Netherlands. It consists of Wageningen University, the Van Hall-Larenstein School of Higher Professional Education, and the former agricultural research institutes of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture...
. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.
Canada
In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: applied degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.
Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada
Polytechnics Canada
Polytechnics Canada is a cooperative association between the nine leading research-intensive, publicly funded colleges and institutes of technology. The members of the association are degree-granting and industry-responsive post-secondary education institutions committed to education, training, and...
; a national alliance of ten leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.
Affiliate Schools
- École Polytechnique de MontréalÉcole Polytechnique de MontréalThe École Polytechnique de Montréal is an engineering school/faculty affiliated with the University of Montreal in Montreal, Canada. It ranks first in Canada for the scope of its engineering research. It is occasionally referred to as Montreal Polytechnic, although in Quebec English its French...
(polytechnic school affiliated with the Université de MontréalUniversité de MontréalThe Université de Montréal is a public francophone research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It comprises thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two affiliated schools: the École Polytechnique and HEC Montréal...
in Montreal, Quebec) - ETSÉcole de technologie supérieureFounded in 1974, the École de technologie supérieure is part of the Université du Québec system. Specialized in applied teaching in engineering and technology transfer to companies, it teaches engineers and researchers who are recognized for their practical and innovative approach...
or École de technologie supérieureÉcole de technologie supérieureFounded in 1974, the École de technologie supérieure is part of the Université du Québec system. Specialized in applied teaching in engineering and technology transfer to companies, it teaches engineers and researchers who are recognized for their practical and innovative approach...
(technical school part of the Université du QuébecUniversité du QuébecThe University of Quebec is a system of ten provincially-run public universities in Quebec, Canada. Its headquarters are in Quebec City. The university coordinates university programs for more than 87,000 students. It offers more than 300 programs...
system in Montreal, Quebec)
Colleges
- Algonquin CollegeAlgonquin CollegeAlgonquin College of Applied Arts and Technology is a publicly funded English-language college and member of Polytechnics Canada located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The college serves the National Capital Region and the outlying areas of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec...
(college in Ottawa, Ontario) - Conestoga CollegeConestoga CollegeThe Conestoga College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning is a public college based in Kitchener, Ontario in Canada.-History:The College was founded in 1967 as the Conestoga College of Applied Arts and Technology, one of many such institutions established in that time by the Ontario...
(college in Kitchener, OntarioKitchener, OntarioThe City of Kitchener is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It was the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916. The city had a population of 204,668 in the Canada 2006 Census...
) - George Brown CollegeGeorge Brown CollegeGeorge Brown College is a public, fully accredited college of applied arts and technology with three full campuses in downtown Toronto, Ontario...
(college in Toronto, Ontario) - Humber CollegeHumber CollegeHumber College Institute of Technology & Advanced Learning is a polytechnic college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Humber offers more than 150 programs including: bachelor’s degree, diploma, certificate, post-graduate certificate and apprenticeship programs, across 40 fields of study. Humber serves...
(college in Toronto, Ontario) - Seneca College of Applied Arts and TechnologySeneca CollegeSeneca College of Applied Arts and Technology is a Canadian public college in the greater Toronto area. Seneca College is currently Canada's largest college with approximately 108,000 students.-History:...
(college in Toronto, Ontario)
Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes
- BCITBritish Columbia Institute of TechnologyThe British Columbia Institute of Technology , is a public, coeducational, academic institution of higher education in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. The polytechnic has five campuses located in the Metro Vancouver region, with the main campus in Burnaby...
or British Columbia Institute of TechnologyBritish Columbia Institute of TechnologyThe British Columbia Institute of Technology , is a public, coeducational, academic institution of higher education in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. The polytechnic has five campuses located in the Metro Vancouver region, with the main campus in Burnaby...
(polytechnic institute in Burnaby, British ColumbiaBurnaby, British ColumbiaBurnaby is a city in British Columbia, Canada, located immediately to the east of Vancouver. It is the third-largest city in British Columbia by population, surpassed only by nearby Surrey and Vancouver....
) - NAITNorthern Alberta Institute of TechnologyThe Northern Alberta Institute of Technology is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and provides technical training and applied education designed to meet the demands of Alberta's industries...
or Northern Alberta Institute of TechnologyNorthern Alberta Institute of TechnologyThe Northern Alberta Institute of Technology is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and provides technical training and applied education designed to meet the demands of Alberta's industries...
(polytechnic institute in Edmonton, Alberta) - SAIT Polytechnic or Southern Alberta Institute of TechnologySouthern Alberta Institute of Technology-Academics:SAIT Polytechnic offers two full baccalaureate degrees , four applied degrees, 66 diploma and certificate programs, 32 apprenticeship trades and 1,600 continuing education and corporate training courses....
(polytechnic institute in Calgary, Alberta) - Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced LearningSheridan CollegeSheridan College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning is a diploma and degree granting Canadian polytechnic institute with approximately 15,000 full time students and 35,000 continuing education students...
(polytechnic institute in Oakville, OntarioOakville, OntarioOakville is a town in Halton Region, on Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada, and is part of the Greater Toronto Area. As of the 2006 census the population was 165,613.-History:In 1793, Dundas Street was surveyed for a military road...
) - SIAST or Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and TechnologySaskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and TechnologySaskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology is a diploma-granting college that has four campuses across Saskatchewan. More than 12,000 students are enrolled in its programs and has approximately 29,000 additional individual registrations....
(polytechnic institute in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)
Universities
- Kwantlen Polytechnic UniversityKwantlen Polytechnic UniversityKwantlen Polytechnic University is a public degree-granting undergraduate polytechnic university with four campuses located in the South Fraser region of British Columbia’s Lower Mainland...
(polytechnic university in Surrey, British ColumbiaSurrey, British ColumbiaSurrey is a city in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, the governing body of the Greater Vancouver Regional District...
) - Ryerson UniversityRyerson UniversityRyerson University is a public research university located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its urban campus is adjacent to Yonge-Dundas Square located at the busiest intersection in Downtown Toronto. The majority of its buildings are in the blocks northeast of the square in Toronto's Garden...
(university in Toronto, Ontario) - While not a polytechnic anymore, Ryerson was one of the originators of applied education in Ontario, and Canada. It dropped the term polytechnic in 1993 when it was able to grant master degrees, using the term University instead, and changed the name of some degree designations to bring it inline with other "traditional" universities. - UOITUniversity of Ontario Institute of TechnologyThe University of Ontario Institute of Technology is located in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. The university shares its campus with Durham College. The university was founded in 2002 and accepted its first students in 2003, making it one of Canada's newest universities...
or University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Ontario Institute of TechnologyThe University of Ontario Institute of Technology is located in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. The university shares its campus with Durham College. The university was founded in 2002 and accepted its first students in 2003, making it one of Canada's newest universities...
(university in Oshawa, OntarioOshawa, OntarioOshawa is a city in Ontario, Canada, on the Lake Ontario shoreline. It lies in Southern Ontario approximately 60 kilometres east of downtown Toronto. It is commonly viewed as the eastern anchor of both the Greater Toronto Area and the Golden Horseshoe. It is now commonly referred to as the most...
)
Technical Universities
- Czech Technical University in PragueCzech Technical University in PragueCzech Technical University in Prague is one of the largest universities in the Czech Republic, and the oldest institute of technology in Central Europe....
(ČVUT), founded in 1707, 23.000 students, it belongs to the oldest technical universities in the world. www.cvut.cz/en - Technical University of OstravaTechnical University of OstravaThe Technical University of Ostrava , is a university located in the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic....
(VŠB TUO), founded in 1849, 22.000 students. en.vsb.cz - Brno University of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyBrno University of Technology is a university located in Brno, Czech Republic...
(VUT), founded in 1899, 24.000 students. www.vutbr.cz - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (ČZU), founded in 1904, focused on agriculture, 18.000 students. www.czu.cz
- Mendel University Brno (MENDELU), founded in 1919, focused on agriculture, 9.000 students. www.mendelu.cz
- Technical University of LiberecTechnical University of LiberecThe Technical University of Liberec is a public university in Liberec, Czech Republic. Its roots lie in the Technical College of Mechanical Engineering, which was founded in 1953. The college was promoted to a university and took its current name in 1995...
(TUL), founded in 1953, 8.000 students. www.tul.cz - Tomáš Baťa University in ZlínTomas Bata University in ZlínTomas Bata University in Zlín , , is a progressive university comprised of six faculties offering students the possibility of studying technology, economics, humanities, arts and health care. The University is named after the world-famous entrepreneur Tomas Bata who was also the originator of the...
(UTB), founded in 2000, 10.000 students. www.utb.cz
Research institutions
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicThe Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic was established in 1992 by the Czech National Council as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The Academy is the leading non-university public research institution in the Czech Republic...
(AV ČR), dates back to 1784, 14.000 research staff altogether. www.avcr.cz
Technical faculties at Universities
- University of West BohemiaUniversity of West BohemiaThe University of West Bohemia is a university in Pilsen, Czech Republic. It was founded in 1991 and consists of seven faculties.-Organization:The faculties are the basic units of the university. The units implement their own academic programs...
(Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; University founded in 1991) - University of PardubiceUniversity of PardubiceUniversity of Pardubice is a university in Pardubice, the Czech Republic. In 2005 it had nearly 8,000 students. It is the only university in Pardubice Region.-History:...
(Faculty of Chemical Technology since 1950, Jan PernerJan PernerJan Perner was a Czech railway engineer. During 1842 - 1845 Perner was responsible for construction of several railways in the Austrian Empire.-Career:...
Faculty of Transportation since 1991, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Informatics since 2002) - Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemJan Evangelista Purkyne University in Ústí nad LabemJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem is a public university in the Czech Republic. The institution was established on 28 September, 1991. It bears the name of famous Czech scientist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who was born in nearby Libochovice.-History:Originally, in 1954, the...
(Faculty of Production Technology and Management, University founded in 1991)
Ethiopia
Mekelle Institute of TechnologyMekelle Institute of Technology
Mekelle Institute of Technology is located at Ainalem, 5 kilometers outside of Mek'ele, the capital of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.Mekelle Institute of Technology's mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified...
Mekelle Institute of Technology is located at Ainalem, 5 kilometers outside of Mek'ele, the capital of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.
Mekelle Institute of Technology(MIT)'s mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.
MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.
MIT graduated its first batch of 142 students 7 July 2007. Currently the campus is teaching around 300 students attending in Engineering faculty.
Universities of Technology
Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.)Diplomi-insinööri
Diplomi-insinööri is a Finnish Master's level academic degree with a nominal length of 300 ECTS credits. The official English translation of the degree is Master of Science in Engineering, Master of Science and Master of Science in Technology. The Finnish name derives from the old German degree...
, Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.
Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.
Some Finnish Universities of Technology are:
- Aalto UniversityAalto UniversityAalto University is a Finnish university established on January 1, 2010, by the merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, and the University of Art and Design Helsinki....
, formed from Helsinki University of TechnologyHelsinki University of TechnologyAalto University School of Science and Technology , was the temporary name for Helsinki University of Technology during the process of forming the Aalto University...
and other universities - Tampere University of Technology
- Lappeenranta University of TechnologyLappeenranta University of TechnologyThe Lappeenranta University of Technology was established in 1969. The university campus is situated on the shore of lake Saimaa, about 7 kilometres away from the city center...
Polytechnics
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. AmmattikorkeakouluAmmattikorkeakoulu
An ammattikorkeakoulu , abbreviated amk, is a Finnish institution of higher education.- Significance :...
is the common term in Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic Bachelor's degree awarded by a university. After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.
Some Finnish polytechnics are:
- Turku University of Applied SciencesTurku University of Applied SciencesTurku University of Applied Sciences is a multidisciplinary higher education institution, located in the city of Turku in . The institute began operations as a temporary polytechnic in autumn 1992...
- Kemi-Tornio University of Applied SciencesKemi-Tornio University of Applied SciencesKemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences is a Finnish Ammattikorkeakoulu located in Kemi and Tornio. It was founded in 1992 as Kemi-Tornio Polytechnic, a merger of several institutes of higher vocational education in the Kemi-Tornio region of Finland....
a complete list may be found in List of polytechnics in Finland
Instituts de technologie (grandes écoles)
Collegiate universitiesCollegiate university
A collegiate university is a university in which governing authority and functions are divided between a central administration and a number of constituent colleges...
grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles
Grandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. The grandes écoles select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams...
provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :
- Centrale Graduate SchoolCentrale Graduate SchoolThe Centrale Graduate School is an alliance consisting of the following graduate schools of engineering:* École centrale Paris established in 1829* École centrale de Lille established in 1854* École centrale de Lyon established in 1857...
- Grenoble Institute of Technology
- Institut national des sciences appliquées.
- Paris Institute of Technology
They provide science and technology master degrees and doctoral degrees.
Universités technologiques / instituts universitaires de technologie / polytechs
France education system also includes three universities of technology:- Université de technologie de Belfort-MontbéliardUniversité de technologie de Belfort-MontbéliardThe University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard is a university of engineering located in Belfort and Montbéliard, France. The University of technology of Belfort-Montbéliard is part of the network of the three universities of technology...
- University of Technology of Compiègne
- University of Technology of TroyesUniversity of Technology of TroyesThe University of Technology of Troyes is a French university, in the Academy of Reims.The UTT is part of the network of the three universities of technology, found by the University of Technology of Compiègne...
In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.
In the French speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German speaking part of the country. (see below).
Écoles polytechniques
Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechniqueÉcole Polytechnique
The École Polytechnique is a state-run institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, Essonne, France, near Paris. Polytechnique is renowned for its four year undergraduate/graduate Master's program...
. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).
In French language
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
, higher education refers to écoles polytechniques, providing science and engineering curricula:
- École polytechniqueÉcole PolytechniqueThe École Polytechnique is a state-run institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, Essonne, France, near Paris. Polytechnique is renowned for its four year undergraduate/graduate Master's program...
or X (near ParisParisParis is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
) - École polytechnique de Bruxelles
- École polytechnique de MontréalÉcole Polytechnique de MontréalThe École Polytechnique de Montréal is an engineering school/faculty affiliated with the University of Montreal in Montreal, Canada. It ranks first in Canada for the scope of its engineering research. It is occasionally referred to as Montreal Polytechnic, although in Quebec English its French...
- École polytechnique fédérale de LausanneÉcole polytechnique fédérale de LausanneThe École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne is one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology and is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.The school was founded by the Swiss Federal Government with the stated mission to:...
- National Polytechnic Institute of LorraineNational Polytechnic Institute of LorraineThe National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine , based in Nancy, is a French university system. It is under the Academy of Nancy and Metz.INPL is part of Nancy-Université...
- National Polytechnic Institute of ToulouseNational Polytechnic Institute of ToulouseFunded in 1969, the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse is a French university system based in Toulouse, France part of University of Toulouse....
Fachhochschule / Hochschule
FachhochschuleFachhochschule
A Fachhochschule or University of Applied Sciences is a German type of tertiary education institution, sometimes specialized in certain topical areas . Fachhochschulen were founded in Germany and later adopted by Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Greece...
n and Hochschule
Hochschule
Hochschule is a German term with two meanings.The literal meaning of the word Hochschule is “high school” which is not appropriate as a translation.- Generic term :...
n were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
In 2009/10, there existed about 200 Fachhochschulen in Germany. See the German wikipedia for a list.
Technische Universität
Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions grant can grant habilitationHabilitation
Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
and doctoral
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
degrees and focus on research.
The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology
TU9
TU9 German Institutes of Technology e. V. is an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany...
as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of naturale sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals
Teaching hospital
A teaching hospital is a hospital that provides clinical education and training to future and current doctors, nurses, and other health professionals, in addition to delivering medical care to patients...
(Klinikum Aachen
Klinikum Aachen
The Klinikum Aachen, full German name "Universitätsklinikum Aachen" , abbreviated UKA, formerly known as "Neues Klinikum", is a very large hospital in Aachen...
, University Hospital Dresden
University Hospital Dresden
The University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", is a statutory body of the Free State of Saxony and the largest hospital of the Saxon capital Dresden. It is the teaching hospital of the Dresden University of Technology...
, Rechts der Isar Hospital
Rechts der Isar Hospital
The Rechts der Isar Hospital is a hospital in the Haidhausen district of Munich, Germany. It was founded in 1834, with 36 beds, as the Haidhauser Armen- und Krankenanstalt in a former coffee house, and was later run by Catholic nuns...
).
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen
Bremen (state)
The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen is the smallest of Germany's 16 states. A more informal name, but used in some official contexts, is Land Bremen .-Geography:...
, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt is a landlocked state of Germany. Its capital is Magdeburg and it is surrounded by the German states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia.Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of...
and Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig...
are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.
| Name | Land States of Germany Germany is made up of sixteen which are partly sovereign constituent states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Land literally translates as "country", and constitutionally speaking, they are constituent countries... |
Foundation | Students | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH Aachen) |  North Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous state of Germany, with four of the country's ten largest cities. The state was formed in 1946 as a merger of the northern Rhineland and Westphalia, both formerly part of Prussia. Its capital is Düsseldorf. The state is currently run by a coalition of the... |
1870 | 32,943 | member of TU9 |
| Berlin Institute of Technology |  Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union... |
1770 | 29,234 | member of TU9 |
| Brandenburg Technical University Brandenburg Technical University The Brandenburg University of Technology was founded in 1991 as the only technical university in Brandenburg, Germany. Located in Cottbus, in English it is often called Technical University of Cottbus or TU Cottbus.... |
 Brandenburg Brandenburg is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam... |
1991 | 6,400 | in Cottbus Cottbus Cottbus is a city in Brandenburg, Germany, situated around southeast of Berlin, on the River Spree. As of , its population was .- History :... |
| Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo-Wilhelmina |
 Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is a German state situated in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany... |
1745 | 12,500 | member of TU9, oldest TU in Germany |
| Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz University of Technology is located in the town of Chemnitz in Germany. With over 10000 students it is the third largest university in Saxony and around 750 international students from 100 universities all over the world are enrolled each year... |
 Saxony The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states.... |
1836 | 10,317 | |
| Clausthal University of Technology Clausthal University of Technology The Clausthal University of Technology is an institute of technology in Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Lower Saxony, Germany... |
Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is a German state situated in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany... |
1775 | 3,199 | |
| Technische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt University of Technology The Technische Universität Darmstadt, abbreviated TU Darmstadt, is a university in the city of Darmstadt, Germany... |
 Hesse Hesse or Hessia is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.* The cultural region of Hesse includes both the State of Hesse and the area known as Rhenish Hesse in the neighbouring Rhineland-Palatinate state... |
1877 | 20,800 | member of TU9 |
| Technische Universität Dresden Dresden University of Technology The Technische Universität Dresden is the largest institute of higher education in the city of Dresden, the largest university in Saxony and one of the 10 largest universities in Germany with 36,066 students... |
Saxony The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states.... |
1824 | 34,993 | member of TU9, largest TU in Germany by students enrolled |
| Dortmund University of Technology | North Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous state of Germany, with four of the country's ten largest cities. The state was formed in 1946 as a merger of the northern Rhineland and Westphalia, both formerly part of Prussia. Its capital is Düsseldorf. The state is currently run by a coalition of the... |
1968 | 22,012 | |
| Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg The Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg is a small German University of Technology with about 5000 students in the city of Freiberg, Saxony... |
Saxony The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states.... |
1765 | 4,508 | one of the world's oldest universities of mining |
| Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg |  Hamburg -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808... |
1978 | 5,000 | |
| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover | Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is a German state situated in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany... |
1831 | 21,800 | member of TU9 |
| Technische Universität Ilmenau Technische Universität Ilmenau The Ilmenau University of Technology is the technical university of Thuringia and located in Ilmenau Germany... |
 Thuringia The Free State of Thuringia is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country.It has an area of and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states.... |
1894 | 7,200 | |
| Technische Universität Kaiserslautern |  Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate is one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of and about four million inhabitants. The capital is Mainz. English speakers also commonly refer to the state by its German name, Rheinland-Pfalz .... |
1870 | 9,600 | |
| Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology is a German academic research and education institution with university status resulting from a merger of the university and the research center of the city of Karlsruhe. The university, also known as Fridericiana, was founded in 1825... Fridericiana |
 Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine, and is the third largest in both area and population of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of and 10.7 million inhabitants... |
1825 | 18,245 | member of TU9 |
| Technische Universität München | .svg.png) Bavaria Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany... |
1868 | 21,608 | member of TU9 |
| University of Stuttgart University of Stuttgart The University of Stuttgart is a university located in Stuttgart, Germany. It was founded in 1829 and is organized in 10 faculties.... |
Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine, and is the third largest in both area and population of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of and 10.7 million inhabitants... |
1829 | 19,702 | member of TU9 |
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are
- University of Duisburg-EssenUniversity of Duisburg-EssenThe University Duisburg-Essen is a public university in Duisburg and Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a member of the new founded University Alliance Metropolis Ruhr....
- Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg
- University of RostockUniversity of RostockThe University of Rostock is the university of the city Rostock, in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.Founded in 1419, it is the oldest and largest university in continental northern Europe and the Baltic Sea area...
with a tradition in ship building and engineering
Greece
In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of AthensNational Technical University of Athens
The National Technical University of Athens , sometimes simply known as Athens Polytechnic, is among the oldest and most prestigious higher education institutions of Greece....
and the Technical University of Crete
Technical University of Crete
The Technical University of Crete is a state university under the supervision of the Greek Ministry of Education and was founded in 1977 in Chania, Crete. The first students were admitted in 1984. The campus is located on a panoramic site in the peninsula of Akrotiri and covers an area of ,...
. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel, equivalent and complementary part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).
Hong Kong
The first polytechnic in Hong KongHong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diploma
Diploma
A diploma is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study or confers an academic degree. In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the word diploma refers to...
s, higher diploma
Higher diploma
A higher diploma is an academic award in Libya, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Ireland and Oman. In Libya the award is equivalent to a bachelor's degree in engineering or technology, in Hong Kong it is below the standard of the bachelor's degree, in Ireland it is above the standard of the bachelor's...
s, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University specialises in professional education in Hong Kong. The University’s teaching units are grouped under six faculties and two schools; the Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, Faculty of Business, Faculty of Construction and Environment, Faculty of...
and the City University of Hong Kong
City University of Hong Kong
City University of Hong Kong is a comprehensive research university in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994. It has achieved fast growth in recent years and received international recognition for its academic achievements...
respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology is a public university located in Hong Kong. Established in 1991 under Hong Kong Law Chapter 1141 , it is one of the nine universities in Hong Kong.Professor Tony F. Chan is the president of HKUST...
, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.
Hungary
- The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola established in Hungary ( today University of MiskolcUniversity of MiskolcThe University of Miskolc is the largest university of Northern Hungary.-Location:...
, re-established in 1949 as Technical University of Heavy Industry in Miskolc). It was founded in Selmecbánya as the Royal Hungarian Academy of Mining and Forestry in 1735. - Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsThe Budapest University of Technology and Economics , in hungarian abbreviated as BME, English official abbreviation BUTE, is the most significant University of Technology in Hungary and is also one of the oldest Institutes of Technology in the world, having been founded in 1782.-History:BME is...
, one of the oldest universities of technology of the world is located in Budapest (est. 1782).
India
A polytechnic is a technical institute which imparts technical education in IndiaIndia
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. They offer three year duration full time diploma courses in engineering. The courses offered in polytechnics are fewer than the four year degree programmes offered in engineering colleges in India. The courses are designed in such a way that the students are able to gain engineering skills. The minimum qualification for admission to polytechnics is pass in SSLC
SSLC
The Secondary School Leaving Certificate is a certification obtained by a student on successful completion of an examination at the end of study at the secondary schooling level in India.- Relevance of the SSLC :...
(Standard Tenth) or Senior Secondary (Standard Twelfth). Depending upon State admissions are given on the merit bases and often has limited seats. The polytechnics are affiliated to state technical boards. The All India Council of Technical Education is the regulating authority for polytechnics in India.
After successfully completing their diploma in polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE/BTech which are conducted by engineering colleges for high studies.
Iran
- Tehran Polytechnic or Amirkabir University of TechnologyAmirkabir University of TechnologyAmirkabir University of Technology , formerly called the Tehran Polytechnic is a public research university located in Tehran, Iran. AUT is one of the most prestigious universities and the first established technical university in Iran...
, TehranTehranTehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
. - Sharif University of TechnologySharif University of TechnologySharif University of Technology is a university of higher education in technology, engineering and physical sciences in Tehran. Sharif University of Technology is one of the most prestigious universities in the country, and is considered Iran's MIT...
, TehranTehranTehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
. - Isfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan University of Technology is one of the most prestigious engineering universities in Iran. It is located 15 Kilometers north west of Isfahan and is one of the major universities and research poles in Iran in the fields of science, engineering and agriculture...
, Isfahan. - Iran University of Science and TechnologyIran University of Science and TechnologyThe Iran University of Science and Technology is a research institution and university of engineering and science in Iran, offering both undergraduate and postgraduate studies...
, TehranTehranTehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
. - K. N. Toosi University of Technology, TehranTehranTehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
. - Sahand University of TechnologySahand University of TechnologySahand University of Technology is one of the best and prestigious engineering schools in Iran. Located in the northwest of Iran, 20 km southwest of Tabriz in Sahand satellite city, offering both undergraduate and postgraduate studies...
, TabrizTabrizTabriz is the fourth largest city and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quri River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former...
. - Shahrood University of TechnologyShahrood University of TechnologyShahrood University of Technology is a university in the city of Shahrood in Semnan Province in Iran.The university was established as "The Shahrood College of Mines" in 1973, and was elevated to university status in 1994.Finally, thanks to the efforts and pursuit of university president and the...
, ShahroodShahroodShahrud Situated about an altitude of 4413 ft , it is located at latitude 36°25'N, longitude 055°01'E. Now, it is the largest city of Semnan Province and also its county has same position in the province...
. - Faculty of Engineering (دانشکده فنی) of Tehran University, TehranTehranTehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
. - Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Shiraz UniversityShiraz UniversityShiraz University , formerly known as Pahlavi University, is a public university located in Shiraz, Iran. It is one of the major universities of Iran....
, ShirazShirazShiraz may refer to:* Shiraz, Iran, a city in Iran* Shiraz County, an administrative subdivision of Iran* Vosketap, Armenia, formerly called ShirazPeople:* Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet* Ara Shiraz, Armenian sculptor...
. - Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Mashhad University, MashhadMashhadMashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...
. - Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Tabriz University, TabrizTabrizTabriz is the fourth largest city and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quri River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former...
. - Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Arak University, ArakArak, Iran-Industries:thumb|right|250px|wagon parsArak is one of the main industrial cities of Iran, possessing many plants for heavy industries especially for the metal and machinery industries, including:...
.
Iraq
- University of Technology, IraqUniversity of Technology, IraqThe University of Technology, Iraq is one of Iraq's largest universities. It is situated in the city of Baghdad, Iraq. The university is specialized in Engineering, Computer Sciences, and Applied Sciences and Technologies. It was founded in 1964.-History:...
Ireland
The Republic of IrelandRepublic of Ireland
Ireland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...
has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College
Regional Technical College
An Institute of Technology or IT is a type of further education college found in Ireland. There are a total of fourteen colleges that use the title of Institute of Technology, which were created from the late 1960s and were formerly known as Regional Technical Colleges...
(RTCs) system – the latter term is still the correct legal term for the colleges when used generically or collectively but this term is now seldom used. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2 year Higher Certificate
Higher Certificate
The Higher Certificate is an award that has replaced the National Certificate in the Republic of Ireland The Higher Certificate is awarded by various Institutes of Technology...
programme in various academic fields of study. An Irish Higher Certificate is the equivalent of a British Certificate of Higher Education
Certificate of Higher Education
A Certificate of Higher Education is a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom. It is awarded after one year full-time study at a university or other higher education institution. A Cert.HE is an independent tertiary award, an award in its own right, and students can study for a...
. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.
Dublin Institute of Technology
Dublin Institute of Technology
Dublin Institute of Technology was established officially in 1992 under the but had been previously set up in 1978 on an ad-hoc basis. The institution can trace its origins back to 1887 with the establishment of various technical institutions in Dublin, Ireland...
developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.
The IOTI, Institutes of Technology Ireland, is the representative body for the various Institutes of Technology in Ireland.
Italian language areas
In ItalyItaly
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
the term Politecnico is used to refer to a university of applied sciences. Currently there are three Politecnici in the country:
- Politecnico di Milano
- Politecnico di Torino
- Politecnico di Bari
In the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland the term Scuola Universitaria Professionale is used for the type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (See German language areas, above.)
Japan
See the Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology
The Tokyo Institute of Technology is a public research university located in Greater Tokyo Area, Japan. Tokyo Tech is the largest institution for higher education in Japan dedicated to science and technology. Tokyo Tech enrolled 4,850 undergaraduates and 5006 graduate students for 2009-2010...
and the Imperial College of Engineering
Imperial College of Engineering
The Imperial College of Engineering was founded as a university at Tokyo in 1873, though its predecessor the existed from 1871. The name "Kobu Daigakko" dates from 1877. In modern-day parlance it would have been called an institute of technology....
, forerunner of The University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. See also Kyushu Institute of Technology
Kyushu Institute of Technology
is one of the 87 national universities in Japan. Located in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū, it is dedicated to education and research in the fields of science and technology...
, Osaka Institute of Technology
Osaka Institute of Technology
is a private university in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Its main campus is located in Asahi-ku, Osaka City. Another campus is in Hirakata City.- History :...
and Nagoya Institute of Technology
Nagoya Institute of Technology
The , or less commonly Nitech, is a public highest-level educational institution of science and technology located in Nagoya, Japan.Nagoya Institute of Technology was founded on 1905 as Nagoya Higher Technical School, renamed Nagoya College of Technology in 1944 then merged under the new...
.
Jordan
- Princess Sumaya University for TechnologyPrincess Sumaya University for TechnologyPrincess Sumaya University for Technology , established in 1991, is a specialized, nongovernmental, nonprofit, Jordanian university, owned by the leading applied research centre in Jordan, the Royal Scientific Society . PSUT’s area of specialization is IT, Communications and Electronics...
in AmmanAmmanAmman is the capital of Jordan. It is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Greater Amman area has a population of 2,842,629 as of 2010. The population of Amman is expected to jump from 2.8 million to almost...
. - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyJordan University of Science and TechnologyThe Jordan University of Science and Technology , often abbreviated JUST, is a comprehensive, state-supported university located on the outskirts of Irbid at Ar Ramtha region, in northern Jordan....
in IrbidIrbidIrbid , known in ancient times as Arabella or Arbela , is the capital and largest city of the Irbid Governorate. It also has the second largest metropolitan population in Jordan after Amman, with a population of around 660,000, and is located about 70 km north of Amman on the northern ridge of...
. - New York Institute of TechnologyNew York Institute of TechnologyNew York Institute of Technology is a private, non-sectarian, co-educational research university in New York City. NYIT has five schools and two colleges, all with a strong emphasis on technology and applied scientific research...
, JordanJordanJordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
campus. - Balqa Applied University in SaltSaltIn chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral...
.
Mauritius
The only technical university in MauritiusMauritius
Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...
is the University of Technology, Mauritius
University of Technology, Mauritius
The University of Technology, Mauritius is a public university in Mauritius. The main campus lies in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables within the district of Port Louis...
with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.
New Zealand
New ZealandNew Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
, colleges of education, and wānanga
Wananga
In the education system of New Zealand, a wānanga is a publicly-owned tertiary institution that provides education in a Māori cultural context. Section 162 of the Education Act 1989 specifies that wānanga resemble mainstream universities in many ways...
; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning
Universal College of Learning
The Universal College of Learning is a New Zealand Government TEI located primarily in Palmerston North but has campuses also in the other parts of the lower North Island.-Facilities:...
' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand
Unitec New Zealand
Unitec Institute of Technology is the largest institute of technology in Auckland, New Zealand with over 23,800 students in 2010....
'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University
Massey University
Massey University is one of New Zealand's largest universities with approximately 36,000 students, 20,000 of whom are extramural students.The University has campuses in Palmerston North , Wellington and Auckland . Massey offers most of its degrees extramurally within New Zealand and internationally...
. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology
Waikato Institute of Technology
The Waikato Institute of Technology, marketed as Wintec, is a technological learning institute based in Hamilton, New Zealand, and the fifth largest institute of technology/polytechnic within New Zealand, with around 16,000 full-time and part-time students, 1,200 full-time and part-time staff — and...
, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology
Wellington Institute of Technology
The Wellington Institute of Technology, or WelTec is a public New Zealand polytechnic based in Petone. WelTec was formed by an amalgamation between the Central Institute of Technology and the Hutt Valley Polytechnic in 2001. Hutt Valley Polytechnic was established in 1904. WelTec delivers...
. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island
North Island
The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island is in area, making it the world's 14th-largest island...
, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL
Universal College of Learning
The Universal College of Learning is a New Zealand Government TEI located primarily in Palmerston North but has campuses also in the other parts of the lower North Island.-Facilities:...
. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
The Auckland University of Technology
Auckland University of Technology
The Auckland University of Technology is a university in New Zealand. It was formed on 1 January 2000 when the Auckland Institute of Technology was granted university status. Its primary campus is on Wellesley Street in Auckland's Central business district...
is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
status; while Unitec
Unitec New Zealand
Unitec Institute of Technology is the largest institute of technology in Auckland, New Zealand with over 23,800 students in 2010....
has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.
Pakistan
The Polytechnic institutes in PakistanPakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.
These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and have been in service since early 1950s.
After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities.
Philippines
- Cebu Institute of Technology – University, a premier engineering school located in Cebu CityCebu CityThe City of Cebu is the capital city of Cebu and is the second largest city in the Philippines, the second most significant metropolitan centre in the Philippines and known as the oldest settlement established by the Spaniards in the country.The city is located on the eastern shore of Cebu and was...
, PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
in the VisayasVisayasThe Visayas or Visayan Islands and locally known as Kabisay-an gid, is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Mindanao and Luzon. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea, although the Visayas are considered the northeast...
region. The University is known to have high selectivity in admissions as well as excellence in engineering research and education. - Cebu Technological University
- Far Eastern University - East Asia CollegeFar Eastern University - East Asia CollegeFEU - East Asia College, formerly known as East Asia College of Information Technology and East Asia Institute of Computer Technology was established in 1992...
, an engineering school operating under the Far Eastern University system. The college consistently tops various board exams for engineering students in the Philippines. - Mapúa Institute of TechnologyMapúa Institute of TechnologyMapúa Institute of Technology is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila and in Makati....
, an engineering school in the Philippines - Polytechnic University of the PhilippinesPolytechnic University of the PhilippinesThe Polytechnic University of the Philippines commonly known as PUP is a public research university in the Philippines. It was founded on October 19, 1904 as the Manila Business School, offering commerce-related courses...
, a state university in the Philippines that is also referred to as the National Comprehensive University of the Philippines. - Rizal Technological UniversityRizal Technological UniversityRizal Technological University is an educational institution situated in Mandaluyong City, Philippines. RTU was established on July 11, 1969 and formerly known as the Rizal Technological College....
, the only university that offers degree courses in astronomy. - Technological University of the PhilippinesTechnological University of the PhilippinesThe Technological University of the Philippines -History:The Technological University of the Philippines was established upon the enactment of Organic Act No. 74 by the Philippine Commission in 1901. TUP was known then as the Manila Trade School with the primary intention of developing the dignity...
- Technological Institute of the PhilippinesTechnological Institute of the PhilippinesThe Technological Institute of the Philippines or "TIP" is a private, non-sectarian, tertiary level institution in the Philippines which heavily specializes in the fields of engineering....
- Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of TechnologyMindanao State University - Iligan Institute of TechnologyMindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology is an autonomous external campus of Mindanao State University System. Located in Iligan City, Philippines, it was chartered on July 12, 1968 as provided for in Republic Act 5363....
, the premier state university in the southern Philippines, and the science and technology flagship campus of the Mindanao State UniversityMindanao State UniversityMindanao State University is a public coeducational institution of higher education located in the Islamic City of Marawi, Philippines...
System (the second biggest university system in the Philippines next to the University of the PhilippinesUniversity of the PhilippinesThe ' is the national university of the Philippines. Founded in 1908 through Act No...
).
Poland
Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland.There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:
- Politechnika Śląska
- Politechnika Wrocławska
- Politechnika Warszawska
- Politechnika PoznańskaPoznan University of TechnologyPoznań University of Technology, PUT is a university located in Poznań, Poland. Poznań University of Technology is known as one of the best technical universities in Poland...
- Politechnika Krakowska
- Politechnika Gdańska
- Politechnika Łódzka
Other polytechnical universities:
- Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza
Portugal
The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in PortugalPortugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnic
Polytechnic (Portugal)
A polytechnic is a higher education educational institution in Portugal created in the 1980s. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer licenciatura degrees. Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and didn't provide...
s. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process
Bologna process
The purpose of the Bologna Process is the creation of the European Higher Education Area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe, in particular under the Lisbon Recognition Convention...
in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.
Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University
- Saint Petersburg Polytechnical UniversitySaint Petersburg Polytechnical UniversitySaint Petersburg State Polytechnical University is a major Russian technical university situated in Saint Petersburg. Previously it was known as the Peter the Great Polytechnical Institute and Kalinin Polytechnical Institute .-Imperial Russia:...
- Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk Polytechnic University in Tomsk, Russia, is the oldest technical university in Russia east of the Urals. The university was founded in 1896 and opened in 1900 as the Tomsk Technological Institute. In 1923, the school was renamed the Siberian Technological Institute and in 1930, the institute...
Singapore
SingaporeSingapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
retains a system close to that applying in the United Kingdom from 1969–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities, but also including a third component, the institute of technical education (ITE). Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their 'O' Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school
Secondary school
Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place...
, and apply for a place at either ITE, a polytechnic or a pre-university centre (a junior college or the Millennia Institute
Millennia Institute
Millennia Institute is the only Centralised Institute in Singapore.MI was established on 3 January 2004, to conglomerate the sparsely organised three-year pre-university institutes into a single entity...
, a centralized institute). A few secondary schools are now offering a six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.
Polytechnics offer three year diploma
Diploma
A diploma is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study or confers an academic degree. In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the word diploma refers to...
courses in subjects such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields. There are a total of 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
- Singapore PolytechnicSingapore PolytechnicSingapore Polytechnic , the first polytechnic established in Singapore, was founded in 1954. The former campus was originally located at Prince Edward Road...
- Ngee Ann PolytechnicNgee Ann PolytechnicNgee Ann Polytechnic , is an institute of higher learning in Singapore, founded in 1963 as Ngee Ann College with 116 students...
- Temasek PolytechnicTemasek PolytechnicTemasek Polytechnic is the third polytechnic to be set up in Singapore. The polytechnic was established on April 6, 1990. With a 30 hectare campus overlooking the scenic Bedok Reservoir in the eastern part of Singapore, TP's campus places particular emphasis on the preservation of the natural...
- Nanyang PolytechnicNanyang PolytechnicNanyang Polytechnic is a Singaporean polytechnic located in Ang Mo Kio next to Yio Chu Kang MRT Station, Singapore.-History:*Established 1 April 1992...
- Republic PolytechnicRepublic PolytechnicRepublic Polytechnic , commonly abbreviated to RP, is a tertiary institution located in Singapore. It was the first school system in Singapore to use Problem-based learning pedagogy for all its diplomas....
The institute of technical education offers shorter programmes up to 2 year certificates in a wide variety of fields, ranging from beauty therapy to nursing, electronics, business and information technology. There are currently three colleges within ITE. One of them is a recently opened large campus while the other two are each composed of five smaller campuses which will be replaced in the coming years by a large campus for each college. The three colleges are:
- ITE College EastITE College EastITE College East is a division of the Institute of Technical Education. The campus is the 1st ITE campus and under ITE's "One ITE System, 3 Colleges" plan in Singapore. It is located in the eastern part of Singapore in the estate of Simei...
- ITE College WestITE College WestITE College West is a vocational institute and a name of the former ITE West Network division of the Institute of Technical Education...
- ITE College CentralITE College CentralITE College Central is a vocational institute and a name of the former ITE East Network division of the Institute of Technical Education...
Nanyang Technological University
Nanyang Technological University
Nanyang Technological University is one of the two largest public universities in Singapore with the biggest campus in Singapore and the world's largest engineering college. Its lush 200-hectare Yunnan Garden campus was the Youth Olympic Village of the world's first 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in...
(public research university) offers up PhD degree level engineering education. Another comprehensive university known as National University of Singapore
National University of Singapore
The National University of Singapore is Singapore's oldest university. It is the largest university in the country in terms of student enrollment and curriculum offered....
(public research university) also provides up to PhD level engineering education.
A new public university
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
(Singapore Institute of Technology
Singapore Institute of Technology
Singapore Institute of Technology is a publicly-funded institute of higher learning in Singapore that caters primarily to local polytechnic graduates who wish to pursue a bachelor's degree...
) for polytechnic diploma
Diploma
A diploma is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study or confers an academic degree. In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the word diploma refers to...
holders, was announced in 2010. It is scheduled to be opened in 2011.
Another new public university known as Singapore University of Technology and Design
Singapore University of Technology and Design
The Singapore University of Technology and Design will be Singapore's fourth autonomous university. It is developed in collaboration...
would be opened in 2011.
South Africa
South AfricaSouth Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
is in a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.
Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
In an article by Jan Mentz, Paula Kotze and Alta van der Merwe (2008) the authors looks at the role of Universities of Technologies after the merger.
Thailand
Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are universityUniversity
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology
Pathumwan Institute of Technology
Pathumwan Institute of Technology is a Thai public university located in Bangkok, Thailand.Established in 1932 as a technical school by a group of Thai Navy officers, the institute was upgraded to technical college in 1975...
(developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang is a leading research and educational institution and one of Thailand's leading universities. It is in the city of Bangkok, Thailand...
(Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok
King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok is a leading technology university in Thailand. Its three campuses are in the North of Bangkok, Rayong province and Prachinburi province.- History :...
(Thai-German Technical School).
There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology
Rajamangala University of Technology
Rajamangala University of Technology , RMUT, is a system of nine universities in Thailand providing undergraduate and graduate level of education. It was elevated to university level in 2005...
(formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi is a leading technology academy in Thailand, focusing on teaching and researching in engineering and technology as well as serving industry. The short famous name of the university is "Bangmod", a local name for the area around the university...
(Thonburi Technology Institute).
Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology
Asian Institute of Technology
The Asian Institute of Technology is an international institution for higher education in engineering, advanced technologies, and management and planning...
, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology is a semi-autonomous institute of technology established in 1992 within Thammasat University. It is located in Pathum Thani, Thailand...
, an engineering school of Thammasat University
Thammasat University
Thammasat University , or in brief TU , is Thailand's second oldest university. Officially established on 27 June 1934, the university was originally named by founder Pridi Banomyong, University of Moral Science and Politics , reflecting the political fervor of the time...
. Suranaree University of Technology
Suranaree University of Technology
The Suranaree University of Techonology is in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. The university was established on July 27, 1990, becoming fully operational in 1993.It is named after Thao Suranaree, the local heroine of Nakhon Ratchasima...
is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology is a university in Thailand. The university was established on February 27, 1990 at Nong Chok District, Bangkok. as Mahanakorn College by Prof. Dr. Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom, former Dean of King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang...
is the most well known private technological institute.
Turkey
In TurkeyTurkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
and the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
, the history of engineering is the history of Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul Technical University is an international technical university located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the world's third oldest technical university dedicated to engineering sciences as well as social sciences recently, and is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Turkey...
. Its graduates built dams, roads and buildings. In the mid of 1950s, 2 technical university was opened in Ankara
Ankara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....
and Trabzon
Trabzon
Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast...
. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University
Yildiz Technical University
Yildiz Technical University is a technical university dedicated to engineering sciences and is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Istanbul, Turkey. The central campus lies within the Beşiktaş district.-History:Yildiz Technical University has a distinguished history which began...
and 2 institute of technologies was founded in Kocaeli and Izmir
Izmir
Izmir is a large metropolis in the western extremity of Anatolia. The metropolitan area in the entire Izmir Province had a population of 3.35 million as of 2010, making the city third most populous in Turkey...
. In 2010, technical universities named Bursa Technical University
Bursa Technical University
Bursa Technical University , is a public research university in Bursa, Turkey. Established in 2010, it is country's fourth Technical University. The university consists of six faculties, two institutes and a school...
and Konya Technical University is announced to be opened in Bursa and Konya respectively.
| Name | City | Foundation | Students | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Technical University is an international technical university located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the world's third oldest technical university dedicated to engineering sciences as well as social sciences recently, and is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Turkey... (ITU) |
Istanbul Istanbul Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and... |
1773 | 21000 | Ranked 108th in THES QS University ranking in the field of technology |
| Yıldız Technical University Yildiz Technical University Yildiz Technical University is a technical university dedicated to engineering sciences and is one of the most prominent educational institutions in Istanbul, Turkey. The central campus lies within the Beşiktaş district.-History:Yildiz Technical University has a distinguished history which began... (YTU) |
Istanbul Istanbul Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and... |
1911 | ||
| Karadeniz Technical University Karadeniz Technical University Karadeniz Technical University , is a public research university in Trabzon, in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Established in 1955, it is the fourth oldest university in Turkey and the only Technical University to comprise a medical school.-History:... (KTU) |
Trabzon Trabzon Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast... |
1955 | First technical university in Turkey Turkey Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe... outside Istanbul Istanbul Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and... |
|
| Middle East Technical University Middle East Technical University Middle East Technical University is a public technical university located in Ankara, Turkey... (ODTU) |
Ankara Ankara Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.... |
1956 | ||
| Gebze Institute of Technology (GYTE) | Kocaeli | 1992 | ||
| İzmir Institute of Technology Izmir Institute of Technology İzmir Institute of Technology is a public research university in İzmir, Turkey. İYTE maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering.The medium of instruction in all the departments of İYTE is English.-History and General Information:... (IYTE) |
Izmir Izmir Izmir is a large metropolis in the western extremity of Anatolia. The metropolitan area in the entire Izmir Province had a population of 3.35 million as of 2010, making the city third most populous in Turkey... |
1992 | ||
United Kingdom
Polytechnics were tertiary educationTertiary education
Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage, third level, and post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, university-preparatory school...
teaching institutions in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, Wales
Wales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
and Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west...
. Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe . The comparable institutions in Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
were collectively referred to as Central Institution
Central Institution
A central institution was a type of higher education institute in 20th and 21st century Scotland responsible for providing degree-level education but emphasising teaching rather than research. Some had a range of courses similar to polytechnics elsewhere in the United Kingdom while others were...
s. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster
University of Westminster
The University of Westminster is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. Its origins go back to the foundation of the Royal Polytechnic Institution in 1838, and it was awarded university status in 1992.The university's headquarters and original campus are based on Regent...
) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to popularize engineering and science knowledge in Victorian Britain.
In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology
College of Advanced Technology (United Kingdom)
The Colleges of Advanced Technology were a type of Higher Education Institution established in 1956 in England and Wales following the publication of a Government White Paper on Technical Education which listed 24 technical colleges in receipt of 75% grant for parts of their advanced work...
. They became universities in the 1960s. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institution
Central Institution
A central institution was a type of higher education institute in 20th and 21st century Scotland responsible for providing degree-level education but emphasising teaching rather than research. Some had a range of courses similar to polytechnics elsewhere in the United Kingdom while others were...
s (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST
UMIST
The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology was a university based in the centre of the city of Manchester in England. It specialised in technical and scientific subjects and was a major centre for research...
and UWIST of the University of Wales
University of Wales
The University of Wales was a confederal university founded in 1893. It had accredited institutions throughout Wales, and formerly accredited courses in Britain and abroad, with over 100,000 students, but in October 2011, after a number of scandals, it withdrew all accreditation, and it was...
. Loughborough University
Loughborough University
Loughborough University is a research based campus university located in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands of England...
was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.
United States
Polytechnic Institutes are elite technological universities many dating back to the mid 19th century. A handful of American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally researchResearch
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college
Community college
A community college is a type of educational institution. The term can have different meanings in different countries.-Australia:Community colleges carry on the tradition of adult education, which was established in Australia around mid 19th century when evening classes were held to help adults...
level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's-granting institution.
Venezuela
Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-Secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle classMiddle class
The middle class is any class of people in the middle of a societal hierarchy. In Weberian socio-economic terms, the middle class is the broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socio-economically between the working class and upper class....
economy.
Nowadays, most of the Institutos de Tecnología are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality.
Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. Few, if any Institutos de Tecnología have any research facilities.
Vietnam
After the communists took control of Hanoi in 1954, with support from Soviet Union, many new universities were built:- Hanoi University of TechnologyHanoi University of TechnologyHanoi University of Science and Technology , founded 1956, is the first and largest technical university in Vietnam.- History :...
the first technical university in Vietnam (were built in 1956) - Le Quy Don Technical University,
- Water Resources University (Vietnam)Water Resources University (Vietnam)Water Resources University is a university in Hanoi, Vietnam. The university was established in 1959 as the Electricity Water Resources Academy, spun off from the mother university Hanoi University of Technology...
- Ho Chi Minh City University of TechnologyHo Chi Minh City University of TechnologyHo Chi Minh City University of Technology – a member of Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City - still referred to by many as Phu Tho, is the flagship university in technology teaching and research activities in Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City...
- Da Nang University of Technology
- Vietnam Maritime UniversityVietnam Maritime UniversityVietnam Maritime University is a university in Haiphong operated by the Ministry of Transport. The university was established on 1 April 1956 as Haiphong Maritime University. , this is the only maritime university in Vietnam. The university has over 1000 staff, of which, 450 are faculty staff...